taxonID	type	description	language	source
FF66823DFF996B02FC1E834DF8B1FA94.taxon	description	ZooBank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: CCDF 5 D 43 - C 7 A 3 - 4 D 8 B-AC 14 - 302 E 7 CCB 0233.	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF996B02FC1E834DF8B1FA94.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Stylonychine with medium to large body size, in vivo 70 – 210 μm × 30 – 90 μm. Body obovate, with posterior half of cell distinctly narrower than anterior. Eighteen frontal – ventral – transverse cirri. Transverse cirri arranged in two groups of three left and two right. One right and one left row of marginal cirri. Frontal area in Stylonychia pattern, i. e. frontal cirri distinctly shifted to the right of the midline of the body. Undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern. Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal rows; kinety 3 with simple fragmentation. Three narrowly spaced caudal cirri, slightly shifted to right, one each at posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4. Oral primordium originates left to leftmost transverse cirrus. Cirrus IV / 3 produces anlagen IV – VI of the proter, cirri III / 2, IV / 2, and V / 4 are involved in primordia formation. 18 S rRNA gene: 591 (T); 632 (T); 669 (G); 698 (C); 709 (G); 1384 (T); 1404 (A); 1408 (A); 1726 (A).	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF996B02FC1E834DF8B1FA94.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name is a composite of the Greek prefix apo - (derived from) and the genus group-name Stylonychia Ehrenberg, 1830, indicating that the new genus has a similar cirral pattern to that of Stylonychia, especially the arrangement of transverse cirri. Feminine gender.	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF996B02FC1E834DF8B1FA94.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Apostylonychia baugilensis sp. nov.	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 4; Table 1) ZooBank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 4 AC 87 F 88 - DD 5 E- 4592 - A 9 A 3 - FEDFD 36 F 16 D 9. Diagnosis: Body size 130 – 210 μm × 55 – 90 μm in vivo and 108 – 144 μm × 47 – 62 μm after protargol impregnation. Body length: width ratio 1.9 – 2.5: 1. Two separate macronuclear nodules. Right marginal row composed of 18 – 21 cirri, left row of 13 – 16 cirri. Dorsal kinety 4 as long as kinety 3. Adoral zone occupies 48 % – 57 % of body length and is composed of 42 – 46 membranelles. Type material: The slide containing the holotype (Figs 1 B, C, 3 A, B; NNIBRPR 27176) and one paratype slide (NNIBRPR 27177) with protargol-impregnated specimens have been deposited in the Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea. Two paratype slides (GUC 006653 and GUC 006654) have been deposited in the Jung laboratory (J. - H. Jung) in Gangneung-Wonju National University. Type locality: Temporary puddle (after rainfall) on a footpath (Baugil) behind the Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea (37 ° 45 ′ 54.47 ″ N, 128 ° 52 ′ 34.28 ″ E). Etymology: The species-group name refers to the name of the footpath where it was discovered, i. e. the Baugil path in Gangneung, Gangwon province. Morphological description: Size 130 – 210 μm × 55 – 90 μm in vivo (usually ~ 180 μm × 80 μm, N = 7) and 108 – 144 μm × 47 – 62 μm after protargol impregnation. Body obovate, widest in mid of adoral zone of membranelles, anterior end broadly rounded, frontal area in Laurentiella strenua (Dingfelder, 1962) Berger & Foissner, 1989 and Stylonychia mytilus (Müller, 1773) Ehrenberg, 1830 type, i. e. flat, almost circular, and wide, shifting frontal cirri to the right of the ventral side; scutum hyaline, broadly rounded and truncated to left; body margins gradually converging posteriorly, usually both margins straight, sometimes slightly convex or concave. Length: width ratio 1.9 – 2.5: 1, on average 2.2: 1. Dorsoventrally flattened, with middle half of dorsal side distinctly convex, posterior portion strongly flattened (Figs 1 A – C, 2 A – C, 3 A – F, I). Nuclear apparatus commences at ~ 23 % of body length and ends at ~ 72 %. Invariably two macronuclear nodules and two micronuclei. Individual macronuclear nodules ellipsoidal, in or left of the midline of the body, in vivo ~ 30 μm × 15 μm. Micronuclei usually attached to macronuclear nodules, spherical, ~ 5 μm across (Figs 1 C, 3 B). Contractile vacuole anterior to mid-body at left cell margin; ~ 17 μm across at end of diastole. Collecting canals present but hardly recognizable (Figs 1 A, 2 B, C, H). Cortex rigid and colourless; cortical granules lacking. Cytoplasm hyaline, studded with lipid droplets, refractive crystals throughout cell, and food vacuoles ≤ 20 μm across containing bacteria, yeast, flagellates, and starch grains (Figs 1 A, 2 A – H). Cells usually stand still or crawl slowly on the bottom of the culture dish, rarely swimming by spiralling around long body axis. Cirral pattern of Apostylonychia baugilensis usually in Stylonychia mytilus pattern, i. e. 18 FVT cirri arranged as follows: three enlarged frontal cirri distinctly shifted to the right, with cilia 30 – 33 μm long in vivo; one buccal cirrus with cilia ~ 30 μm long in vivo; four frontoventral cirri arranged in V-shaped pattern, with cilia ~ 25 μm long in vivo; three postoral cirri in inverted L-shape pattern, with cilia as long as those of frontoventral cirri, cirrus IV / 2 usually at the same level as cirrus V / 4; two obliquely arranged pretransverse cirri, with cilia as long as those of postoral cirri; and five transverse cirri arranged in two groups, three left and two right, subterminal, only the two right cirri project from posterior body end, fringed distally, ~ 35 μm long in vivo (Figs 1 A, B, 2 A, E, 3 A, C, G, I). Marginal cirri fine, gradually decreasing slightly in size posteriorly, i. e. anterior cirrus of right marginal row ~ 25 μm long and posterior cirrus ~ 20 μm long. Right marginal row commences subapically at ~ 18 % of body length and ends at ~ 95 % of body length, composed of 18 – 21 cirri. Left marginal row commences at ~ 48 % of body length and ends at posterior body end, composed of 13 – 16 cirri. Gap between posterior end of marginal rows slightly shifted to right (Figs 1 A, B, 3 A, C, F – H). Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal ones, with bristles ~ 4 μm long in vivo. Kineties 1 – 4 bipolar, not curved anteriorly, possessing 35 – 43, 29 – 35, 26 – 33, and 23 – 31 dikinetids, respectively. Dorsomarginal kineties 1 and 2 extend posteriorly over ~ 55 % and 43 % of cell length and possess 12 – 19 and 6 – 12 dikinetids, respectively. Three caudal cirri, ~ 35 μm long in vivo, slightly shifted to the right, one each at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4; cirri usually beating fast (Figs 1 C, 2 B, C, F – H, 3 B, D – F, H). Adoral zone occupies 48 % – 57 % of body length and is composed of 42 – 46 membranelles. Distal end of adoral zone at ~ 15 % of body length (DE-value 0.24 on average (Berger 2006: 18 )). Cilia of membranelles ~ 28 μm long in vivo, bases of largest membranelles ~ 7 μm wide after protargol impregnation. Buccal cavity wide, i. e. transverse distance between anterior end of paroral membrane to opposite adoral membranelle on left side, 24 – 33 μm wide and narrowing posteriorly (Figs 1 A, B, 2 A, D, 3 A, C, E, I). Undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, i. e. parallel or slightly overlapping. Paroral membrane commences anterior to buccal cirrus at ~ 25 % of body length, with a length of ~ 30 μm in protargol-impregnated specimens, and extends to near buccal vertex. Endoral membrane commences posterior to anterior end of paroral at ~ 27 % of body length, with a length of ~ 29 μm after protargol impregnation, and extends to buccal vertex. Membranes at the midline of the body, cilia ~ 13 μm long. Pharyngeal fibres extend transversely to the right body margin (Figs 1 A, B, 2 D, 3 A, C, I). Morphogenesis: Apostylonychia baugilensis divides in the same ontogenetic pattern as Tetmemena bifaria described by Wirnsberger et al. (1985) and is characterized as follows: in the very early dividers, the oral primordium originates apokinetally as a longitudinal line of basal bodies left and anterior to the leftmost transverse cirrus, then the line spreads anteriorly and becomes wider in outline (Figs 3 I, 4 A, B). The oral primordium widens anteriorly, and the new adoral membranelles start to develop in the anterior portion (Fig. 4 C). At the same time, three short streaks separate from the right anterior portion of the oral primordium to form FVT anlagen I – III of the opisthe. Simultaneously, parental cirrus IV / 3 dedifferentiates to form anlagen IV – VI of the proter, and cirrus V / 4 disaggregates to form anlagen V and VI of the opisthe. The parental cirri III / 2 and IV / 2 also disaggregate at the same time to form anlagen III of the proter and IV of the opisthe, respectively. The partial reorganization of the undulating membranes commences at the anterior end to form anlage I of the proter, occurring simultaneously with the disaggregation of cirrus II / 2 (buccal cirrus) to form anlage II of the proter (Fig. 4 C). The six anlagen in each of the proter and opisthe produce 18 cirri, as in other oxytrichid species. The three frontal cirri, two frontoventral cirri VI / 3 and VI / 4, postoral cirrus V / 3, pretransverse cirri V / 2 and VI / 2, and the five transverse cirri do not participate in the anlagen formation and disappear at the late and very late stages of division (Fig. 4 E). The right marginal anlagen appear at two levels by within-row anlagen formation in the middle stage of division, and the left marginal anlagen appear slightly later. The anterior right marginal anlage arises by the disintegration of the second cirrus and elongates posteriorly using several parental cirri. The posterior right marginal anlage arises slightly posterior to mid-body and extends anteriorly right to the old cirri and posteriorly within the row using a few cirri. The anterior left marginal anlage appears at the anterior end of the parental row and extends posteriorly using two cirri. The posterior left marginal anlage arises within the row and extends posteriorly using a few cirri (Fig. 4 C, E). The dorsal ontogenesis is in the Oxytricha pattern, i. e. kinety 3 anlagen arise in middle dividers ‘ within-row’ at two levels, followed by anlagen of kineties 1 and 2 in both the proter and opisthe. In late dividers, anlage 3 fragments in the posterior region, forming anlage 4 in each daughter cell. Two dorsomarginal anlagen develop anterior and right of, and possibly by splitting from, the anterior end of the right marginal anlagen in both the proter and opisthe. A single caudal cirrus is formed at each posterior end of the new dorsal kineties 1, 2, and 4. The nuclear division occurs as in other oxytrichid ciliates (Fig. 4 D, F).	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF956B0FFF4F8729FED1F815.taxon	description	(Figs 5 – 9; Table 1) 2016 Stylonychia notophorides nov. spec. – Foissner (2016), Denisia 35: 835, figs 283, 284 (original description). Improved diagnosis (based on original description and our data): Body size 70 – 120 μm × 28 – 50 μm in vivo and 64 – 91 μm × 27 – 45 μm after protargol impregnation. Body obovate, widest at mid of adoral zone; length: width ratio 1.9 – 2.9: 1. Two separate macronuclear nodules. Right marginal row composed of 9 – 16 cirri, left row of 9 – 12 cirri. Dorsal kinety 4 commences at the same level as kinety 3 or slightly shorter. Adoral zone occupies 42 % – 57 % of body length after protargol impregnation and is composed of 24 – 32 membranelles. Resting cysts ~ 45 μm in vivo, with spines 4 – 7 μm wide at base and 5 – 10 μm long and fused macronuclear nodules. Voucher material: Two voucher slides (NNIBRPR 27178 and NNIBRPR 27179) with protargol-impregnated specimens have been deposited in the Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea. Two further voucher slides (GUC 009426 and GUC 009427) have been deposited in the Jung laboratory (J. - H. Jung) in Gangneung-Wonju National University. Morphological description of the Korean population: Size 90 – 120 μm × 35 – 50 μm in vivo (usually ~ 110 μm × 45 μm, N = 14) and 64 – 91 μm × 27 – 45 μm after protargol impregnation. Body moderately obovate, widest in mid of adoral zone of membranelles, wide frontal area, scutum hyaline, rounded and slightly narrowed anteriorly, obliquely truncated to left, body margins gradually converging posteriorly, both right and left margin straight or slightly convex. Length: width ratio 1.9 – 2.6: 1, on average 2.2: 1 (Figs 5 A – C, 6 A – F, 7 A – E). Nuclear apparatus commences at ~ 23 % of body length and ends at ~ 72 %. Invariably two macronuclear nodules and two micronuclei; cells with a single micronucleus observed only during division. Individual macronuclear nodules broadly ellipsoidal, in or slightly left of the midline of the body, in vivo 15 – 25 μm × 10 – 15 μm. Micronuclei usually attached to macronuclear nodules, spherical, ~ 4 μm across (Figs 5 C, 6 F, 7 A, B). Contractile vacuole in mid-body at left cell margin; at end of diastole ~ 14 μm across. Collecting canals not recognizable (Figs 5 A, 6 E, F). Cortex rigid and colourless; cortical granules lacking. Cytoplasm hyaline, studded with lipid droplets, refractive crystals in posterior portion of cell, and food vacuoles ≤ 8 μm across containing bacteria, yeast, and occasionally ≤ 15 μm across containing flagellates and starch grains (Figs 5 A, 6 A – H). Usually crawling slowly on bottom of culture dish or swimming by spiralling around long body axis. Cirral pattern of Apostylonychia notophorides usually in Stylonychia mytilus pattern, i. e. 18 FVT cirri arranged as follows: three enlarged frontal cirri distinctly shifted to right, i. e. right of the midline of the body, with cilia ~ 26 μm in vivo; one buccal cirrus with cilia ~ 21 μm in vivo; four frontoventral cirri arranged in V-shaped pattern with cilia 18 μm long in vivo; three postoral cirri in inverted L-shape pattern, with same length as frontoventral cirri, cirrus IV / 2 placed more anteriorly than cirrus V / 4; two obliquely arranged pretransverse cirri, with cilia ~ 20 μm long; and five transverse cirri arranged in two groups, two right and three left, subterminal, all cirri project from posterior body end, fringed distally, ~ 30 μm long in vivo (Figs 5 A, B, 6 A, B, G, 7 A, C, D, F). Marginal cirri fine and of same length, ~ 18 – 20 μm long. Right marginal row commences subapically at ~ 14 % of body length and ends posteriorly at ~ 94 % of body length, composed of 10 – 15 cirri. Left marginal row commences at ~ 47 % of body length and ends at ~ 98 % of body length, composed of 9 – 12 cirri. Gap between posterior ends of marginal rows slightly shifted to the right (Figs 5 B, 6 B, 7 A, C, D). Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal ones, with bristles ~ 4 μm long in vivo. Kineties 1 – 3 bipolar, not curved anteriorly, possessing 22 – 26, 17 – 21, and 14 – 18 dikinetids, respectively; kinety 1 slightly shortened anteriorly, i. e. usually ~ 5 μm shorter than kineties 2 and 3 after protargol impregnation; kinety 4 slightly shortened anteriorly, i. e. ~ 7 μm shorter than kineties 2 and 3 anteriorly and possesses 10 – 16 dikinetids. Dorsomarginal kineties 1 and 2 extend posteriorly over about half and first quarter of cell length and possess 6 – 10 and 3 – 6 dikinetids, respectively. Three caudal cirri, ~ 35 μm long in vivo, slightly shifted to the right, one each at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4; left caudal cirrus usually straight or beating slower than the other two cirri (Figs 5 C, 6 E, H, 7 B, E, G, H). Adoral zone occupies 49 % – 57 % of body length and is composed of 29 – 32 membranelles. Distal end of adoral zone commences at an average of 10 % of body length on right side (DE-value 0.19 on average). Cilia of membranelles ~ 20 μm long in vivo, bases of largest membranelles ~ 5 μm wide after protargol impregnation (Figs 5 A, 6 A – D, 7 A, C, D). Buccal cavity, i. e. the transverse distance between anterior end of paroral membrane and the opposite adoral membranelle on the left side, 11 – 16 μm wide and narrowing posteriorly. Undulating membranes at the midline of the body, cilia 9 – 10 μm long, in Stylonychia pattern, i. e. parallel or slightly overlapping. Paroral membrane commences anterior to buccal cirrus at ~ 22 % of body length, with a length of ~ 16 μm in protargol-impregnated specimens, and extends to near end of buccal vertex. Endoral membrane commences posterior to anterior end of paroral at ~ 26 % of body length, with a length of ~ 16 μm after protargol impregnation, and extends to end of buccal vertex. Pharyngeal fibres extend transversely to right body margin (Figs 5 A, B, 6 A, B, 7 A). Resting cysts: Cysts of Apostylonychia notophorides spherical, size including spines ~ 45 μm across in vivo. Wall hyaline, ~ 3 – 4 μm thick in vivo, ornamented by thick spines, 4 – 7 μm wide at base and each 5 – 10 μm long. Cytoplasm studded with lipid droplets; macronuclear nodules fuse to form a single macronuclear nodule in mature cysts (Figs 6 I, J, 7 I, J). Morphogenesis: Apostylonychia notophorides divides in the same ontogenetic pattern as Apostylonychia baugilensis in all respects (Figs 8 A – H, 9 A – D).	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF896B13FED984E0FFB2F99D.taxon	description	ZooBank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 397 A 6 BA 8 - 85 E 8 - 40 D 5 - 8 C 10 - 5009 A 280 DB 2 A.	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF896B13FED984E0FFB2F99D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Stylonychine with medium to large body size. Body ellipsoid with parallel margins, posterior body end rounded to truncated to right. Eighteen FVT cirri. Transverse cirri in two groups of three left and two right. One right and one left row of marginal cirri. Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal rows; kinety 3 with simple fragmentation. Three narrowly spaced caudal cirri, slightly shifted to right, one each at posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4. Frontal area narrow, bearing frontal cirri, left frontal cirrus located in or left of the midline of the body. Adoral zone usually occupies <50 % of body length. Undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, but slightly curved. Oral primordium originates left to leftmost transverse cirrus. Cirrus IV / 3 produces anlagen IV – VI of the proter, cirri III / 2, IV / 2, and V / 4 involved in primordia formation. 18 S rRNA gene: 268 (C); 698 (A); 709 (T); 1405 (A); 1519 (A).	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF896B13FED984E0FFB2F99D.taxon	etymology	Etymology: composite of the Latin prefix ante (temporal: before) and the genus-group name Tetmemena, indicating that the species included were previously classified in Tetmemena. Feminine gender.	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF896B13FED984E0FFB2F99D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Antetetmemena minima (Kumar et al., 2016) comb. nov. (original combination: Tetmemena bifaria minima Kumar et al., 2016).	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF886B15FF79845AFDF9F806.taxon	description	(Figs 10 – 12; Table 1)	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF886B15FF79845AFDF9F806.taxon	description	Morphological description of the Korean population: This population was described only briefly by Omar and Jung (2021). In the present study, we are providing a detailed description of the same population including the ontogenetic aspect, because it has been assigned to the new genus Antetetmemena. Size 85 – 110 μm × 30 – 45 μm in vivo (N = 5) and 60 – 87 μm × 27 – 43 μm after protargol impregnation. Body ellipsoid, anterior end narrowly rounded and truncated to left, posterior end rounded in vivo and slightly truncated to right after protargol impregnation; frontal area of Tetmemena pustulata type, i. e. narrowed and bearing frontal cirri; body margins parallel and straight, sometimes only slightly convex or concave. Length: width ratio 1.8 – 2.4: 1, on average 2.1: 1 (Figs 10 A – C, 11 A – D). Nuclear apparatus commences at ~ 27 % of body length and ends at ~ 74 %. Invariably two macronuclear nodules and one or two micronuclei. Individual macronuclear nodules broadly ellipsoidal, usually in the midline of the body, size in vivo 12 – 18 μm × 8 – 12 μm. Micronuclei usually attached to macronuclear nodules, spherical, ~ 5 μm across (Figs 10 C, 11 D). Contractile vacuole in mid-body near left cell margin; at end of diastole ~ 10 μm across. Collecting canals not observed (Fig. 10 A). Cortex rigid and colourless; cortical granules lacking. Cytoplasm hyaline, studded with lipid droplets, refractive crystals throughout cell, and food vacuoles 6 – 10 μm across containing bacteria and flagellates (Figs 10 A, 11 A, B). Cells usually crawl on the bottom of the culture dish or rarely swim by spiralling around long body axis. Cirral pattern of Antetetmemena minima oxytrichid, i. e. 18 FVT cirri arranged as follows: three frontal cirri in middle of frontal area, with cilia ~ 22 μm long in vivo; one buccal cirrus with cilia ~ 20 μm long in vivo; four frontoventral cirri arranged in V-shaped pattern with cilia 20 μm long in vivo; three postoral cirri in inverted L-shape pattern, with cilia as long as those of frontoventral cirri, cirrus IV / 2 distinctly anterior to level of cirrus V / 4; two obliquely arranged pretransverse cirri, with cilia as long as those of postoral cirri; and five transverse cirri arranged in two groups, two right and three left, subterminal, projecting from posterior body end except for the leftmost cirrus, which ends at rear body margin, ~ 25 μm long in vivo (Figs 10 A, B, 11 C). Marginal cirri each ~ 17 μm long. Right marginal row commences subapically at ~ 16 % of body length and ends posteriorly at ~ 94 % of body length, composed of 11 – 15 cirri. Left marginal row commences at ~ 43 % of body length and ends at posterior body end, composed of 9 – 12 cirri. Gap between posterior ends of marginal rows distinctly shifted to right (Figs 10 A, B, 11 C). Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal ones, with bristles ~ 3 – 4 μm long in vivo. Kineties 1 – 3 bipolar, not curved anteriorly, possessing 17 – 19, 13 – 18, and 13 – 14 dikinetids, respectively. Kinety 4 distinctly shortened anteriorly, i. e. commences at ~ 28 % of body length and possesses 7 – 13 dikinetids. Dorsomarginal kineties 1 and 2 extend posteriorly over ~ 40 % and 25 % of cell length and possess 6 – 8 and 3 – 5 dikinetids, respectively. Three caudal cirri, ~ 25 μm long in vivo, distinctly shifted to the right, one each at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (Figs 10 C, 11 D). Adoral zone occupies 39 % – 48 % of body length and is composed of 23 – 26 membranelles. Distal end of adoral zone commences at ~ 8 % of body length on right side (DE-value 0.19 on average). Cilia of membranelles ~ 20 μm long in vivo, bases of largest membranelles ~ 4 μm wide after protargol impregnation. Buccal cavity, i. e. transverse distance between anterior end of paroral membrane and opposite adoral membranelle on left side, 5 – 10 μm wide and narrowing posteriorly (Figs 10 A, B, 11 C). Undulating membranes in slightly curved Stylonychia pattern. Paroral membrane commences anterior to buccal cirrus at ~ 19 % of body length, with a length of ~ 11 μm in protargol-impregnated specimens, and extends to near end of buccal vertex. Endoral membrane commences posterior to anterior end of paroral membrane at ~ 16 % of body length, with a length of ~ 12 μm after protargol impregnation, and extends to end of buccal vertex. Membranes at the midline of the body, cilia ~ 8 μm long. Pharyngeal fibres extend obliquely to right body margin (Figs 10 A, B, 11 C). Morphogenesis: The ontogenesis of Antetetmemena minima is identical to that of Apostylonychia baugilensis in all respects (Fig. 12).	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF8E6B17FC008681FC05F96E.taxon	diagnosis	Improved diagnosis: Stylonychine with medium to large body size. Body ellipsoidal. Two separate macronuclear nodules. Eighteen FVT cirri; frontal cirri in middle of narrow frontal area. Transverse cirri arranged in one V-shaped group. One right and one left row of marginal cirri. Undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern. Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal rows; kinety 3 with simple fragmentation. Three narrowly to moderately widely spaced caudal cirri, one each at posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4. Oral primordium originates left to postoral cirri. Cirrus IV / 3 produces anlagen IV – VI of the proter; cirri III / 2, IV / 2, and V / 4 involved in primordia formation. 18 S rRNA gene: 203 (T); 631 (A); 670 (T); 695 (G); 698 (G); 709 (C); 711 (C); 1403 (A); 1638 (C); 1722 (C); 1731 (T).	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF8E6B17FC008681FC05F96E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Tetmemena pustulata (Müller, 1786) Eigner, 1999.	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF8E6B17FC008681FC05F96E.taxon	discussion	Species misclassified in Tetmemena: Tetmemena vorax (Stokes, 1885) Eigner, 1999. Original combination and current systematic status: Stylonychia vorax Stokes, 1885. Remarks: Wirnsberger et al. (1985) misidentified a population of Stylonychia bifaria (current status: Antetetmemena bifaria comb. nov.) as S. vorax and described its morphology and ontogenesis. According to these data, Eigner (1997) transferred S. vorax to the genus Clara and later replaced the genus name by Tetmemena (Eigner, 1999). The misidentification occurred in the study by Wirnsberger et al. (1985) was recognized by Foissner (1998) and Berger (1999), hence Berger (2001) transferred S. bifaria to the genus Tetmemena and considered S. vorax as a member of the genus Stylonychia.	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF8C6B1AFF1484E7FDFAFC9A.taxon	description	(Figs 13 – 15; Table 1)	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF8C6B1AFF1484E7FDFAFC9A.taxon	materials_examined	Voucher material: Two voucher slides (NNIBRPR 27180 and NNIBRPR 27181) of the Korean population described below with protargol-impregnated specimens have been deposited in the Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF8C6B1AFF1484E7FDFAFC9A.taxon	description	Morphological description of the Korean population: Size ~ 70 – 100 μm × 30 – 40 μm in vivo (N = 5) and 50 – 68 μm × 20 – 28 μm after protargol impregnation. Body ellipsoid; anterior end narrowly rounded and truncated to left; posterior end rounded, usually with distinct emargination at right after protargol impregnation; body margins parallel and straight, sometimes only slightly convex or concave. Length: width ratio 1.8 – 2.4: 1, on average 2.1: 1 (Figs 13 A – C, 14 A – C). Nuclear apparatus commences at ~ 19 % of body length and ends at ~ 77 %. Invariably two macronuclear nodules and two micronuclei. Individual macronuclear nodules ellipsoidal, usually with irregular outline in protargol-impregnated specimens, in or slightly left to midline of the body, 11 – 20 μm × 5 – 8 μm after protargol impregnation. Micronuclei usually attached to macronuclear nodules, spherical, ~ 5 μm across (Figs 13 C, 14 B, C). Contractile vacuole in mid-body near left cell margin; at end of diastole ~ 8 μm across. Collecting canals not observed. Cortex rigid and colourless; cortical granules lacking. Cytoplasm hyaline, with few lipid droplets, refractive crystals throughout cell and especially in posterior portion of cell, and food vacuoles 10 – 13 μm across containing bacteria and small flagellates (Figs 13 A, 14 A). Cells usually crawl on the bottom of the culture dish. Cirral pattern of Tetmemena indica usually in Tetmemena pattern, i. e. 18 FVT cirri arranged as follows: three enlarged frontal cirri, with cilia ~ 15 μm in vivo; one buccal cirrus; four frontoventral cirri arranged in V-shaped pattern; three postoral cirri in inverted L-shape pattern, cirrus IV / 2 placed more anteriorly than cirrus V / 4; two obliquely arranged pretransverse cirri; and five transverse cirri arranged in one group forming V-shaped pattern; all cirri project from posterior body end, fringed distally, ~ 20 μm long in vivo (Figs 13 A, B, 14 A, B). Marginal cirri fine and of same length, ~ 13 μm long. Right marginal row commences subapically at ~ 10 % of body length and ends posteriorly near body end, composed of 17 – 21 cirri. Left marginal row commences at ~ 45 % of body length and ends near body end, composed of 11 – 15 cirri. Gap between posterior ends of marginal rows wide and directed posteriorly (Figs 13 A, B, 14 A, B). Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal ones. Kinety 1 shortened anteriorly, possessing 16 – 20 bristles; kineties 2 and 3 bipolar, not curved anteriorly, possessing 13 – 17 and 11 – 14 dikinetids, respectively; kinety 4 distinctly shortened anteriorly, i. e. distinctly shorter than kinety 3 anteriorly and possessing 8 – 14 dikinetids. Dorsomarginal kineties 1 and 2 extend posteriorly over about two-fifths and one-quarter of cell length and possess 5 – 9 and 2 – 5 dikinetids, respectively. Three moderately widely spaced caudal cirri, ~ 25 μm long in vivo, one each at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (Figs 13 C, 14 C). Adoral zone occupies 41 – 54 % of body length and is composed of 25 – 28 membranelles. Distal end of adoral zone at an average of 7 % of body length (DE-value 0.15 on average). Cilia of membranelles ~ 20 μm long in vivo, bases of largest membranelles ~ 4 μm wide after protargol impregnation. Buccal cavity, i. e. the transverse distance between anterior end of paroral membrane and the opposite adoral membranelle on left side, 4 – 7 μm wide and narrowing posteriorly (Figs 13 A, B, 14 A, B). Undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern. Paroral membrane commences at the same level as buccal cirrus, ~ 21 % of body length, with a length of ~ 11 μm in protargol-impregnated specimens. Endoral membrane commences slightly posterior to anterior end of paroral membrane at ~ 23 % of body length, with a length of ~ 12 μm after protargol impregnation, and extends to buccal vertex. Pharyngeal fibres extend transversely to right body margin (Figs 13 A, B, 14 B). Morphogenesis: The ontogenesis of Tetmemena indica is identical to that of T. polymorpha Omar et al., 2023 in all respects (Fig. 15 A – F).	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF816B1FFF5B8153FFBFFDF1.taxon	description	(Fig. 16; Table 1) The list of synonyms of Tetmemena pustulata contains only populations with available illustrations showing dorsal kinety 4 shortened anteriorly. 1952 Stylonychia pustulata Ehrenberg, 1835 — Hashimoto, Zool. Mag., Tokyo 61: 332. 1998 Stylonychia pustulata Müller, 1786 — Foissner and Gschwind, Ber. Nat. - med. Ver. Salzburg 12: 58 [description of German population; two voucher sliders were deposited in Biology Centre of the Upper Austrian Museum in Linz (LI), Austria].	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
FF66823DFF816B1FFF5B8153FFBFFDF1.taxon	description	Morphological description of the Korean population: The Korean population of Tetmemena cf. pustulata was not observed in vivo. However, it is very similar to Tetmemena indica, i. e. body is narrowly elliptical in outline, with a length: width ratio of 2.3 – 3.6: 1. Posterior end of body slightly truncated to right and without distinct emargination (Fig. 16 A – H). Nuclear apparatus commences at ~ 19 % of body length and ends at ~ 79 %. Two macronuclear nodules and one or two micronuclei. Individual macronuclear nodules ellipsoidal, usually with irregular outline after protargol impregnation, in or slightly left to the midline of the body, 21 – 29 μm × 7 – 13 μm after protargol impregnation. Micronuclei usually attached to macronuclear nodules, spherical, 2 – 4 μm across (Fig. 16 B – D, F, H). Cirral pattern of Tetmemena cf. pustulata is identical in number and arrangement to that in T. indica. Right marginal row commences subapically at ~ 9 % of body length and ends posteriorly near body end, composed of 21 – 28 cirri. Left marginal row commences at ~ 44 % of body length and ends near posterior body end, composed of 12 – 19 cirri. Gap between posterior end of marginal rows wide and slightly shifted to right (Fig. 16 A, C). Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal ones. Kinety 1 shortened anteriorly, possessing 18 – 27 bristles; kineties 2 and 3 bipolar, not curved anteriorly, possessing 15 – 23 and 11 – 18 dikinetids, respectively; kinety 4 shortened anteriorly, i. e. ~ 1 or 2 dikinetids shorter than kinety 3, and possessing 14 – 22 dikinetids. Dorsomarginal kineties 1 and 2 extend posteriorly over about one-third and one-quarter of cell length and possess 7 – 11 and 3 – 6 dikinetids, respectively. Three moderately widely spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted rightwards, ≤ 25 μm long after protargol impregnation, one each at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (Fig. 16 B, D – H). Adoral zone occupies 46 % – 56 % of body length and is composed of 27 – 37 membranelles. Distal end of adoral zone at average of 6 % of body length (DE-value 0.11 on average). Bases of largest membranelles ~ 6 μm wide. Buccal cavity, i. e. the transverse distance between anterior end of paroral membrane and the opposite adoral membranelle on left side, 5 – 10 μm wide and narrowing posteriorly. Undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, i. e. parallel, straight, or slightly curved and sometimes slightly overlapping. Paroral membrane commences left to buccal cirrus at ~ 20 % of body length, with a length of ~ 18 μm, and extends to near end of buccal vertex. Endoral membrane commences posterior to anterior end of paroral at ~ 24 % of body length, with a length of ~ 19 μm, and extends to end of buccal vertex. Pharyngeal fibres extend transversely to right body margin (Fig. 16 A, C). Phylogenetic analyses The information on the rRNA gene sequences (18 S – ITS 1 – 5.8 S – ITS 2 – partial 28 S) of the present five species is as follows: Apostylonychia baugilensis [2877 bp long, 45.63 % GC content, accession number (Acc. No.) PQ 037619], Apostylonychia notophorides (2878 bp long, 45.20 % GC content, Acc. No. PQ 037620), Antetetmemena minima (2828 bp long, 45.54 % GC content, Acc. No. PQ 037621), Tetmemena indica (2871 bp long, 45.52 % GC content, Acc. No. PQ 037622), and T. cf. pustulata (2843 bp long, 45.34 % GC content, Acc. No. PQ 037623). The rest of the available sequences from the same isolates of Pseudostylonychia obliquocaudata Omar et al., 2022 and Tetmemena polymorpha Omar et al., 2023 in the GenBank database have been submitted under the accession numbers PQ 013660 and PQ 013659, respectively. The phylogenetic trees conducted using ML and BI analyses show rather similar topologies. Thus, only the ML tree of each dataset is presented, with both the bootstrap values (ML) and the posterior probabilities (BI) included (Figs 17 – 19). In the 18 S rRNA gene tree, the five sequences are distributed within the stylonychine clade. Sequences of the genus Tetmemena form a large clade also containing five sequences identified as Sterkiella nova Foissner and Berger, 1999 (AF 508771 and X 03948), Onychodromus grandis Stein, 1859 (AJ 310486), and Stylonychia notophora Stokes, 1885 (FM 209297 and KY 855573), which is divided into two subclades. The sequence of Tetmemena cf. pustulata is identical to one sequence identified as Tetmemena pustulata (MH 000394) and two Stylonychia notophora sequences (Supporting Information, Table S 2); together, they nest in one of the subclades with 12 other T. pustulata sequences and T. saprai, with low supporting values (64 % ML, 0.63 BI). Tetmemena indica nests in the second subclade together with Onychodromus grandis and forms an adelphotaxon to sequences of Sterkiella nova, Tetmemena polymorpha, two sequences identified as T. bifaria, and one T. pustulata sequence in the ML tree, while it forms a soft polytomy with these two subclades in the BI tree. Sequences belong to Tetmemena species in this clade show nine binary and two asymmetric signature characters against the sequences of the genera Antetetmemena and Apostylonychia. Apostylonychia baugilensis and Apostylonychia notophorides cluster together with high (96 % ML) to medium (0.94 BI) supporting values and together, they form a sister clade to Styxophrya quadricornuta with full supporting values. The three sequences form an adelphotaxon to the large clade comprising mainly Tetmemena spp., with high supporting values (95 % ML, 0.95 BI). The two Apostylonychia species show six binary and three asymmetric signature characters against sequences of the genera Antetetmemena and Tetmemena. The sequence of Antetetmemena minima is at the base of all the aforementioned sequences and sequences of the genus Pleurotricha Stein, 1859 with high (97 % ML, 0.99 BI) supporting values and shows two binary and three asymmetric characters against all Tetmemena and Apostylonychia sequences. Furthermore, the Antetetmemena minima sequence shows a sequence similarity of 98.8 % (19 nucleotides difference) and 98.4 % (26 nucleotides difference) with the sequences of Apostylonychia baugilensis and Apostylonychia notophorides, respectively, and 97.2 % – 98.5 % (24 – 39 nucleotides difference) with the sequences of the genus Tetmemena. According to the topology tests, the monophyly of the genus Tetmemena was rejected by both the weighted Kishino – Hasigawa test and the approximately unbiased test. Likewise, the monophyly of the three genera Tetmemena, Apostylonychia, and Antetetmemena together was also rejected by both tests. In contrast, the only monophyletic group is formed by the two sequences of the new genus Apostylonychia (Table 2). In all other phylogenetic analyses performed using the concatenated and single rRNA genes (18 S – ITS 1 – 5.8 S – ITS 2, 18 S – ITS 1 – 5.8 S – ITS 2 – partial 28 S, ITS 1 – 5.8 S – ITS 2, and partial 28 S), the sequences of the genus Tetmemena nest together (Figs 18, 19; Supporting Information, Figs S 1, S 2). The two new sequences of the genus Apostylonychia nest together with full support only in the 18 S – ITS 1 – 5.8 S – ITS 2 and 18 S – ITS 1 – 5.8 SITS 2 – partial 28 S gene trees. In the phylogenetic tree constructed using the 18 S – ITS 1 – 5.8 S – ITS 2 rRNA genes (2280 characters), Antetetmemena minima is a sister to the genus Apostylonychia with full support, whereas in the phylogenetic trees constructed using the 18 S – ITS 1 – 5.8 S – ITS 2 – partial 28 S and the only partial 28 S rRNA genes, it is a sister to the genus Tetmemena.	en	Omar, Atef, Jung, Jae-Ho (2024): Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlae 144) 202: 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144, URL: http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382
