identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FC850C2B161D58639A6EB8FB6FDE65A6.text	FC850C2B161D58639A6EB8FB6FDE65A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vanilla argentina Hicken	<div><p>Vanilla argentina Hicken (Hicken 1917: 235)</p><p>Figs 1, 4, 6, 5, 7, Table 1</p><p>Type</p><p>ARGENTINA – Formosa • Pilcomayo; 23 Sep. 1915; J. A. Domínguez 305; lectotype (designated here): SP! [SP 45706 B]; isolectotype: SI not found .</p><p>Description</p><p>Nomadic vines, long scandent. Roots axillary, one per node; terrestrial roots up to 8 mm diam., fleshy, whitish, with hyaline absorbing hairs; aerial roots 2.2–2.5 mm diam., whitish to brownish. Stem climbing, cylindrical, fleshy, straight to sinuous, glabrous, glaucous to dark green, strongly furrowed under arid conditions; internodes of ascendant stems 4–16 × 0.5–10 cm. Leaves 6–22 × 3–5.5 cm, alternate, distichous, elliptic to lanceolate, symmetric to asymmetric, fleshy, glabrous, green, pseudopetiolate, margin entire, base attenuate, apex acuminate; pseudopetiole 5.5–8 mm concave. Inflorescence axillary, racemose, with up to 14 flowers opening in succession; 1–2 flowers opening each morning; rachis 5–15.5 × 0.8–1.3 cm, terete, glaucous to dark green; bracts 5–9 × 4–7.5 mm, progressively smaller toward the apex, triangular to ovate, coriaceous, concave, green, erect to patent, apex acute, not incurved. Flowers resupinate, pedicellate, abscission layer between perianth and ovary present; pedicel with ovary 45–50 × 3–4 mm, trigonous in transverse section, white at the base, green to the apex, with a calyculus (6–6.5 × 2.5–3) at the apex. Sepals 6.8–7.4 × 1.2–1.4 cm, free, oblanceolate, fleshy, slightly concave, spreading, pale green to yellowish, margin entire to the apex and involute at the base, base attenuate, apex acute, somewhat thickened; dorsal sepal symmetric; lateral sepals asymmetric; base slightly incurved. Petals 6.6–7.1 × 1.2–1.5 cm, free, obliquely linear, asymmetric, lower margin more arcuate, membranous, pale green, base attenuate, apex acute to obtuse, adaxial surface with a central and longitudinally disposed keel. Labellum 1 - lobed to slightly 3 - lobed, 6.7–7.4 × 3.8–4.2 cm, tubular, deepening near the middle, yellowish to the base, white in distal portion, unguiculate, with a central crest from the unguiculus to the apex, and a penicillate callus just below the anther; unguiculus fused along the margins of the basal half (ca 30–35 mm) of column length forming a nectar chamber, nectar chamber 1.8–2 cm long, tubular; central crest yellowish from the nectar chamber to the penicillate callus, dark yellow to the apex; distal portion of the central crest swollen, low cushion, rugose-papillose at the apex, with a group of transversal yellow-orange scales near the penicillate callus, with five yellow longitudinal lines near the apex; penicillate callus 5.2–6 × 4.4–4.7 mm, made by yellow-hyaline lacerate-laciniate scales and clusters of trichomes; lateral lobes not much evident, rounded, overlapping the column apex, margin undulate; midlobe deeply emarginated; margin undulate. Column 38–40 × 4.5–5 cm, trigonous, arched to the base, forming an angle ca 90 ° with the ovary, strait to the apex, ventral surface flat with white to yellowish hyaline trichomes over the distal half, attenuate to the base, dilated to the apex, with two lateral wings; lateral wings rounded, bilobed, undulate. Stigma bilobed; rostellum 5–5.2 × 3.7–3.9 mm, trapezoidal, membranous, white. Anther 5.8–6 × 4.7–4.9 mm, rectangular to trapezoidal, white, versatile, apex truncate; pollen mass 3.2–3.3 × 3.5–3.8 mm, triangular, bipartite, yellowish. Fruits 11–16 × 2.3–2.8 cm, oblong, straight, transversally trigonous, fleshy, brown and indehiscent when mature, fragrant; pericarp half hard; fruit cavity hollow. Seeds ca 0.5 mm, ovoid, black.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Vanilla argentina occurs in Cerrado areas in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay (Fig. 4). The species is commonly found in gallery forests, at elevation is from 657 to 850 m a. s. l. Vanilla argentina has a nomadic vine habit, commonly rooting on the forest litterfall, and climbing on tree trunks. The flowers are fragrant. Each flower lasts ca 1 day. The fruits ripen 18 months after pollination. The fruits are indehiscent and have an unpleasant aroma and a bitter flavour.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>Vanilla argentina blooms from October to December. The fruits ripen from May to July.</p><p>Preliminary IUCN conservation assessment</p><p>Endangered: EN B 2 ab (i, ii, iii). Vanilla argentina is an uncommon and rarely collected species currently known to grow in Cerrado areas of southeastern and central-western Brazil and Dry Chaco vegetation in Argentina and Paraguay. The populations are composed of few sparse specimens. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 1,344,031 km 2, which falls within the limits for Least Concern (LC) under criterion B 1, according to the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 80 km 2, which falls within the limits for Endangered (EN) under criterion B 2. Considering that the Cerrado areas have been reduced to scattered fragments due to the expansion of soybean and sugar cane crops and the transformation of native areas into pastures lands, I project a continuing decline in (i) extent of occurrence, (ii) area of occupancy, and (iii) extent and / or quality of habitat for V. argentina . Based on these threats and the fact that the species is distributed in less than five locations, V. argentina is assessed as Endangered: EN B 2 ab (i, ii, iii).</p><p>Additional material examined</p><p>ARGENTINA – Misiones • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.11333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.629168" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.11333/lat -26.629168)">San Pedro</a>, Catamarca; 26°37’45”S, 54°06’48”W; 548 m; Dec. 1916; T. Rojas 2040; SP .</p><p>BRAZIL – Distrito Federal • Brasília, Parque Nacional de Brasília, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.92917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.78" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.92917/lat -15.78)">Cascalheira do Exército</a>; 15°46’48”S, 47°55’45”W; 16 Sep. 2018; C. R. Martins 3054; CEN • FERCAL - APA da Cafuringa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.92917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.78" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.92917/lat -15.78)">a 38 km do CENARGEN</a>; 15°46’48”S, 47°55’45”W; 910 m; 9 Aug. 1990; T. B. Cavalcanti 598; CEN • Taguatinga, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.05639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.05639/lat -15.833333)">Floresta Nacional de Brasília (Área 1)</a>; 15°50’00”S, 48°03’23”W; 1200 m; 23 Nov. 2007; J. H. Lima 32; UB . – Goiás • Campos Belos, Estrada velha de São Domingos para Campos Belos; 13°01’31”’S, 46°45’54”’W; 652 m; 22 Oct. 2001; M. L. Fonseca 3002; IBGE • Cristalina, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.613052&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.767778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.613052/lat -16.767778)">Margem direita do Rio Preto</a>; 16°46’4”S, 47°36’47”W; 1237 m; 12 Aug. 2002; A. Amaral-Santos 1367; CEN • Formosa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.33583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.536945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.33583/lat -15.536945)">Ribeirão Bezerra</a>; 15°32’13”S, 47°20’09”W; 911 m; 8 Oct. 2002; E. Tameirão Neto 3567; BHCB • Morrinhos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.108055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.721111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.108055/lat -17.721111)">Rodovia Morrinhos-Caldas Novas</a>; 17°43’16”S, 49°06’29”W; 768 m; 4 Sep. 1976; G. Hatschbach 38915; MBM . – Mato Grosso • Nova Xavantina, ca 70 km N of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.616665/lat -14.366667)">Xavantina</a>; 14°22’S, 52°37’W; 300–400 m; 10 Oct. 1964; H. S. Irwin 6750; NY . – Mato Grosso do Sul • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.64778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.443611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.64778/lat -20.443611)">Campo Grande</a>; 20°26’37”S, 54°38’52”W; 612 m; 15 Nov. 2023; E. R. Pansarin 1573; LBMBP . – Minas Gerais • Belo Horizonte, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.954166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.815832" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.954166/lat -19.815832)">Campus da UFMG</a>; 19°48’57”S, 43°57’15”W; 5 Nov. 1994; V. A. de Sousa s. n.; BHCB 24796 • Diamantina, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.61111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.238056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.61111/lat -18.238056)">Serra do Espinhaço</a>; 18°14’17”S, 43°36’40”W; 975 m; 17 Apr. 1972; H. S. Irwin 28146; NY • Serra do Espinhaço, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.61111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.238056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.61111/lat -18.238056)">Mata Ciliar</a>; 18°14’17”S, 43°36’40”W; 970 m; 25 Oct. 2023; E. R. Pansarin 1571; LBMBP • Mariana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.416668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.378056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.416668/lat -20.378056)">Mina da Samitri</a>; 20°22’41”S, 43°25’00”W; 718 m; 28 Nov. 2000; R. C. da Mota &amp; L. Viana 570; BHCB • Paracatú, Cerrado, ca 5 km S. E. of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.875275&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.2225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.875275/lat -17.2225)">Paracatú</a>; 17°13’21”S, 46°52’31”W; 650 m; 6 Feb. 1970; H. S. Irwin et al. 26210; UB • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.945835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.461668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.945835/lat -20.461668)">Pimhuí</a>; 20°27’42”S, 45°56’45”W; 818 m; 1 Nov. 2023; E. R. Pansarin 1572; LBMBP • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.381943&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.828056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.381943/lat -19.828056)">São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo</a>; 19°49’41”S, 43°22’55”W; 743 m; 21 Oct. 1993; E. L. Borba 79; BHCB . – São Paulo • Itirapina, Itaqueri da Serra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.822777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.252777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.822777/lat -22.252777)">Mata de Galeria</a>; 22°15’10”S, 47°49’22”W; 817 m; 22 Oct. 2023; E. R. Pansarin 1569; LBMBP • Itirapina, Itaqueri da Serra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.822777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.252777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.822777/lat -22.252777)">Mata de Galeria</a>; 22°15’10”S, 47°49’22”W; 817 m; 29 Oct. 2023; E. R. Pansarin 1570; LBMBP • Itú, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.299168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.265833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.299168/lat -23.265833)">Capão Sombrio</a>; [23°15’57”S, 47°17’57”W]; 577 m; 20 Dec. 1897; A. Russel CGG 3840; SP • São José do Rio Preto, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.380554&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.726667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.380554/lat -20.726667)">Estação Ecológica do Noroeste Paulista</a>; 20°43’36”S, 49°22’50”W; 410 m; 10 Oct. 1996; W. Forster 9; SJRP .</p><p>PARAGUAY • Cordillera de Altos; 25°16’55”S, 57°38’6”W; 7 Dec. 1902; K. Fiebrig 564; F .</p><p>Notes</p><p>Vanilla argentina has been considered synonymous with V. chamissonis, the latter assumed to be a species widely distributed throughout South America. However, some authors have observed differences between specimens collected inland compared to those occurring on the coast. Such differences have resulted in the publication of two taxa, Vanilla argentina and V. chamissonis var. longifolia, the latter being invalidly published, as F. C. Hoehne providing a diagnosis in Portuguese instead of Latin (Turland et al. 2018). My data, based on specimens collected in Cerrado areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Goiás, show that the plants of some populations have long and dark green leaves that are quite distinct from those from populations in the Gran Chaco. Specimens with long leaves strongly agree with those of V. chamissonis var. longifolia . However, the flowers and fruits are identical. In addition, ITS DNA sequences align perfectly with those of V. argentina . For this reason, the long- and short-leaved plants are treated here as single taxon, V. argentina .</p><p>Morphological affinities</p><p>Vanilla argentina is distributed in the Dry Chaco and Cerrado (Fig. 4). The species is recognized by its commonly elliptic leaf blades (Fig. 5). Plants from some Cerrado areas in São Paulo, Goiás, and Minas Gerais (southwestern and central-western Brazil) commonly have long lanceolate leaves. However, this appears to be intraspecific variation, as populations with leaves morphologically similar to those plants found in the Dry Chaco are also found in the Brazilian Cerrado. Apart from vegetative variations, flowers from plants of both biomes are morphologically indistinguishable. Flowers of V. argentina are recognized from the remaining species of the V. chamissonis clade by its sepals 6.8–7.4 cm long, linear petals 6.6–7.1 cm long, labellum 6.7–7.4 cm long with a nectar chamber 1.8–2 cm long and a column 38–40 mm long, and fruits with a half hard pericarp (Figs 6 – 7). All morphological characteristics support V. argentina as a member of the V. chamissonis clade, which is corroborated by the phylogenetic analysis (see further).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC850C2B161D58639A6EB8FB6FDE65A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pansarin, Emerson R.	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Systematics of the Vanilla chamissonis clade (Orchidaceae): a study based on integrative taxonomy. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (2): 260-278, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.154789
864CA6A5429F5B9EA70B5FBCFB2092B3.text	864CA6A5429F5B9EA70B5FBCFB2092B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vanilla calyculata Schltr.	<div><p>Vanilla calyculata Schltr. (Schlechter 1920: 42)</p><p>Figs 2, 4, 6, 5, 7, Table 1</p><p>Vanilla esquipulensis Archila &amp; Chiron (Archila and Chiron 2012: 6) – Type: GUATEMALA • El Barrial, Esquipulas, Chiquimula; 900 m; Apr. 2012; F. Archila 1300; holotype: BIGU !.</p><p>Type</p><p>COLOMBIA – Cauca • 1000 m; M. Madero s. n.; holotype: B †. – Valle del Cauca • Tuluá, Corregimiento Mateguadua, Jardín Botánico Juan Maria Céspedes, laderas en vía de repoblación natural, 1100 m a. s. l.; 28 Sep. 1984; W. Devia 815; neotype (designated by Soto Arenas and Dressler 2010): TULV! [TULV 003790]; isoneotype NY! [NY 04170480] .</p><p>Description</p><p>Nomadic vines, long scandent. Roots axillary, one per node; terrestrial roots up to 10 mm diam., fleshy, whitish, with white-hyaline absorbing hairs; aerial roots 2.2–2.8 mm diam., creamy to brownish. Stem climbing, cylindrical, fleshy, sinuous, glabrous, green, strongly furrowed under arid conditions; internodes of ascending stems 7–16 × 0.6–1.2 cm. Leaves 8–21 × 2–4 cm, alternate, distichous, linear to lanceolate, symmetric, fleshy, glabrous, green, pseudopetiolate, margin often revolute, base rounded, apex acute; pseudopetiole 6–10 mm long, concave. Inflorescence axillary, racemose, with up to 20 flowers opening in succession; 1–3 flowers opening each morning; rachis 6–11 × 1.1–1.8 cm, terete, green; bracts 6.5–10 × 4.5–8 mm, progressively smaller to the apex, widely deltoid, coriaceous, concave, green, apex acute, involute. Flowers resupinate, pedicellate, abscission layer between perianth and ovary present; pedicel with ovary 42–56 × 4.5–5.5 mm, cylindrical, sulcate, whitish at the base, green to the apex, with a calyculus (7.5–8.5 × 3.5–4.5 mm) at the apex. Sepals 7.5–8 × 1–1.4 cm, free, narrowly oblanceolate to oblong-elliptic, slightly concave, revolute, white at the base, green to the apex, margin entire, base attenuate, apex subacute to obtuse, somewhat thickened; dorsal sepal symmetric; lateral sepals asymmetric. Petals 7.5–8 × 0.9–1.3 cm, free, obliquely linear-oblanceolate, asymmetric, lower margin more arcuate, membranous, white at the base, green to the apex, base attenuate, apex acute to rounded, adaxial surface with central and longitudinally disposed keel. Labellum 3 - lobed, 8.8–9.5 × 3.7–4.5 cm, tubular, deepening near the middle, yellowish to the base, dark yellow at the distal half and with white lobes, unguiculate, with a central crest from the unguiculus to the apex, and a penicillate callus just below the anther; unguiculus fused along the margins of the basal half (ca 41–46 mm) of column length forming a nectar chamber; nectar chamber 3.2–3.6 mm long, tubular; central crest whitish from the nectar chamber to the penicillate callus, yellow to the apex; distal portion of central crest swollen, low cushion, rugose-papillose at the apex, with a group of transversal and yellow-orange hairs near the penicillate callus, longitudinal lines not much evident; penicillate callus ca 4.5 × 3.8 mm, made up by 8–10 flabellate, shortly lacerate-laciniate and retrorse scales; lateral lobes rounded, bilobed, overlapping the column apex, margins entire; midlobe deeply emarginate to bilobed, margins crenulate-undulate. Column 55–60 × 4–4.5 mm, subterete, subclavate, sigmoid, ventral surface flat with white to yellowish hyaline trichomes over the distal half, dilated to the apex, with two lateral wings; lateral wings with two triangular-flabellate protrusions, narrow, undulate. Stigma bilobed; rostellum 4.2–4.6 × 2.8–3.2 mm; trapezoid, flabellate. Anther 5.2–6 × 4–4.3 mm, rectangular, apex truncate to slightly emarginate; pollen mass 1.9–2.1 × 3.7–4.2 mm, triangular, bipartite, yellow. Fruits 15–21 × 2–3 cm, oblong, transversally terete to subtrigonous, fleshy, yellowish and dehiscent when mature, fragrant; pericarp hard; fruit cavity hollow. Seeds ca 0.5 mm, ovoid, black.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Vanilla calyculata is distributed throughout dry forests of Brazil, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Colombia (Fig. 4). In Colombia, this species is widely distributed in the inter-Andean valleys in the western and central Andean cordilleras, at elevations between 500 and 1750 m a. s. l. When found at lower elevations, the vegetation is sub-xerophytic. In Brazil, this species occurs predominantly in the Caatinga.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>Vanilla calyculata blooms from September to November in Brazil. The fruits ripen from June to July. Flowering in Colombia corresponds to two annual periods with higher precipitation: April – May and September – October. Flowers were recorded in April in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras.</p><p>Preliminary IUCN conservation assessment</p><p>Endangered: EN B 2 ab (i, ii, iii). Vanilla calyculata is a species distributed throughout dry forests of Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. The species is rarely collected in Brazil and the populations are composed of few sparse specimens. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 4,145,682 km 2, which falls within the limits for Least Concern (LC) under criterion B 1, according to the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 92 km 2, which falls within the limits for Endangered (EN) under criterion B 2. In Colombia, the tropical dry forest is distributed across the Caribbean and Eastern (Llanos) plains, and in the inter-Andean valleys in the Cauca and Magdalena watersheds. This ecosystem has been highly transformed for agriculture, cattle grazing, and urbanization, with only 8 % of the original landcover remaining. The tropical dry forest ecosystem in Colombia is categorized as CR – critically endangered, with a representativity in the Colombia National Protected Area System (SINAP) of only 5 %. In Brazil, the Caatinga vegetation has been reduced to the expansion of human activities in northeastern Brazil. Considering habitat fragmentation, besides the climatic changes that have reduced the raining period in the habitat of V. calyculata specially in Brazil, I project a continuing decline in (i) extent of occurrence, (ii) area of occupancy, and (iii) extent and / or quality of habitat for this species. Based on these threats and the fact that the species is distributed in less than five locations, V. calyculata is assessed as Endangered: EN B 2 ab (i, ii, iii).</p><p>Additional material examined</p><p>BRAZIL – Bahia • Conceição do Coité, Salgadália. Próximo às casas populares; 28 Nov. 2012; D. N. Carvalho 173; HUEFS • s. loc.; 28 Oct. 2008; C. E. Ramos et al. 528; US . – Minas Gerais • Unaí, Ilha a montante do túnel de desvio, cerca de 500 m da ponte de madeira, Margem esquerda do Rio Preto; 12 Sep. 2002; A. Amaral-Santos 1508; CEN • Unaí, Fazenda Saco Grande, margem do córrego, próximo à casa do Sr. Teodorim; 16 Oct. 2019; A. Amaral-Santos 3758; CEN .</p><p>COLOMBIA – Cauca • El Socavón, Mercaderes; 1200 m; 3 Feb. 1990; M. Rocio Galindez 103; AFP • Piedrasentada, vereda Piedra Rica; 980 m; 4 May 2002; R. J. C. Muñoz 010; AFP • Vereda Potrerillo, Patía; 624 m; 25 Jan. 2015; G. Reina Rodriguez, I. Nichols, F. Lopez &amp; J. Reyna 2122; FMB . – Cundinamarca • Finca “ El Descanso ”, vereda Chinauta, Fusagasugá; 1200 m; 3 Apr. 1988; F. Sarmiento 2140; BOG . – Huila • Between La Jagua &amp; Altamira; 880 m; 23 Jul. 1961; L. A. Garay, C. E. McClennen &amp; A. Kapuler 277; AMES . – Nariño • Vía Mojarras-Leyva, vereda Puerto Nuevo, Finca La Sortija, Leyva, Vegetación de Bosque seco; 576 m; 24 Jan. 2015; G. Reina-Rodriguez, I. Nichols, F. Lopez &amp; J. Reyna 2101; FMB . – Santander • Reserva natural de la sociedad civil La Montaña Mágica – El Pole, Zapatoca; 1750 m; 17 May 2017; D. Díaz Rueda, R. Diaz Rueda &amp; L. Rivera 1369; MEDEL . – Tolima • La Plata; 800–1500 m; 3 Dec. 1882; F. C. Lehmann 2263; BM . – Valle del Cauca • Hacienda El Carmen, carretera La Uribe-Sevilla; 1140 m; 19 Jul. 1994; P. Silverstone-Sopkin &amp; N. Paz 6933; CUVC • Finca la Josefina, La Herradura, Bolivar; 1076 m; 5 Aug. 2010; G. Reina Rodriguez &amp; M. Moreno 1344; FMB • Corregimiento Loboguerrero, Dagua; 730 m; 31 Jul. – 4 Aug. 1998; W. G. Vargas 4643; COL, HUA • Atuncela, Corregimiento Loboguerrero, Dagua; 950 m; Jul. 1998; W. G. Vargas 6087; ICESI • Reserva Forestal Bosque Yotoco; 27 May 2007; F. Rojas 62; UDBC • Cultivated, Cali; E. Dryander 2379; BM • Roldanillo, Valle; 1000 m; F. C. Lehmann 8378; K .</p><p>EL SALVADOR – Depto. Morazán • Mpio. Arambala; 688 m; 7 Mar. 2018; Y. Ruiz s. n.; LAGU [LAGUJBL 07763] • Mpio. Perquín, Crio. La Tejera; 1038 m; 19 Jun. 2018; Y. Ruiz 720; LAGU • La Palma, Finca El Refugio, Río Nanuapa; 1000 m; 3 Apr. 1969; O. Pank &amp; F. Hamer 203; AMES .</p><p>GUATEMALA – El Barrial • Esquipulas, Chiquimula; 600 m; Mar. 1999; F. Archila s. n.; illustrated in Archila and Chiron (2012); BIGU • Río Jocotan, Chiquimula; 500 m; Apr. 2000; F. Archila s. n.; BIGU .</p><p>HONDURAS – Comayagua • Siguatepeque; 1050 m; 23 Jul. 1936; T. G. Yuncker, R. F. Dawson &amp; H. R. Youse 6045; K, NY, AMES • Quebrada Santa Clara, ca 2 km al norte del Zamorano, Mpio de San Antonio de Oriente; 800 m; 19 Jun. 1996; J. L. Linares 3386; MEXU • El Paraiso, Quebrada El Cajocote, 8.7 km al N de Morocelí, por el camino a Mata de Plátano; 680 m; 29 Apr. 2004; J. L. Linares 7313; MEXU • Las Mesas region near Yuscarán; Aug. 1960; H. W. Pfeifer 1454; US .</p><p>Notes</p><p>Vanilla calyculata has been considered synonymous with V. columbiana, a species described based on a specimen collected in the Magdalena River valley, Colombia. However, the holotype of V. columbiana is clearly a V. phaeantha with immature flowers. For this reason, the name V. calyculata has been re-established and V. columbiana has been synonymized under V. phaeantha (Flanagan et al. 2025) . Vanilla calyculata is one of four species found in tropical dry forest ecosystems in Colombia. In the Cauca valley, it occurs in sympatry with V. odorata, V. phaeantha, and V. pompona . Herbarium specimens of V. calyculata have been historically referred to as V. phaeantha . However, V. calyculata can be distinguished from V. phaeantha by its long leaves larger than the internodes, its pendant flowers, by its pedicels, petals and sepals with white bases, and by its ovary ending in a calyculus.</p><p>Morphological affinities</p><p>Vanilla calyculata occurs in dry forests. The species is recognized from the remaining species of the V. chamissonis clade by the following characters: long and linear to lanceolate leaf blades (Fig. 5), revolute sepals 7.5–8 cm long, labellum 8.8–9.5 cm long with a nectar chamber 3.2–3.6 cm long, column 55–60 mm long, and dehiscent fruit yellowish when mature with a hard pericarp (Figs 6 – 7). Several vegetative and reproductive characteristics support V. calyculata as a member of the V. chamissonis clade, such as the presence of an ovary ending in a calyculus, a labellum with emarginate midlobe, and a yellow-orange elevated central crest. The phylogenetic analysis supports V. calyculata as a member of the V. chamissonis clade (see further).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/864CA6A5429F5B9EA70B5FBCFB2092B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pansarin, Emerson R.	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Systematics of the Vanilla chamissonis clade (Orchidaceae): a study based on integrative taxonomy. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (2): 260-278, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.154789
AEFC71E8D18A56EAB7233BE946E3AF78.text	AEFC71E8D18A56EAB7233BE946E3AF78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vanilla chamissonis Klotzsch	<div><p>Vanilla chamissonis Klotzsch (Klotzsch 1846: 564)</p><p>Figs 3, 4, 6, 5, 7, Table 1</p><p>Vanilla chamissonis var. brevifolia Cogn. (Cogniaux 1893: 149). Based on Epidendrum vanilla Vell. (Vellozo 1827: ic. 9, t. 1), nom. illeg.</p><p>Vanilla gardneri Rolfe (Rolfe 1895: 177), syn. nov. – Type: BRAZIL • Rio de Janeiro, Morro do Flamengo, near Rio de Janeiro; G. Gardner 245; lectotype (designated by Soto Arenas and Dressler 2010): K! [K 000463752, K 000463753] .</p><p>Vanilla vellozoi Rolfe (Rolfe 1896: 467), as “ Vanilla vellozii ”, syn. nov. – Type: BRAZIL • Rio de Janeiro; 1882; A. Glaziou 14302; lectotype designated by Soto Arenas and Dressler 2010): K! [K 000940259] .</p><p>Vanilla carinata Rolfe (Rolfe 1896: 468), syn. nov. – Type: BRAZIL • Rio de Janeiro, Organ Mountains; 1878; J. Miers s. n.; holotype: K! [K 000463750] .</p><p>Type</p><p>BRAZIL • Santa Catarina; A. von Chamisso s. n.; lectotype (designated by Christenson 1995: 33): LE! [LE 00011144] .</p><p>Description</p><p>Nomadic vines, long scandent. Roots axillary, one per node; terrestrial roots up to 8 mm diam., fleshy, whitish, with hyaline absorbing hairs; aerial roots 2.2–3.2 mm diam., whitish to brownish. Stem climbing, cylindrical, fleshy, straight to sinuous, glabrous, glaucous to dark green, strongly furrowed under arid conditions; internodes of ascendant stems 8–14 × 0.7–1.3 cm. Leaves 5.2–18 × 2.5–5.5 cm, alternate, distichous, elliptic to oblong, asymmetric, fleshy, glabrous, pale green to dark green, pseudopetiolate, margin entire, base attenuate, apex acuminate; pseudopetiole 5–10 mm concave. Inflorescence axillary, racemose, with up to 22 flowers opening in succession; 1–2 flowers opening each morning; rachis 5–9 × 0.9–1.3 cm, terete, pale green to dark green; bracts 4–7.5 × 4.5–8 mm, progressively smaller toward the apex, triangular / deltoid, coriaceous, concave, green, patent, apex acute, not incurved. Flowers resupinate, pedicellate, abscission layer between perianth and ovary present; pedicel with ovary 46–50 × 4.2–6 mm, triangular in transverse section, straight to incurved, whitish at the base, green to the apex, with a calyculus (6–6.5 × 3–3.5 mm) at the apex. Sepals 4.9–6.1 × 0.9–1.3 cm, free, oblanceolate, fleshy, slightly concave, spreading, pale green to yellowish, margin entire, involute at the base, base attenuate, apex acute to obtuse; dorsal sepal symmetric; lateral sepals asymmetric. Petals 4.9–6.1 × 0.9–1.2 cm, free, obliquely oblong-elliptic, asymmetric, lower margin more arcuate, yellowish at the base, pale green to the apex, base attenuate, apex obtuse to rounded, adaxial surface with a central and longitudinally disposed keel. Labellum 1 - lobed to slightly 3 - lobed, 5.3–6.2 × 3.3–4.2 cm, tubular, deepening near the middle, yellowish to the base, white in distal portion, unguiculate, with a central crest from the unguiculus to the apex, and a penicillate callus just below the anther; unguiculus fused along the margins of the basal half (ca 29–32 mm) of column length forming a nectar chamber, nectar chamber 1.4–1.6 cm long, tubular; central crest yellowish from the nectar chamber to the penicillate callus, dark yellow to the apex; distal portion of the central crest swollen, low cushion, rugose-papillose at the apex, with a group of transversal yellow-orange scales near the penicillate callus, with three yellow longitudinal lines near the apex; penicillate callus 5.1–5.5 × 3.8–4.2 mm, made by yellow-hyaline lacerate-laciniate scales and clusters of trichomes; lateral lobes not much evident, rounded, overlapping the column apex, margin undulate; midlobe deeply emarginated; margin undulate. Column 36–38 × 3.2–3.5 cm, trigonous, arched to the base, forming an angle ca 90 ° with the ovary, strait to the apex, ventral surface flat with white to yellowish hyaline trichomes over the distal half, attenuate to the base, dilated to the apex, with two lateral wings; lateral wings rounded, undulate. Stigma bilobed; rostellum 4–4.2 × 2.5–2.7 mm, trapezoidal, membranous, white. Anther 4.8–5.2 × 3.5–3.6 mm, rectangular to trapezoidal, white, versatile, apex truncate; pollen mass 2.9–3.2 × 2.9–3.1 mm, triangular, bipartite, whitish. Fruits 12–17 × 2.6–3.5 cm, oblong to clavate, arched, transversally subtrigonous, fleshy, brown indehiscent when mature, fragrant; pericarp soft; fruit cavity filled. Seeds ca 0.5 mm, ovoid, black.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Vanilla chamissonis is endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Fig. 4). The species is a nomadic vine found both on tall trees in the restinga vegetation and on shrubs of the rocky outcrops close to the beach. The flowers are very fragrant and produce a small amount of nectar. The fruits have a bitter taste and an unpleasant odour. After 18 months from pollination, they turn brown and fall to the forest floor where they are consumed by agoutis.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>Vanilla chamissonis blooms from November to January. The fruits ripen from April to June, 18 months from pollination.</p><p>Preliminary IUCN conservation assessment</p><p>Endangered: EN B 2 ab (i, ii, iii). Vanilla chamissonis is distributed along the Brazilian coast. The species is particularly common in the Atlantic Rainforest of south and southeast Brazil. The populations are commonly composed of many individuals. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 229,334 km 2, which falls within the limits for Least Concern (LC) under criterion B 1, according to the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 128 km 2, which falls within the limits for Endangered (EN) under criterion B 2. Considering that the Brazilian restingas have been reduced to scattered fragments due to the urban occupation, I project a continuing decline in (i) extent of occurrence, (ii) area of occupancy, and (iii) extent and / or quality of habitat of V. chamissonis . Based on these threats and the fact that the species is distributed in less than five locations, V. chamissonis is assessed as Endangered: EN B 2 ab (i, ii, iii).</p><p>Additional material examined</p><p>BRAZIL – Espírito Santo • Espírito Santo, Afonso Cláudio, Serra Pelada, comunidade de Palmital, propriedade da família Brandemburg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.075&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.01" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.075/lat -20.01)">Pedra do Sol, Proximidades da Pedra da Lajinha. Inselberg</a>; 20°00’36”S, 41°04’30”W; 760 m; 21 Oct. 2019; C. N. Fraga &amp; D. R. Couto 3912; MBML • Guarapari, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.409725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.554443" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.409725/lat -20.554443)">Village do Sol</a>; 20°33’16”S, 40°24’35”W; 27 Oct. 1984; B. Weinberg 645; MBML • Guarapari, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.421947&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.605278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.421947/lat -20.605278)">Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha</a>; 20°36’19”S, 40°25’19”W; 17 Nov. 1994; C. N. de Fraga et al. 59; MBML • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.075832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.905556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.075832/lat -18.905556)">Jaguaré</a>; 18°54’20”S, 40°04’33”W; 78 m; 30 Nov. 2012; D. A. Folli 6934; CVRD • Santa Leopoldina, Rio das Farinhas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.608055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.0225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.608055/lat -20.0225)">propriedade da Sra. Maria Knak Ule. Mata, dossel</a>; 20°01’21”S, 40°36’29”W; 827 m; 15 Apr. 2008; A. P. Fontana, L. Kollmann &amp; K. A. Brahim 4969; MBML • Vila Velha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.29222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.329445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.29222/lat -20.329445)">Jacarenema</a>; 20°19’46”S, 40°17’32”W; 25 May 1990; J. M. L. Gomes &amp; O. J. Pereira 1129; VIES . – Paraná • Matinhos, ao pé do Morro do Tabaquara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.542778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.817223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.542778/lat -25.817223)">perto de Matinhos</a>; 25°49’02”S, 48°32’34”W; 3 Jan. 1967; J. C. Lindeman et al. 3855; MBM • Paranaguá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.509167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.520277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.509167/lat -25.520277)">Ilha de Mel</a>; 25°31’13”S, 48°30’33”W; 3–5 m; 28 Nov. 1970; G. G. Hatschbach 25679; NY • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.509167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.519722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.509167/lat -25.519722)">Paranaguá</a>; 25°31’11”S, 48°30’33”W; 3–5 m; 23 Nov. 1994; J. Cordeiro 1201; HUEFS • Paranaguá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.509167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.519722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.509167/lat -25.519722)">Ilha do Mel - Restinga da Praia Grande</a>; 25°31’11”S, 48°30’33”W; 8 Nov. 1986; W. S. Souza 388; UPCB . – Rio de Janeiro • Angra dos Reis, Ilha Grande, Parcelas do Módulo Oeste do RAPELD Ilha Grande em Mata de restinga, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.29778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.176666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.29778/lat -23.176666)">Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul</a>; 23°10’36”S, 44°17’52”W; 13 Oct. 2016; A. C. R. Cruz &amp; R. G. Diniz 2; RBR • Campos dos Goytacazes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.44778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.796944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.44778/lat -21.796944)">Morro Itaoca - Morro do rato</a>; 21°47’49”S, 41°26’52”W, 201 m; 23 Nov. 2008; A. S. Pessanha &amp; M. T. Nascimento 48; HUENF • Maricá, Barra de Maricá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.818333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.919167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.818333/lat -22.919167)">Área C 1</a>; 22°55’09”S, 42°49’06”W; 25 Oct. 1988; Occhioni et al. 9286; RFA • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.786667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.370556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.786667/lat -22.370556)">Macaé</a>; 22°22’14”S, 41°47’12”W; 18 Sep. 2008; I. E. Santo &amp; M. F. Castilhori 174; R • Rio de Janeiro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.584164&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.053055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.584164/lat -23.053055)">Restinga da Marambaia</a>; 23°03’11”S, 43°35’03”W; 20 May 2009; B. S. Haiad, C. Novaes &amp; I. Soares s. n.; HUNI [HUNI 4402] . – Santa Catarina • Balneário Camboriú, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.634445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.990557" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.634445/lat -26.990557)">Taquarinhas</a>; 26°59’26”S, 48°38’04”W; 17 Nov. 2002; C. Hering-Rinnert 244; JOI • Bombinhas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.516945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.137777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.516945/lat -27.137777)">Praia de Zimbros</a>; 27°08’16”S, 48°31’01”W; 35 m; 11 Nov. 2006; M. G. Caxambú 1270; HCF • Garopaba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.633892&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.111668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.633892/lat -28.111668)">Ouvidor - Praia Vermelha</a>; 28°06’42”S, 48°38’02”W; 23 m; 7 Jul. 2018; A. Kassner-Filho 3056; FURB • Florianópolis, Morro do Ribeirão, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.549168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.596668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.549168/lat -27.596668)">Ilha de Santa Catarina</a>; 27°35’48”S, 48°32’57”W; 100 m; 23 Sep. 1970; R. M. Klein &amp; A. Bresolin 8773; FLOR • Florianópolis, Lagoa Pequena, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.47167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.655556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.47167/lat -27.655556)">Rio Tavares</a>; 27°39’20”S, 48°28’18”W; 11 m; 2 Nov. 2017; G. D. S. Seger &amp; E. Bach 843; ICN • Imaruí, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.869442&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.164444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.869442/lat -28.164444)">Forquilinha</a>; 28°09’52”S, 48°52’10”W; 666 m; 28 Jan. 2010; J. L. Schmitt et al. 1111; FURB • Laguna, Praia do Sol, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.780556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.4825" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.780556/lat -28.4825)">Dunas fixas</a>; 28°28’57”S, 48°46’50”W; 3–5 m; 13 Dec. 2000; G. Hatschbach, A. C. Cervi &amp; E. Barbosa 71869; BHCB • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.705555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.0225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.705555/lat -28.0225)">Paulo Lopes</a>; 28°01’21”S, 48°42’20”W; 123 m; 18 Nov. 2022; M. E. Engels 10283; UPCB • Penha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.616108&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.801666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.616108/lat -26.801666)">J. B. World Entretenimentos S/A</a>; 26°48’06”S, 48°36’58”W; 7 m; 26 Dec. 2018; A. Kassner-Filho &amp; F. L. V. Bones 4490; FURB • São Francisco do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.563053&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.349445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.563053/lat -26.349445)">Parque Estadual do Acaraí - Praia do Ervino</a>; 26°20’58”S, 48°33’47”W; 5 m; 29 Nov. 2010; A. Korte &amp; A. L. de Gasper 5252; FURB • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.638058&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.243055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.638058/lat -26.243055)">São Francisco do Sul</a>; 26°14’35”S, 48°38’17”W; 5 m; 5 Apr. 2008; L. Sevegnani s. n.; FURB [FURB 7432] . – São Paulo • Cananéia, Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.919724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.01" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.919724/lat -25.01)">Trilha morro das almas</a>; 25°00’36”S, 47°55’11”W; 19 Mar. 2003; T. B. Breier 953; UEC • Cananéia, Ilha do Cardoso, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.919724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.01" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.919724/lat -25.01)">Restinga do Pereirinha</a>; 25°00’36”S, 47°55’11”W; 2 Dec. 1990; F. Barros &amp; P. Martuscelli 1989; SP • Iguape, Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.54972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.54972/lat -24.7)">Estrada entre o rio Una do Prelado e o Rio Verde, 18 km do rio Una, restinga junto à desembocadura do rio Verde</a>; 24°42’00”S, 47°32’59”W; 9 Dec. 1995; I. Cordeiro et al. 1595; SP • Peruíbe, Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.99&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.320002" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.99/lat -24.320002)">Barra do Uma</a>; 24°19’12”S, 46°59’24”W; 20 Nov. 1990; E. L. M. Catharino, et al. 1503; SP • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.4/lat -24.0)">Praia Grande</a>; 24°00’00”S, 46°24’00”W; 14 Nov. 1929; A. Gehrt s. n.; SP 24495 • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.4/lat -24.0)">Praia Grande</a>; 24°00’00”S, 46°24’00”W; 14 Nov. 1929; A. Gehrt 24495; NY • Ubatuba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.429722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.07/lat -23.429722)">Picinguaba</a>; 23°25’47”S, 45°04’12”W; 6 Nov. 1988; A. Furlan 598; HRCB • Ubatuba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.429722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.07/lat -23.429722)">Picinguaba</a>; 23°25’47”S, 45°04’12”W; 28 Dec. 2024; E. R. Pansarin 1579; LBMBP • Ubatuba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.429722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.07/lat -23.429722)">Estação Experimental</a>; 23°25’47”S, 45°04’12”W; 23 Nov. 1940; J. F. Cunha s. n.; SP [SP 44817] .</p><p>Notes</p><p>Differences between specimens identified as Vanilla chamissonis from coastal populations and from the interior of Brazil have been recognized. The plants that occur inland are commonly referred to as “ V. chamissonis mineira ”, in reference to their occurrence in Minas Gerais, a southeastern Brazilian state inserted in the Cerrado. Morphological differences among inland and coastal plants were formally recognized twice: Hoehne (1945) published the invalid name V. chamissonis var. longifolia based on a plant collected in the municipality of Itú, southeastern Brazil. Itú has areas typical of an open Cerrado vegetation with many rocky outcrops, while Hicken (1917) described V. argentina based on a plant collected in the Formosa region, Argentina. The region of Formosa, besides Corrientes and Misiones, is characterized as Arid Chaco or Dry Chaco. The Dry Chaco vegetation consists of a mosaic formed by xerophytic forests, gallery forests, and savannas. Here, V. chamissonis, which occurs in the Atlantic Forest, is considered as a distinct species from V. argentina, which is distributed in the Brazilian Cerrado and Dry Chaco. Some species described based on plant material collected in the state of the Rio de Janeiro, at the Brazilian coast, clearly are synonyms of V. chamissonis . This is the case for Vanilla vellozoi (as V. vellozii). Although some authors consider V. vellozoi as an obscure taxon related to V. calyculata, both plant material collected in the Rio de Janeiro (hosted at K), i. e. A. Glaziou 11621 and A. Glaziou 14302 (the latter designated by Soto Arenas and Cribb (2010) as lectotype of V. vellozoi, as V. vellozii), strongly agree with V. chamissonis . Apart from the small size of the flower structures, the shape of the leaves (symmetrically elliptic) and the short and robust inflorescence with patent triangular / rhomboidal bracts leave no doubt that both plant material are V. chamissonis . Soto Arenas and Cribb (2010) consider V. argentina to be synonymous with V. vellozoi . However, as presented here, V. vellozoi is related to V. chamissonis, not to V. argentina . The second taxon is V. carinata . The holotype of V. carinata has been considered as inadequate and conspecific with V. planifolia (Hoehne 1945) . However, the material J. Miers s. n. (K 000463750) was collected on the Atlantic Coast, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, where V. planifolia does not occur. Although I agree that the holotype is not in good condition, since it lacks vegetative structures, analysis of the reproductive characteristics, such as the presence of a calyculus, the robust inflorescence rachis with patent triangular / rhomboidal bracts, and the presence of an evident labellar keel leaves no doubt that V. carinata is conspecific with V. chamissonis . A third obscure taxon is V. gardneri . Vanilla gardneri was described based on several materials belonging to at least three Vanilla species (Soto Arenas and Cribb 2010). However, the material G. Gardner 245 (K), collected at Morro do Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro, has been designated as the lectotype of V. gardneri (Soto Arenas and Cribb 2010) . This exsiccate appears to contain a mixture of plant elements from two distinct species. While the vegetative portion and the flowers appear to be V. phaeantha, the fruit longitudinally sectioned strongly agree with those of V. chamissonis . This is corroborated by the fact that both species are sympatric in this region. Furthermore, the fruiting period of V. phaeantha, whose fruits ripen in nine months, does not overlap with its flowering period. On the other hand, the fruiting period of V. chamissonis, whose fruits take 18 months to mature, overlaps with the flowering period of both sympatric species, V. phaeantha and V. chamissonis . Therefore, based on the presence of a fruit of the latter species in the material G. Gardner 245 (K), V. gardneri was synonymized here under V. chamissonis .</p><p>Morphological affinities</p><p>While V. calyculata and V. argentina occur in dryer environments, V. chamissonis is distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest sensu stricto (Fig. 4). Vanilla chamissonis is easily recognized by its elliptic to oblong and asymmetric leaf blades (Fig. 5), sepals 4.9–6.1 cm long, oblong-elliptic petals 4.9–6.1 cm long, labellum 5.3–6.2 cm long with a nectar chamber 1.4–1.6 cm long, column 36–38 mm long, and fruits whose pericarp is soft (Figs 6 – 7). Vegetative and floral features of V. chamissonis suggest a close relationship with V. calyculata and V. argentina . All three species show robust climbing stems with long fleshy ascendant leaves and lateral inflorescences with whitish resupinate flowers. Flowers of V. chamissonis and related taxa also share several characteristics, such as an unguiculate labellum with an emarginated apical lobe, and a yellow central crest with a penicillate callus just below the anther. In addition, the inner surface of the labellum base of V. chamissonis and related taxa is yellow, while the distal portion is white. In particular, fruit features suggest a close relationship between V. argentina and V. chamissonis . Both species produce large brown and indehiscent fruits that take 18 months to mature. Fruits have an unpleasant fragrance and a bitter flavour. The close relationships among V. argentina, V. chamissonis, and V. calyculata is corroborated by molecular data (see further).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AEFC71E8D18A56EAB7233BE946E3AF78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pansarin, Emerson R.	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Systematics of the Vanilla chamissonis clade (Orchidaceae): a study based on integrative taxonomy. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (2): 260-278, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.154789
