taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764529/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764529	Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm.	Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764531/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764531	Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H.	Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764533/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764533	Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm.	Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764537/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764537	Figure 4. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm.	Figure 4. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF956B0FFF4F8729FED1F815.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764539/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764539	Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm.	Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF956B0FFF4F8729FED1F815.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764543/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764543	Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J.	Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF956B0FFF4F8729FED1F815.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764547/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764547	Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J.	Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF956B0FFF4F8729FED1F815.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764553/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764553	Figure 8. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation.A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing the dedifferentiation of cirrus IV/3 (double arrowhead). D, E, ventral view of an early divider, showing the formation of anlagen IV–VI of the proter from cirrus IV/3 and anlagen V and VI of the opisthe from cirrus V/4. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of a middle divider, showing the formation of anlage I of the proter from the paroral membrane, anlage II from the buccal cirrus, and anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the formation of the right marginal anlagen (arrowheads), and the formation of dorsal kineties anlagen apokinetally at two levels in each dorsal kinety.H, ventral view of a middle divider showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri and the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4A, dorsal kineties anlagen; I–VI, frontal–ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium. Scale bars: 20 μm.	Figure 8. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation.A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing the dedifferentiation of cirrus IV/3 (double arrowhead). D, E, ventral view of an early divider, showing the formation of anlagen IV–VI of the proter from cirrus IV/3 and anlagen V and VI of the opisthe from cirrus V/4. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of a middle divider, showing the formation of anlage I of the proter from the paroral membrane, anlage II from the buccal cirrus, and anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the formation of the right marginal anlagen (arrowheads), and the formation of dorsal kineties anlagen apokinetally at two levels in each dorsal kinety.H, ventral view of a middle divider showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri and the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4A, dorsal kineties anlagen; I–VI, frontal–ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium. Scale bars: 20 μm.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF956B0FFF4F8729FED1F815.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764555/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764555	Figure 9. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a late mid-divider showing the complete formation of ventral cirri, the formation of dorsomarginal kineties (double arrowhead), and the extension of dorsal kineties’ anlagen. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of a late divider showing the migration of cirri to their final positions, the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 to form kinety 4, the new caudal cirri at the ends of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads), and the division of the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; 1–3A, dorsal kineties anlagen; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane. Scale bars: 20 μm.	Figure 9. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a late mid-divider showing the complete formation of ventral cirri, the formation of dorsomarginal kineties (double arrowhead), and the extension of dorsal kineties’ anlagen. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of a late divider showing the migration of cirri to their final positions, the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 to form kinety 4, the new caudal cirri at the ends of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads), and the division of the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; 1–3A, dorsal kineties anlagen; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane. Scale bars: 20 μm.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF886B15FF79845AFDF9F806.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764557/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764557	Figure 10. Antetetmemena minima from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the elliptical body and the adoral zone of membranelles occupying <50% of body length.B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes, which are parallel and slightly curved, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Note that the frontal cirri are not shifted to the right. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronucleus; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri.Scale bars: 30 μm in A; 20 μm in B, C.	Figure 10. Antetetmemena minima from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the elliptical body and the adoral zone of membranelles occupying <50% of body length.B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes, which are parallel and slightly curved, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Note that the frontal cirri are not shifted to the right. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronucleus; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri.Scale bars: 30 μm in A; 20 μm in B, C.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF886B15FF79845AFDF9F806.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764559/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764559	Figure 11.Antetetmemena minima from life (A, B) and after protargol impregnation (C, D). A, B, ventral views showing the elliptical body. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A, B; 20 μm in C, D.	Figure 11.Antetetmemena minima from life (A, B) and after protargol impregnation (C, D). A, B, ventral views showing the elliptical body. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A, B; 20 μm in C, D.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF886B15FF79845AFDF9F806.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764561/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764561	Figure 12. Antetetmemena minima after protargol impregnation.A, ventral view of an early divider showing the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. B, ventral view of a late early divider showing the origin of anlage III of the proter from cirrus III/2, anlagen IV–VI from cirrus IV/3, and the origin of anlagen V and VI of the opisthe from cirrus V/4. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of a middle divider, showing the formation of all anlagen and the intrakinetal origin of marginal (arrowheads) and dorsal anlagen.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views of a late divider, showing the differentiation of cirri, the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3, the formation of a single macronucleus, and the new caudal cirri formation.G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) views of a late divider showing the migration of cirri to their final positions and the division of the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1A–4A, dorsal kineties anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; I–VI, frontal–ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium. MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei.Scale bars:20 μm.	Figure 12. Antetetmemena minima after protargol impregnation.A, ventral view of an early divider showing the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. B, ventral view of a late early divider showing the origin of anlage III of the proter from cirrus III/2, anlagen IV–VI from cirrus IV/3, and the origin of anlagen V and VI of the opisthe from cirrus V/4. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of a middle divider, showing the formation of all anlagen and the intrakinetal origin of marginal (arrowheads) and dorsal anlagen.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views of a late divider, showing the differentiation of cirri, the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3, the formation of a single macronucleus, and the new caudal cirri formation.G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) views of a late divider showing the migration of cirri to their final positions and the division of the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1A–4A, dorsal kineties anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; I–VI, frontal–ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium. MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei.Scale bars:20 μm.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF8C6B1AFF1484E7FDFAFC9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764563/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764563	Figure 13. Tetmemena indica from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the elliptical body, the transverse cirri arranged in one group, and the emargination in the right posterior body end. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in one group, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus.Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A; 20 μm in B, C.	Figure 13. Tetmemena indica from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the elliptical body, the transverse cirri arranged in one group, and the emargination in the right posterior body end. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in one group, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus.Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A; 20 μm in B, C.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF8C6B1AFF1484E7FDFAFC9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764565/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764565	Figure 14.Tetmemena indica from life under differential interference contrast microscopy (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view showing the elliptical body and the emargination in right posterior body end. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus.Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars:30 μm.	Figure 14.Tetmemena indica from life under differential interference contrast microscopy (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view showing the elliptical body and the emargination in right posterior body end. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus.Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars:30 μm.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF8C6B1AFF1484E7FDFAFC9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764567/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764567	Figure 15. Tetmemena indica after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of early dividers showing the origin of anlagen IV–VI of the proter from cirrus IV/3 and the origin of anlagen V and VI of the opisthe from cirrus V/4. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of an early divider, showing the formation of the cirral anlagen and the intrakinetal origin of the dorsal anlagen. E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views of a late divider, showing the differentiation of cirri, the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3, the formation of a single macronucleus, and the new caudal cirri formation. Arrowheads mark the marginal anlagen. Abbreviations: 1A–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; I–VI, frontal–ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium. MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei.Scale bars:20 μm.	Figure 15. Tetmemena indica after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of early dividers showing the origin of anlagen IV–VI of the proter from cirrus IV/3 and the origin of anlagen V and VI of the opisthe from cirrus V/4. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of an early divider, showing the formation of the cirral anlagen and the intrakinetal origin of the dorsal anlagen. E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views of a late divider, showing the differentiation of cirri, the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3, the formation of a single macronucleus, and the new caudal cirri formation. Arrowheads mark the marginal anlagen. Abbreviations: 1A–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; I–VI, frontal–ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium. MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei.Scale bars:20 μm.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF816B1FFF5B8153FFBFFDF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764571/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764571	Figure 16. Tetmemena cf.pustulata after protargol impregnation.A–H, ventral (A, C) and dorsal (B, D–H) views of a voucher specimen showing the elliptical body, the transverse cirri arranged in one group, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the cirral pattern, the length of the dorsal kineties, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri.Scale bars: 20 μm.	Figure 16. Tetmemena cf.pustulata after protargol impregnation.A–H, ventral (A, C) and dorsal (B, D–H) views of a voucher specimen showing the elliptical body, the transverse cirri arranged in one group, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the cirral pattern, the length of the dorsal kineties, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri.Scale bars: 20 μm.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF816B1FFF5B8153FFBFFDF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764573/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764573	Figure 17. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on 18S rRNA gene sequences, showing the phylogenetic position of Apostylonychia baugilensis, Apostylonychia notophorides notophorides, Antetetmemena minima, Tetmemena indica, and T. cf.pustulata. Newly obtained sequences are in bold red. GenBank accession numbers follow species names. Numbers at the nodes represent the ML bootstrap values and the Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities. Asterisks indicate different topologies in BI and ML phylogenies.Red question marks indicate two very probably misidentified sequences of Tetmemena polymorpha. The scale bar represents five nucleotide substitutions per 1000 nucleotides.	Figure 17. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on 18S rRNA gene sequences, showing the phylogenetic position of Apostylonychia baugilensis, Apostylonychia notophorides notophorides, Antetetmemena minima, Tetmemena indica, and T. cf.pustulata. Newly obtained sequences are in bold red. GenBank accession numbers follow species names. Numbers at the nodes represent the ML bootstrap values and the Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities. Asterisks indicate different topologies in BI and ML phylogenies.Red question marks indicate two very probably misidentified sequences of Tetmemena polymorpha. The scale bar represents five nucleotide substitutions per 1000 nucleotides.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF816B1FFF5B8153FFBFFDF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764575/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764575	Figure 18. Maximum likelihood (ML) trees based on 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA gene, showing the phylogenetic position of the genera Antetetmemena gen. nov., Aposylonychia gen. nov., and Tetmemena. Outgroup consists of three euplotid sequences.Newly obtained sequences are in red.GenBank accession numbers are listed in Supplementary Table S1. Numbers at the nodes represent the maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap values and the Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities.Asterisks indicate different topologies in BI and ML phylogenies. The scale bars represent two substitutions per 100 nucleotides	Figure 18. Maximum likelihood (ML) trees based on 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA gene, showing the phylogenetic position of the genera Antetetmemena gen. nov., Aposylonychia gen. nov., and Tetmemena. Outgroup consists of three euplotid sequences.Newly obtained sequences are in red.GenBank accession numbers are listed in Supplementary Table S1. Numbers at the nodes represent the maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap values and the Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities.Asterisks indicate different topologies in BI and ML phylogenies. The scale bars represent two substitutions per 100 nucleotides	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF816B1FFF5B8153FFBFFDF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764577/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764577	Figure 19. Maximum likelihood (ML) trees based on 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-partial 28S rRNA gene, showing the phylogenetic position of the genera Antetetmemena gen. nov., Aposylonychia gen. nov., and Tetmemena. Outgroup consists of three euplotid sequences. Newly obtained sequences are in red. GenBank accession numbers are listed in Supplementary Table S1. Numbers at the nodes represent the maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap values and the Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities.Asterisks indicate different topologies in BI and ML phylogenies. The scale bars represent two substitutions per 100 nucleotides.	Figure 19. Maximum likelihood (ML) trees based on 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-partial 28S rRNA gene, showing the phylogenetic position of the genera Antetetmemena gen. nov., Aposylonychia gen. nov., and Tetmemena. Outgroup consists of three euplotid sequences. Newly obtained sequences are in red. GenBank accession numbers are listed in Supplementary Table S1. Numbers at the nodes represent the maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap values and the Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities.Asterisks indicate different topologies in BI and ML phylogenies. The scale bars represent two substitutions per 100 nucleotides.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF816B1FFF5B8153FFBFFDF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764529/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764529	Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm.	Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
FF66823DFF816B1FFF5B8153FFBFFDF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14764531/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764531	Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H.	Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H.	2024-12-02	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho		Zenodo	biologists	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho			
