identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FF66823DFF996B02FC1E834DF8B1FA94.text	FF66823DFF996B02FC1E834DF8B1FA94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apostylonychia Omar & Jung 2024	<div><p>Apostylonychia gen. nov.</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CCDF5D43- C7A3-4D8B-AC14-302E7CCB0233.</p><p>Diagnosis: Stylonychine with medium to large body size, in vivo 70–210 μm × 30–90 μm. Body obovate, with posterior half of cell distinctly narrower than anterior. Eighteen frontal–ventral–transverse cirri. Transverse cirri arranged in two groups of three left and two right. One right and one left row of marginal cirri. Frontal area in  Stylonychia pattern, i.e. frontal cirri distinctly shifted to the right of the midline of the body. Undulating membranes in  Stylonychia pattern. Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal rows; kinety 3 with simple fragmentation. Three narrowly spaced caudal cirri, slightly shifted to right, one each at posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4. Oral primordium originates left to leftmost transverse cirrus. Cirrus IV/3 produces anlagen IV–VI of the proter, cirri III/2, IV/2, and V/4 are involved in primordia formation. 18S rRNA gene: 591 (T); 632 (T); 669 (G); 698 (C); 709 (G); 1384 (T); 1404 (A); 1408 (A); 1726 (A).</p><p>Etymology: The name is a composite of the Greek prefix apo - (derived from) and the genus group-name  Stylonychia Ehrenberg, 1830, indicating that the new genus has a similar cirral pattern to that of  Stylonychia, especially the arrangement of transverse cirri. Feminine gender.</p><p>Type species:  Apostylonychia baugilensis sp. nov.</p><p>Species assignable:  Apostylonychia baugilensis sp. nov. and  Apostylonychia notophorides (Foissner, 2016) comb. nov. (original combination:  Stylonychia notophorides Foissner, 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF66823DFF996B02FC1E834DF8B1FA94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.text	FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apostylonychia baugilensis Omar & Jung 2024	<div><p>Apostylonychia baugilensis sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1–4; Table 1)</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4AC87F88- DD5E-4592-A9A3-FEDFD36F16D9.</p><p>Diagnosis: Body size 130–210 μm × 55–90 μm in vivo and 108–144 μm × 47–62 μm after protargol impregnation. Body length:width ratio 1.9–2.5:1. Two separate macronuclear nodules. Right marginal row composed of 18–21 cirri, left row of 13–16 cirri. Dorsal kinety 4 as long as kinety 3. Adoral zone occupies 48%–57% of body length and is composed of 42–46 membranelles.</p><p>Type material:  The slide containing the holotype (Figs 1B, C, 3A, B; NNIBRPR27176) and  one paratype slide (NNIBRPR27177) with protargol-impregnated specimens have been deposited in the  Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.  Two paratype slides (GUC006653 and GUC006654) have been deposited in the Jung laboratory (J.-H. Jung) in Gangneung-Wonju National University.</p><p>Type locality: Temporary puddle (after rainfall) on a footpath (Baugil) behind the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.87619&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.76513" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.87619/lat 37.76513)">Gangneung-Wonju National University</a>, Gangneung, South Korea (37°45′54.47″N, 128°52′34.28″E).</p><p>Etymology: The species-group name refers to the name of the footpath where it was discovered, i.e. the Baugil path in Gangneung, Gangwon province.</p><p>Morphological description: Size 130–210 μm × 55–90 μm in vivo (usually ~180 μm × 80 μm, N = 7) and 108–144 μm × 47–62 μm after protargol impregnation. Body obovate, widest in mid of adoral zone of membranelles, anterior end broadly rounded, frontal area in  Laurentiella strenua (Dingfelder, 1962) Berger &amp; Foissner, 1989 and  Stylonychia mytilus (Müller, 1773) Ehrenberg, 1830 type, i.e. flat, almost circular, and wide, shifting frontal cirri to the right of the ventral side; scutum hyaline, broadly rounded and truncated to left; body margins gradually converging posteriorly, usually both margins straight, sometimes slightly convex or concave. Length:width ratio 1.9–2.5:1, on average 2.2:1. Dorsoventrally flattened, with middle half of dorsal side distinctly convex, posterior portion strongly flattened (Figs 1A–C, 2A–C, 3A–F, I). Nuclear apparatus commences at ~23% of body length and ends at ~72%. Invariably two macronuclear nodules and two micronuclei. Individual macronuclear nodules ellipsoidal, in or left of the midline of the body, in vivo ~30 μm × 15 μm. Micronuclei usually attached to macronuclear nodules, spherical, ~5 μm across (Figs 1C, 3B). Contractile vacuole anterior to mid-body at left cell margin; ~17 μm across at end of diastole. Collecting canals present but hardly recognizable (Figs 1A, 2B, C, H). Cortex rigid and colourless; cortical granules lacking. Cytoplasm hyaline, studded with lipid droplets, refractive crystals throughout cell, and food vacuoles ≤20 μm across containing bacteria, yeast, flagellates, and starch grains (Figs 1A, 2A–H). Cells usually stand still or crawl slowly on the bottom of the culture dish, rarely swimming by spiralling around long body axis.</p><p>Cirral pattern of  Apostylonychia baugilensis usually in  Stylonychia mytilus pattern, i.e. 18 FVT cirri arranged as follows: three enlarged frontal cirri distinctly shifted to the right, with cilia 30–33 μm long in vivo; one buccal cirrus with cilia ~30 μm long in vivo; four frontoventral cirri arranged in V-shaped pattern, with cilia ~25 μm long in vivo; three postoral cirri in inverted L-shape pattern, with cilia as long as those of frontoventral cirri, cirrus IV/2 usually at the same level as cirrus V/4; two obliquely arranged pretransverse cirri, with cilia as long as those of postoral cirri; and five transverse cirri arranged in two groups, three left and two right, subterminal, only the two right cirri project from posterior body end, fringed distally, ~35 μm long in vivo (Figs 1A, B, 2A, E, 3A, C, G, I). Marginal cirri fine, gradually decreasing slightly in size posteriorly, i.e. anterior cirrus of right marginal row ~25 μm long and posterior cirrus ~20 μm long. Right marginal row commences subapically at ~18% of body length and ends at ~95% of body length, composed of 18–21 cirri. Left marginal row commences at ~48% of body length and ends at posterior body end, composed of 13–16 cirri. Gap between posterior end of marginal rows slightly shifted to right (Figs 1A, B, 3A, C, F–H).</p><p>aAll data are based on protargol-impregnated specimens.Measurements are in micrometres.Abbreviations:AZM,adoral zone of membranelles;CV,coefficient of variation as a percentage; DK, dorsal kinety;DM, dorsomarginal kinety;LMR, left marginal row; M, median;Max, maximum; Mean,arithmetic mean; Min,minimum; N, number of individuals investigated;RMR,right marginal row.</p><p>bThe transverse distance between the anterior end of the paroral membrane and the opposite adoral membranelle on the left side.</p><p>Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal ones, with bristles ~4 μm long in vivo. Kineties 1–4 bipolar, not curved anteriorly, possessing 35–43, 29–35, 26–33, and 23–31 dikinetids, respectively. Dorsomarginal kineties 1 and 2 extend posteriorly over ~55% and 43% of cell length and possess 12–19 and 6–12 dikinetids, respectively. Three caudal cirri, ~35 μm long in vivo, slightly shifted to the right, one each at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4; cirri usually beating fast (Figs 1C, 2B, C, F–H, 3B, D–F, H).</p><p>Adoral zone occupies 48%–57% of body length and is composed of 42–46 membranelles. Distal end of adoral zone at ~15% of body length (DE-value 0.24 on average (Berger 2006: 18)). Cilia of membranelles ~28 μm long in vivo, bases of largest membranelles ~7 μm wide after protargol impregnation. Buccal cavity wide, i.e. transverse distance between anterior end of paroral membrane to opposite adoral membranelle on left side, 24–33 μm wide and narrowing posteriorly (Figs 1A, B, 2A, D, 3A, C, E, I). Undulating membranes in  Stylonychia pattern, i.e. parallel or slightly overlapping. Paroral membrane commences anterior to buccal cirrus at ~25% of body length, with a length of ~30 μm in protargol-impregnated specimens, and extends to near buccal vertex. Endoral membrane commences posterior to anterior end of paroral at ~27% of body length, with a length of ~29 μm after protargol impregnation, and extends to buccal vertex. Membranes at the midline of the body, cilia ~13 μm long. Pharyngeal fibres extend transversely to the right body margin (Figs 1A, B, 2D, 3A, C, I).</p><p>Morphogenesis:  Apostylonychia baugilensis divides in the same ontogenetic pattern as  Tetmemena bifaria described by Wirnsberger et al. (1985) and is characterized as follows: in the very early dividers, the oral primordium originates apokinetally as a longitudinal line of basal bodies left and anterior to the leftmost transverse cirrus, then the line spreads anteriorly and becomes wider in outline (Figs 3I, 4A, B). The oral primordium widens anteriorly, and the new adoral membranelles start to develop in the anterior portion (Fig. 4C). At the same time, three short streaks separate from the right anterior portion of the oral primordium to form FVT anlagen I–III of the opisthe. Simultaneously, parental cirrus IV/3 dedifferentiates to form anlagen IV–VI of the proter, and cirrus V/4 disaggregates to form anlagen V and VI of the opisthe. The parental cirri III/2 and IV/2 also disaggregate at the same time to form anlagen III of the proter and IV of the opisthe, respectively. The partial reorganization of the undulating membranes commences at the anterior end to form anlage I of the proter, occurring simultaneously with the disaggregation of cirrus II/2 (buccal cirrus) to form anlage II of the proter (Fig. 4C). The six anlagen in each of the proter and opisthe produce 18 cirri, as in other oxytrichid species. The three frontal cirri, two frontoventral cirri VI/3 and VI/4, postoral cirrus V/3, pretransverse cirri V/2 and VI/2, and the five transverse cirri do not participate in the anlagen formation and disappear at the late and very late stages of division (Fig. 4E).</p><p>The right marginal anlagen appear at two levels by within-row anlagen formation in the middle stage of division, and the left marginal anlagen appear slightly later. The anterior right marginal anlage arises by the disintegration of the second cirrus and elongates posteriorly using several parental cirri. The posterior right marginal anlage arises slightly posterior to mid-body and extends anteriorly right to the old cirri and posteriorly within the row using a few cirri. The anterior left marginal anlage appears at the anterior end of the parental row and extends posteriorly using two cirri. The posterior left marginal anlage arises within the row and extends posteriorly using a few cirri (Fig. 4C, E).</p><p>The dorsal ontogenesis is in the  Oxytricha pattern, i.e. kinety 3 anlagen arise in middle dividers ‘within-row’ at two levels, followed by anlagen of kineties 1 and 2 in both the proter and opisthe. In late dividers, anlage 3 fragments in the posterior region, forming anlage 4 in each daughter cell. Two dorsomarginal anlagen develop anterior and right of, and possibly by splitting from, the anterior end of the right marginal anlagen in both the proter and opisthe. A single caudal cirrus is formed at each posterior end of the new dorsal kineties 1, 2, and 4. The nuclear division occurs as in other oxytrichid ciliates (Fig. 4D, F).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF956B0FFF4F8729FED1F815.text	FF66823DFF956B0FFF4F8729FED1F815.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apostylonychia notophorides (Foissner 2016) Omar & Jung 2024	<div><p>Apostylonychia notophorides (Foissner, 2016) comb. nov.</p><p>(Figs 5–9; Table 1)</p><p>2016  Stylonychia notophorides nov. spec. – Foissner (2016),  Denisia 35:835, figs 283, 284 (original description).</p><p>Improved diagnosis (based on original description and our data): Body size 70–120 μm × 28–50 μm in vivo and 64–91 μm × 27–45 μm after protargol impregnation. Body obovate, widest at mid of adoral zone; length:width ratio 1.9–2.9:1. Two separate macronuclear nodules. Right marginal row composed of 9–16 cirri, left row of 9–12 cirri. Dorsal kinety 4 commences at the same level as kinety 3 or slightly shorter. Adoral zone occupies 42%–57% of body length after protargol impregnation and is composed of 24–32 membranelles. Resting cysts ~45 μm in vivo, with spines 4–7 μm wide at base and 5–10 μm long and fused macronuclear nodules.</p><p>Voucher material:  Two voucher slides (NNIBRPR27178 and NNIBRPR27179) with protargol-impregnated specimens have been deposited in the Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.  Two further voucher slides (GUC009426 and GUC009427) have been deposited in the Jung laboratory (J.-H. Jung) in Gangneung-Wonju National University.</p><p>Morphological description of the Korean population: Size 90–120 μm × 35–50 μm in vivo (usually ~110 μm × 45 μm, N = 14) and 64–91 μm × 27–45 μm after protargol impregnation. Body moderately obovate, widest in mid of adoral zone of membranelles, wide frontal area, scutum hyaline, rounded and slightly narrowed anteriorly, obliquely truncated to left, body margins gradually converging posteriorly, both right and left margin straight or slightly convex. Length:width ratio 1.9–2.6:1, on average 2.2:1 (Figs 5A–C, 6A–F, 7A–E). Nuclear apparatus commences at ~23% of body length and ends at ~72%. Invariably two macronuclear nodules and two micronuclei; cells with a single micronucleus observed only during division. Individual macronuclear nodules broadly ellipsoidal, in or slightly left of the midline of the body, in vivo 15–25 μm × 10–15 μm. Micronuclei usually attached to macronuclear nodules, spherical, ~4 μm across (Figs 5C, 6F, 7A, B). Contractile vacuole in mid-body at left cell margin; at end of diastole ~14 μm across. Collecting canals not recognizable (Figs 5A, 6E, F). Cortex rigid and colourless; cortical granules lacking. Cytoplasm hyaline, studded with lipid droplets, refractive crystals in posterior portion of cell, and food vacuoles ≤8 μm across containing bacteria, yeast, and occasionally ≤15 μm across containing flagellates and starch grains (Figs 5A, 6A–H). Usually crawling slowly on bottom of culture dish or swimming by spiralling around long body axis.</p><p>Cirral pattern of  Apostylonychia notophorides usually in  Stylonychia mytilus pattern, i.e. 18 FVT cirri arranged as follows: three enlarged frontal cirri distinctly shifted to right, i.e. right of the midline of the body, with cilia ~26 μm in vivo; one buccal cirrus with cilia ~21 μm in vivo; four frontoventral cirri arranged in V-shaped pattern with cilia 18 μm long in vivo; three postoral cirri in inverted L-shape pattern, with same length as frontoventral cirri, cirrus IV/2 placed more anteriorly than cirrus V/4; two obliquely arranged pretransverse cirri, with cilia ~20 μm long; and five transverse cirri arranged in two groups, two right and three left, subterminal, all cirri project from posterior body end, fringed distally, ~30 μm long in vivo (Figs 5A, B, 6A, B, G, 7A, C, D, F). Marginal cirri fine and of same length, ~18–20 μm long. Right marginal row commences subapically at ~14% of body length and ends posteriorly at ~94% of body length, composed of 10–15 cirri. Left marginal row commences at ~47% of body length and ends at ~98% of body length, composed of 9–12 cirri. Gap between posterior ends of marginal rows slightly shifted to the right (Figs 5B, 6B, 7A, C, D).</p><p>Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal ones, with bristles ~4 μm long in vivo. Kineties 1–3 bipolar, not curved anteriorly, possessing 22–26, 17–21, and 14–18 dikinetids, respectively; kinety 1 slightly shortened anteriorly, i.e. usually ~5 μm shorter than kineties 2 and 3 after protargol impregnation; kinety 4 slightly shortened anteriorly, i.e. ~7 μm shorter than kineties 2 and 3 anteriorly and possesses 10–16 dikinetids. Dorsomarginal kineties 1 and 2 extend posteriorly over about half and first quarter of cell length and possess 6–10 and 3–6 dikinetids, respectively. Three caudal cirri, ~35 μm long in vivo, slightly shifted to the right, one each at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4; left caudal cirrus usually straight or beating slower than the other two cirri (Figs 5C, 6E, H, 7B, E, G, H).</p><p>Adoral zone occupies 49%–57% of body length and is composed of 29–32 membranelles. Distal end of adoral zone commences at an average of 10% of body length on right side (DE-value 0.19 on average). Cilia of membranelles ~20 μm long in vivo, bases of largest membranelles ~5 μm wide after protargol impregnation (Figs 5A, 6A–D, 7A, C, D). Buccal cavity, i.e. the transverse distance between anterior end of paroral membrane and the opposite adoral membranelle on the left side, 11–16 μm wide and narrowing posteriorly. Undulating membranes at the midline of the body, cilia 9–10 μm long, in  Stylonychia pattern, i.e. parallel or slightly overlapping. Paroral membrane commences anterior to buccal cirrus at ~22% of body length, with a length of ~16 μm in protargol-impregnated specimens, and extends to near end of buccal vertex. Endoral membrane commences posterior to anterior end of paroral at ~26% of body length, with a length of ~16 μm after protargol impregnation, and extends to end of buccal vertex. Pharyngeal fibres extend transversely to right body margin (Figs 5A, B, 6A, B, 7A).</p><p>Resting cysts: Cysts of  Apostylonychia notophorides spherical, size including spines ~45 μm across in vivo. Wall hyaline, ~3–4 μm thick in vivo, ornamented by thick spines, 4–7 μm wide at base and each 5–10 μm long. Cytoplasm studded with lipid droplets; macronuclear nodules fuse to form a single macronuclear nodule in mature cysts (Figs 6I, J, 7I, J).</p><p>Morphogenesis:  Apostylonychia notophorides divides in the same ontogenetic pattern as  Apostylonychia baugilensis in all respects (Figs 8A–H, 9A–D).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF66823DFF956B0FFF4F8729FED1F815	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF896B13FED984E0FFB2F99D.text	FF66823DFF896B13FED984E0FFB2F99D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antetetmemena Omar & Jung 2024	<div><p>Antetetmemena gen. nov.</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 397A6BA8- 85E8-40D5-8C10-5009A280DB2A.</p><p>Diagnosis: Stylonychine with medium to large body size. Body ellipsoid with parallel margins, posterior body end rounded to truncated to right. Eighteen FVT cirri. Transverse cirri in two groups of three left and two right. One right and one left row of marginal cirri. Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal rows; kinety 3 with simple fragmentation. Three narrowly spaced caudal cirri, slightly shifted to right, one each at posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4. Frontal area narrow, bearing frontal cirri, left frontal cirrus located in or left of the midline of the body. Adoral zone usually occupies &lt;50% of body length. Undulating membranes in  Stylonychia pattern, but slightly curved. Oral primordium originates left to leftmost transverse cirrus. Cirrus IV/3 produces anlagen IV–VI of the proter, cirri III/2, IV/2, and V/4 involved in primordia formation. 18S rRNA gene: 268 (C); 698 (A); 709 (T); 1405 (A); 1519 (A).</p><p>Etymology: composite of the Latin prefix ante (temporal: before) and the genus-group name  Tetmemena, indicating that the species included were previously classified in  Tetmemena . Feminine gender.</p><p>Type species:  Antetetmemena minima (Kumar et al., 2016) comb. nov. (original combination:  Tetmemena bifaria minima Kumar et al., 2016).</p><p>Species assignable:  Antetetmemena minima (Kumar et al., 2016) comb. nov. and  Antetetmemena bifaria (Stokes, 1887) comb. nov. (original combination:  Oxytricha bifaria Stokes, 1887).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF66823DFF896B13FED984E0FFB2F99D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF886B15FF79845AFDF9F806.text	FF66823DFF886B15FF79845AFDF9F806.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antetetmemena minima (Kumar et al. 2016) Omar & Jung 2024	<div><p>Antetetmemena minima (Kumar et al., 2016) comb. nov.</p><p>(Figs 10–12; Table 1)</p><p>2009  Stylonychia bifaria (Stokes, 1887) Berger 1999 —Küppers, Claps and Lopretto, Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 80:583, figs 3A–C, 6B; table 3 [misidentification; brief description of Argentina population, one voucher slide (MLP35) was deposited at Colección de Invertebrados from the Museo de La Plata, Argentina].</p><p>2016  Tetmemena bifaria minima nov. subspec. – Kumar, Bharti, Quintela-Alonso, Shin and La Terza, Eur. J. Protistol. 56:212, fig. 8, table 2 [establishment of a new subspecies; one slide (NHMUK 2015.5.21.1) containing the holotype and many paratype specimens were deposited at the  Natural History Museum, London, UK].</p><p>2021  Tetmemena bifaria minima Kumar et al. 2016 —Omar and Jung, J. Spec. Res. 10:308, fig. 10 [brief redescription; two voucher slides (NNIBRPR20120 and NNIBRPR20121) were deposited at the Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, South Korea].</p><p>Morphological description of the Korean population: This population was described only briefly by Omar and Jung (2021). In the present study, we are providing a detailed description of the same population including the ontogenetic aspect, because it has been assigned to the new genus  Antetetmemena . Size 85–110 μm × 30–45 μm in vivo (N = 5) and 60–87 μm × 27–43 μm after protargol impregnation. Body ellipsoid, anterior end narrowly rounded and truncated to left, posterior end rounded in vivo and slightly truncated to right after protargol impregnation; frontal area of  Tetmemena pustulata type, i.e. narrowed and bearing frontal cirri; body margins parallel and straight, sometimes only slightly convex or concave. Length:width ratio 1.8–2.4:1, on average 2.1:1 (Figs 10A–C, 11A–D). Nuclear apparatus commences at ~27% of body length and ends at ~74%. Invariably two macronuclear nodules and one or two micronuclei. Individual macronuclear nodules broadly ellipsoidal, usually in the midline of the body, size in vivo 12–18 μm × 8–12 μm. Micronuclei usually attached to macronuclear nodules, spherical, ~5 μm across (Figs 10C, 11D). Contractile vacuole in mid-body near left cell margin; at end of diastole ~10 μm across. Collecting canals not observed (Fig. 10A). Cortex rigid and colourless; cortical granules lacking. Cytoplasm hyaline, studded with lipid droplets, refractive crystals throughout cell, and food vacuoles 6–10 μm across containing bacteria and flagellates (Figs 10A, 11A, B). Cells usually crawl on the bottom of the culture dish or rarely swim by spiralling around long body axis.</p><p>Cirral pattern of  Antetetmemena minima oxytrichid, i.e. 18 FVT cirri arranged as follows: three frontal cirri in middle of frontal area, with cilia ~22 μm long in vivo; one buccal cirrus with cilia ~20 μm long in vivo; four frontoventral cirri arranged in V-shaped pattern with cilia 20 μm long in vivo; three postoral cirri in inverted L-shape pattern, with cilia as long as those of frontoventral cirri, cirrus IV/2 distinctly anterior to level of cirrus V/4; two obliquely arranged pretransverse cirri, with cilia as long as those of postoral cirri; and five transverse cirri arranged in two groups, two right and three left, subterminal, projecting from posterior body end except for the leftmost cirrus, which ends at rear body margin, ~25 μm long in vivo (Figs 10A, B, 11C). Marginal cirri each ~17 μm long. Right marginal row commences subapically at ~16% of body length and ends posteriorly at ~94% of body length, composed of 11–15 cirri. Left marginal row commences at ~43% of body length and ends at posterior body end, composed of 9–12 cirri. Gap between posterior ends of marginal rows distinctly shifted to right (Figs 10A, B, 11C).</p><p>Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal ones, with bristles ~3–4 μm long in vivo. Kineties 1–3 bipolar, not curved anteriorly, possessing 17–19, 13–18, and 13–14 dikinetids, respectively. Kinety 4 distinctly shortened anteriorly, i.e. commences at ~28% of body length and possesses 7–13 dikinetids. Dorsomarginal kineties 1 and 2 extend posteriorly over ~40% and 25% of cell length and possess 6–8 and 3–5 dikinetids, respectively. Three caudal cirri, ~25 μm long in vivo, distinctly shifted to the right, one each at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (Figs 10C, 11D).</p><p>Adoral zone occupies 39%–48% of body length and is composed of 23–26 membranelles. Distal end of adoral zone commences at ~8% of body length on right side (DE-value 0.19 on average). Cilia of membranelles ~20 μm long in vivo, bases of largest membranelles ~4 μm wide after protargol impregnation. Buccal cavity, i.e. transverse distance between anterior end of paroral membrane and opposite adoral membranelle on left side, 5–10 μm wide and narrowing posteriorly (Figs 10A, B, 11C). Undulating membranes in slightly curved  Stylonychia pattern. Paroral membrane commences anterior to buccal cirrus at ~19% of body length, with a length of ~11 μm in protargol-impregnated specimens, and extends to near end of buccal vertex. Endoral membrane commences posterior to anterior end of paroral membrane at ~16% of body length, with a length of ~12 μm after protargol impregnation, and extends to end of buccal vertex. Membranes at the midline of the body, cilia ~8 μm long. Pharyngeal fibres extend obliquely to right body margin (Figs 10A, B, 11C).</p><p>Morphogenesis: The ontogenesis of  Antetetmemena minima is identical to that of  Apostylonychia baugilensis in all respects (Fig. 12).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF66823DFF886B15FF79845AFDF9F806	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF8E6B17FC008681FC05F96E.text	FF66823DFF8E6B17FC008681FC05F96E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetmemena Eigner 1999	<div><p>Tetmemena Eigner, 1999</p><p>1997  Clara n. g. —Eigner, J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 44:568 (homonym of  Clara Gill, 1862, fish, objective synonym of  Tetmemena Eigner, 1999).</p><p>1999  Tetmemena nom. nov. – Eigner, Eur. J. Protistol. 35:44, 47 (replacement name for  Clara Eigner, 1997).</p><p>2001  Tetmemena Eigner, 1999 —Aescht, Denisia 1:159 (catalogue of ciliate genera).</p><p>2001  Tetmemena Eigner, 1999 —Berger, Catalogue of Ciliate Names 1. Hypotrichs, p. 89.</p><p>2008  Tetmemena Eigner, 1999 —Lynn, The Ciliated Protozoa, p. 360 (revision of ciliate families).</p><p>2015  Tetmemena Eigner, 1999 —Shao, Lu and Ma, J. Ocean. Univ. China 14:7 (characterization of genera in subfamily  Stylonychinae).</p><p>Improved diagnosis: Stylonychine with medium to large body size. Body ellipsoidal. Two separate macronuclear nodules. Eighteen FVT cirri; frontal cirri in middle of narrow frontal area. Transverse cirri arranged in one V-shaped group. One right and one left row of marginal cirri. Undulating membranes in  Stylonychia pattern. Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal rows; kinety 3 with simple fragmentation. Three narrowly to moderately widely spaced caudal cirri, one each at posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4. Oral primordium originates left to postoral cirri. Cirrus IV/3 produces anlagen IV–VI of the proter; cirri III/2, IV/2, and V/4 involved in primordia formation. 18S rRNA gene: 203 (T); 631 (A); 670 (T); 695 (G); 698 (G); 709 (C); 711 (C); 1403 (A); 1638 (C); 1722 (C); 1731 (T).</p><p>Type species:  Tetmemena pustulata (Müller, 1786) Eigner, 1999 .</p><p>Species assignable:  Tetmemena pustulata (Müller, 1786) Eigner, 1999;  Tetmemena indica Bharti et al., 2019 (original combination:  Tetmemena pustulata indica Bharti et al., 2019);  Tetmemena polymorpha Omar et al., 2023; and  Tetmemena saprai Gupta et al., 2020 .</p><p>Species misclassified in  Tetmemena:  Tetmemena vorax (Stokes, 1885) Eigner, 1999 . Original combination and current systematic status:  Stylonychia vorax Stokes, 1885 .</p><p>Remarks: Wirnsberger et al. (1985) misidentified a population of  Stylonychia bifaria (current status:  Antetetmemena bifaria comb. nov.) as  S. vorax and described its morphology and ontogenesis. According to these data, Eigner (1997) transferred  S. vorax to the genus  Clara and later replaced the genus name by  Tetmemena (Eigner, 1999) . The misidentification occurred in the study by Wirnsberger et al. (1985) was recognized by Foissner (1998) and Berger (1999), hence Berger (2001) transferred  S. bifaria to the genus  Tetmemena and considered  S. vorax as a member of the genus  Stylonychia .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF66823DFF8E6B17FC008681FC05F96E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF8C6B1AFF1484E7FDFAFC9A.text	FF66823DFF8C6B1AFF1484E7FDFAFC9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetmemena indica Bharti 2019	<div><p>Tetmemena indica Bharti et al., 2019</p><p>(Figs 13–15; Table 1)</p><p>2019  Tetmemena pustulata indica nov. subspec. — Bharti, Kumar, La Terza and Chandra, Eur. J. Protistol. 71:2 (original description; the holotype and paratype specimens were deposited at the  Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India).</p><p>2023  Tetmemena indica nov. stat. —Omar, Jang and Jung, Front. Microbiol. 14:1159634 (raised to species level based on data from original description, no voucher material available).</p><p>Voucher material: Two voucher slides (NNIBRPR27180 and NNIBRPR27181) of the Korean population described below with protargol-impregnated specimens have been deposited in the Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.</p><p>Morphological description of the Korean population: Size ~70–100 μm × 30–40 μm in vivo (N = 5) and 50–68 μm × 20–28 μm after protargol impregnation. Body ellipsoid; anterior end narrowly rounded and truncated to left; posterior end rounded, usually with distinct emargination at right after protargol impregnation; body margins parallel and straight, sometimes only slightly convex or concave. Length:width ratio 1.8–2.4:1, on average 2.1:1 (Figs 13A–C, 14A–C). Nuclear apparatus commences at ~19% of body length and ends at ~77%. Invariably two macronuclear nodules and two micronuclei. Individual macronuclear nodules ellipsoidal, usually with irregular outline in protargol-impregnated specimens, in or slightly left to midline of the body, 11–20 μm × 5–8 μm after protargol impregnation. Micronuclei usually attached to macronuclear nodules, spherical, ~5 μm across (Figs 13C, 14B, C). Contractile vacuole in mid-body near left cell margin; at end of diastole ~8 μm across. Collecting canals not observed. Cortex rigid and colourless; cortical granules lacking. Cytoplasm hyaline, with few lipid droplets, refractive crystals throughout cell and especially in posterior portion of cell, and food vacuoles 10–13 μm across containing bacteria and small flagellates (Figs 13A, 14A). Cells usually crawl on the bottom of the culture dish.</p><p>Cirral pattern of  Tetmemena indica usually in  Tetmemena pattern, i.e. 18 FVT cirri arranged as follows: three enlarged frontal cirri, with cilia ~15 μm in vivo; one buccal cirrus; four frontoventral cirri arranged in V-shaped pattern; three postoral cirri in inverted L-shape pattern, cirrus IV/2 placed more anteriorly than cirrus V/4; two obliquely arranged pretransverse cirri; and five transverse cirri arranged in one group forming V-shaped pattern; all cirri project from posterior body end, fringed distally, ~20 μm long in vivo (Figs 13A, B, 14A, B). Marginal cirri fine and of same length, ~13 μm long. Right marginal row commences subapically at ~10% of body length and ends posteriorly near body end, composed of 17–21 cirri. Left marginal row commences at ~45% of body length and ends near body end, composed of 11–15 cirri. Gap between posterior ends of marginal rows wide and directed posteriorly (Figs 13A, B, 14A, B).</p><p>Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal ones. Kinety 1 shortened anteriorly, possessing 16–20 bristles; kineties 2 and 3 bipolar, not curved anteriorly, possessing 13–17 and 11–14 dikinetids, respectively; kinety 4 distinctly shortened anteriorly, i.e. distinctly shorter than kinety 3 anteriorly and possessing 8–14 dikinetids. Dorsomarginal kineties 1 and 2 extend posteriorly over about two-fifths and one-quarter of cell length and possess 5–9 and 2–5 dikinetids, respectively. Three moderately widely spaced caudal cirri, ~25 μm long in vivo, one each at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (Figs 13C, 14C).</p><p>Adoral zone occupies 41–54% of body length and is composed of 25–28 membranelles. Distal end of adoral zone at an average of 7% of body length (DE-value 0.15 on average). Cilia of membranelles ~20 μm long in vivo, bases of largest membranelles ~4 μm wide after protargol impregnation. Buccal cavity, i.e. the transverse distance between anterior end of paroral membrane and the opposite adoral membranelle on left side, 4–7 μm wide and narrowing posteriorly (Figs 13A, B, 14A, B). Undulating membranes in  Stylonychia pattern. Paroral membrane commences at the same level as buccal cirrus, ~21% of body length, with a length of ~11 μm in protargol-impregnated specimens. Endoral membrane commences slightly posterior to anterior end of paroral membrane at ~23% of body length, with a length of ~12 μm after protargol impregnation, and extends to buccal vertex. Pharyngeal fibres extend transversely to right body margin (Figs 13A, B, 14B).</p><p>Morphogenesis: The ontogenesis of  Tetmemena indica is identical to that of  T. polymorpha Omar et al., 2023 in all respects (Fig. 15A–F).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF66823DFF8C6B1AFF1484E7FDFAFC9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF816B1FFF5B8153FFBFFDF1.text	FF66823DFF816B1FFF5B8153FFBFFDF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetmemena pustulata (Muller 1786) Eigner 1999	<div><p>Tetmemena cf. pustulata (Müller, 1786) Eigner, 1999</p><p>(Fig. 16; Table 1)</p><p>The list of synonyms of  Tetmemena pustulata contains only populations with available illustrations showing dorsal kinety 4 shortened anteriorly.</p><p>1952  Stylonychia pustulata Ehrenberg, 1835 —Hashimoto, Zool. Mag., Tokyo 61: 332.</p><p>1998  Stylonychia pustulata Müller, 1786 —Foissner and Gschwind, Ber. Nat.-med. Ver. Salzburg 12:58 [description of German population; two voucher sliders were deposited in Biology Centre of the Upper Austrian Museum in Linz (LI), Austria].</p><p>2016  Tetmemena pustulata (Müller, 1786) Eigner, 1999 — Foissner, Denisia 35:845 [description of Venezuelan population; four voucher slides were deposited at the Biology Centre of the Upper Austrian Museum in Linz (LI), Austria].</p><p>2020  Tetmemena pustulata (Müller, 1786) Eigner, 1999 — Kaur, Shashi, Warren, Negi and Kamra, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 70:3939–3952 (description of Indian population; no voucher material available).</p><p>2021  Stylonychia cf. notophora —Omar and Jung, J. Spec. Res. 10:308 [misidentification; two voucher slides (NNIBRPR20118 and NNIBRPR20119) of Korean population were deposited at the Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, South Korea].</p><p>Morphological description of the Korean population: The Korean population of  Tetmemena cf. pustulata was not observed in vivo. However, it is very similar to  Tetmemena indica, i.e. body is narrowly elliptical in outline, with a length:width ratio of 2.3–3.6:1. Posterior end of body slightly truncated to right and without distinct emargination (Fig. 16A–H). Nuclear apparatus commences at ~19% of body length and ends at ~79%. Two macronuclear nodules and one or two micronuclei. Individual macronuclear nodules ellipsoidal, usually with irregular outline after protargol impregnation, in or slightly left to the midline of the body, 21–29 μm × 7–13 μm after protargol impregnation. Micronuclei usually attached to macronuclear nodules, spherical, 2–4 μm across (Fig. 16B–D, F, H). Cirral pattern of  Tetmemena cf. pustulata is identical in number and arrangement to that in  T. indica . Right marginal row commences subapically at ~9% of body length and ends posteriorly near body end, composed of 21–28 cirri. Left marginal row commences at ~44% of body length and ends near posterior body end, composed of 12–19 cirri. Gap between posterior end of marginal rows wide and slightly shifted to right (Fig. 16A, C).</p><p>Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal ones. Kinety 1 shortened anteriorly, possessing 18–27 bristles; kineties 2 and 3 bipolar, not curved anteriorly, possessing 15–23 and 11–18 dikinetids, respectively; kinety 4 shortened anteriorly, i.e. ~1 or 2 dikinetids shorter than kinety 3, and possessing 14–22 dikinetids. Dorsomarginal kineties 1 and 2 extend posteriorly over about one-third and one-quarter of cell length and possess 7–11 and 3–6 dikinetids, respectively. Three moderately widely spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted rightwards, ≤25 μm long after protargol impregnation, one each at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (Fig. 16B, D–H).</p><p>Adoral zone occupies 46%–56% of body length and is composed of 27–37 membranelles. Distal end of adoral zone at average of 6% of body length (DE-value 0.11 on average). Bases of largest membranelles ~6 μm wide. Buccal cavity, i.e. the transverse distance between anterior end of paroral membrane and the opposite adoral membranelle on left side, 5–10 μm wide and narrowing posteriorly. Undulating membranes in  Stylonychia pattern, i.e. parallel, straight, or slightly curved and sometimes slightly overlapping. Paroral membrane commences left to buccal cirrus at ~20% of body length, with a length of ~18 μm, and extends to near end of buccal vertex. Endoral membrane commences posterior to anterior end of paroral at ~24% of body length, with a length of ~19 μm, and extends to end of buccal vertex. Pharyngeal fibres extend transversely to right body margin (Fig. 16A, C).</p><p>Phylogenetic analyses</p><p>The information on the rRNA gene sequences (18S–ITS1– 5.8S –ITS2–partial 28S) of the present five species is as follows:  Apostylonychia baugilensis [2877 bp long, 45.63% GC content, accession number (Acc. No.) PQ037619],  Apostylonychia notophorides (2878 bp long, 45.20% GC content, Acc. No. PQ037620),  Antetetmemena minima (2828 bp long, 45.54% GC content, Acc. No. PQ037621),  Tetmemena indica (2871 bp long, 45.52% GC content, Acc. No. PQ037622), and  T. cf. pustulata (2843 bp long, 45.34% GC content, Acc. No. PQ037623). The rest of the available sequences from the same isolates of  Pseudostylonychia obliquocaudata Omar et al., 2022 and  Tetmemena polymorpha Omar et al., 2023 in the GenBank database have been submitted under the accession numbers PQ013660 and PQ013659, respectively.</p><p>The phylogenetic trees conducted using ML and BI analyses show rather similar topologies. Thus, only the ML tree of each dataset is presented, with both the bootstrap values (ML) and the posterior probabilities (BI) included (Figs 17–19). In the 18S rRNA gene tree, the five sequences are distributed within the stylonychine clade. Sequences of the genus  Tetmemena form a large clade also containing five sequences identified as  Sterkiella nova Foissner and Berger, 1999 (AF508771 and X03948),  Onychodromus grandis Stein, 1859 (AJ310486), and  Stylonychia notophora Stokes, 1885 (FM209297 and KY855573), which is divided into two subclades. The sequence of  Tetmemena cf. pustulata is identical to one sequence identified as  Tetmemena pustulata (MH000394) and two  Stylonychia notophora sequences (Supporting Information, Table S2); together, they nest in one of the subclades with 12 other  T. pustulata sequences and  T. saprai, with low supporting values (64% ML, 0.63 BI).  Tetmemena indica nests in the second subclade together with  Onychodromus grandis and forms an adelphotaxon to sequences of  Sterkiella nova,  Tetmemena polymorpha, two sequences identified as  T. bifaria, and one  T. pustulata sequence in the ML tree, while it forms a soft polytomy with these two subclades in the BI tree. Sequences belong to  Tetmemena species in this clade show nine binary and two asymmetric signature characters against the sequences of the genera  Antetetmemena and  Apostylonychia .  Apostylonychia baugilensis and  Apostylonychia notophorides cluster together with high (96% ML) to medium (0.94 BI) supporting values and together, they form a sister clade to  Styxophrya quadricornuta with full supporting values. The three sequences form an adelphotaxon to the large clade comprising mainly  Tetmemena spp., with high supporting values (95% ML, 0.95 BI). The two  Apostylonychia species show six binary and three asymmetric signature characters against sequences of the genera  Antetetmemena and  Tetmemena . The sequence of  Antetetmemena minima is at the base of all the aforementioned sequences and sequences of the genus  Pleurotricha Stein, 1859 with high (97% ML, 0.99 BI) supporting values and shows two binary and three asymmetric characters against all  Tetmemena and  Apostylonychia sequences. Furthermore, the  Antetetmemena minima sequence shows a sequence similarity of 98.8% (19 nucleotides difference) and 98.4% (26 nucleotides difference) with the sequences of  Apostylonychia baugilensis and  Apostylonychia notophorides, respectively, and 97.2%–98.5% (24–39 nucleotides difference) with the sequences of the genus  Tetmemena . According to the topology tests, the monophyly of the genus  Tetmemena was rejected by both the weighted Kishino–Hasigawa test and the approximately unbiased test. Likewise, the monophyly of the three genera  Tetmemena,  Apostylonychia, and  Antetetmemena together was also rejected by both tests. In contrast, the only monophyletic group is formed by the two sequences of the new genus  Apostylonychia (Table 2).</p><p>aA P -value &lt;.05 denotes that the constraint is rejected.</p><p>In all other phylogenetic analyses performed using the concatenated and single rRNA genes (18S–ITS1– 5.8S –ITS 2, 18S –ITS1– 5.8S –ITS2–partial 28S, ITS1– 5.8S –ITS2, and partial 28S), the sequences of the genus  Tetmemena nest together (Figs 18, 19; Supporting Information, Figs S1, S 2). The two new sequences of the genus  Apostylonychia nest together with full support only in the 18S–ITS1– 5.8S –ITS2 and 18S–ITS1–5.8SITS2–partial 28S gene trees. In the phylogenetic tree constructed using the 18S–ITS1– 5.8S –ITS2 rRNA genes (2280 characters),  Antetetmemena minima is a sister to the genus  Apostylonychia with full support, whereas in the phylogenetic trees constructed using the 18S–ITS1– 5.8S –ITS2–partial 28S and the only partial 28S rRNA genes, it is a sister to the genus  Tetmemena .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF66823DFF816B1FFF5B8153FFBFFDF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Omar, Atef;Jung, Jae-Ho	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
