taxonID	type	description	language	source
FC850C2B161D58639A6EB8FB6FDE65A6.taxon	description	Figs 1, 4, 6, 5, 7, Table 1	en	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Systematics of the Vanilla chamissonis clade (Orchidaceae): a study based on integrative taxonomy. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (2): 260-278, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.154789
FC850C2B161D58639A6EB8FB6FDE65A6.taxon	description	Description Nomadic vines, long scandent. Roots axillary, one per node; terrestrial roots up to 8 mm diam., fleshy, whitish, with hyaline absorbing hairs; aerial roots 2.2 – 2.5 mm diam., whitish to brownish. Stem climbing, cylindrical, fleshy, straight to sinuous, glabrous, glaucous to dark green, strongly furrowed under arid conditions; internodes of ascendant stems 4 – 16 × 0.5 – 10 cm. Leaves 6 – 22 × 3 – 5.5 cm, alternate, distichous, elliptic to lanceolate, symmetric to asymmetric, fleshy, glabrous, green, pseudopetiolate, margin entire, base attenuate, apex acuminate; pseudopetiole 5.5 – 8 mm concave. Inflorescence axillary, racemose, with up to 14 flowers opening in succession; 1 – 2 flowers opening each morning; rachis 5 – 15.5 × 0.8 – 1.3 cm, terete, glaucous to dark green; bracts 5 – 9 × 4 – 7.5 mm, progressively smaller toward the apex, triangular to ovate, coriaceous, concave, green, erect to patent, apex acute, not incurved. Flowers resupinate, pedicellate, abscission layer between perianth and ovary present; pedicel with ovary 45 – 50 × 3 – 4 mm, trigonous in transverse section, white at the base, green to the apex, with a calyculus (6 – 6.5 × 2.5 – 3) at the apex. Sepals 6.8 – 7.4 × 1.2 – 1.4 cm, free, oblanceolate, fleshy, slightly concave, spreading, pale green to yellowish, margin entire to the apex and involute at the base, base attenuate, apex acute, somewhat thickened; dorsal sepal symmetric; lateral sepals asymmetric; base slightly incurved. Petals 6.6 – 7.1 × 1.2 – 1.5 cm, free, obliquely linear, asymmetric, lower margin more arcuate, membranous, pale green, base attenuate, apex acute to obtuse, adaxial surface with a central and longitudinally disposed keel. Labellum 1 - lobed to slightly 3 - lobed, 6.7 – 7.4 × 3.8 – 4.2 cm, tubular, deepening near the middle, yellowish to the base, white in distal portion, unguiculate, with a central crest from the unguiculus to the apex, and a penicillate callus just below the anther; unguiculus fused along the margins of the basal half (ca 30 – 35 mm) of column length forming a nectar chamber, nectar chamber 1.8 – 2 cm long, tubular; central crest yellowish from the nectar chamber to the penicillate callus, dark yellow to the apex; distal portion of the central crest swollen, low cushion, rugose-papillose at the apex, with a group of transversal yellow-orange scales near the penicillate callus, with five yellow longitudinal lines near the apex; penicillate callus 5.2 – 6 × 4.4 – 4.7 mm, made by yellow-hyaline lacerate-laciniate scales and clusters of trichomes; lateral lobes not much evident, rounded, overlapping the column apex, margin undulate; midlobe deeply emarginated; margin undulate. Column 38 – 40 × 4.5 – 5 cm, trigonous, arched to the base, forming an angle ca 90 ° with the ovary, strait to the apex, ventral surface flat with white to yellowish hyaline trichomes over the distal half, attenuate to the base, dilated to the apex, with two lateral wings; lateral wings rounded, bilobed, undulate. Stigma bilobed; rostellum 5 – 5.2 × 3.7 – 3.9 mm, trapezoidal, membranous, white. Anther 5.8 – 6 × 4.7 – 4.9 mm, rectangular to trapezoidal, white, versatile, apex truncate; pollen mass 3.2 – 3.3 × 3.5 – 3.8 mm, triangular, bipartite, yellowish. Fruits 11 – 16 × 2.3 – 2.8 cm, oblong, straight, transversally trigonous, fleshy, brown and indehiscent when mature, fragrant; pericarp half hard; fruit cavity hollow. Seeds ca 0.5 mm, ovoid, black.	en	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Systematics of the Vanilla chamissonis clade (Orchidaceae): a study based on integrative taxonomy. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (2): 260-278, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.154789
FC850C2B161D58639A6EB8FB6FDE65A6.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology Vanilla argentina occurs in Cerrado areas in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay (Fig. 4). The species is commonly found in gallery forests, at elevation is from 657 to 850 m a. s. l. Vanilla argentina has a nomadic vine habit, commonly rooting on the forest litterfall, and climbing on tree trunks. The flowers are fragrant. Each flower lasts ca 1 day. The fruits ripen 18 months after pollination. The fruits are indehiscent and have an unpleasant aroma and a bitter flavour.	en	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Systematics of the Vanilla chamissonis clade (Orchidaceae): a study based on integrative taxonomy. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (2): 260-278, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.154789
864CA6A5429F5B9EA70B5FBCFB2092B3.taxon	description	Figs 2, 4, 6, 5, 7, Table 1	en	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Systematics of the Vanilla chamissonis clade (Orchidaceae): a study based on integrative taxonomy. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (2): 260-278, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.154789
864CA6A5429F5B9EA70B5FBCFB2092B3.taxon	description	Description Nomadic vines, long scandent. Roots axillary, one per node; terrestrial roots up to 10 mm diam., fleshy, whitish, with white-hyaline absorbing hairs; aerial roots 2.2 – 2.8 mm diam., creamy to brownish. Stem climbing, cylindrical, fleshy, sinuous, glabrous, green, strongly furrowed under arid conditions; internodes of ascending stems 7 – 16 × 0.6 – 1.2 cm. Leaves 8 – 21 × 2 – 4 cm, alternate, distichous, linear to lanceolate, symmetric, fleshy, glabrous, green, pseudopetiolate, margin often revolute, base rounded, apex acute; pseudopetiole 6 – 10 mm long, concave. Inflorescence axillary, racemose, with up to 20 flowers opening in succession; 1 – 3 flowers opening each morning; rachis 6 – 11 × 1.1 – 1.8 cm, terete, green; bracts 6.5 – 10 × 4.5 – 8 mm, progressively smaller to the apex, widely deltoid, coriaceous, concave, green, apex acute, involute. Flowers resupinate, pedicellate, abscission layer between perianth and ovary present; pedicel with ovary 42 – 56 × 4.5 – 5.5 mm, cylindrical, sulcate, whitish at the base, green to the apex, with a calyculus (7.5 – 8.5 × 3.5 – 4.5 mm) at the apex. Sepals 7.5 – 8 × 1 – 1.4 cm, free, narrowly oblanceolate to oblong-elliptic, slightly concave, revolute, white at the base, green to the apex, margin entire, base attenuate, apex subacute to obtuse, somewhat thickened; dorsal sepal symmetric; lateral sepals asymmetric. Petals 7.5 – 8 × 0.9 – 1.3 cm, free, obliquely linear-oblanceolate, asymmetric, lower margin more arcuate, membranous, white at the base, green to the apex, base attenuate, apex acute to rounded, adaxial surface with central and longitudinally disposed keel. Labellum 3 - lobed, 8.8 – 9.5 × 3.7 – 4.5 cm, tubular, deepening near the middle, yellowish to the base, dark yellow at the distal half and with white lobes, unguiculate, with a central crest from the unguiculus to the apex, and a penicillate callus just below the anther; unguiculus fused along the margins of the basal half (ca 41 – 46 mm) of column length forming a nectar chamber; nectar chamber 3.2 – 3.6 mm long, tubular; central crest whitish from the nectar chamber to the penicillate callus, yellow to the apex; distal portion of central crest swollen, low cushion, rugose-papillose at the apex, with a group of transversal and yellow-orange hairs near the penicillate callus, longitudinal lines not much evident; penicillate callus ca 4.5 × 3.8 mm, made up by 8 – 10 flabellate, shortly lacerate-laciniate and retrorse scales; lateral lobes rounded, bilobed, overlapping the column apex, margins entire; midlobe deeply emarginate to bilobed, margins crenulate-undulate. Column 55 – 60 × 4 – 4.5 mm, subterete, subclavate, sigmoid, ventral surface flat with white to yellowish hyaline trichomes over the distal half, dilated to the apex, with two lateral wings; lateral wings with two triangular-flabellate protrusions, narrow, undulate. Stigma bilobed; rostellum 4.2 – 4.6 × 2.8 – 3.2 mm; trapezoid, flabellate. Anther 5.2 – 6 × 4 – 4.3 mm, rectangular, apex truncate to slightly emarginate; pollen mass 1.9 – 2.1 × 3.7 – 4.2 mm, triangular, bipartite, yellow. Fruits 15 – 21 × 2 – 3 cm, oblong, transversally terete to subtrigonous, fleshy, yellowish and dehiscent when mature, fragrant; pericarp hard; fruit cavity hollow. Seeds ca 0.5 mm, ovoid, black.	en	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Systematics of the Vanilla chamissonis clade (Orchidaceae): a study based on integrative taxonomy. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (2): 260-278, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.154789
864CA6A5429F5B9EA70B5FBCFB2092B3.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology Vanilla calyculata is distributed throughout dry forests of Brazil, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Colombia (Fig. 4). In Colombia, this species is widely distributed in the inter-Andean valleys in the western and central Andean cordilleras, at elevations between 500 and 1750 m a. s. l. When found at lower elevations, the vegetation is sub-xerophytic. In Brazil, this species occurs predominantly in the Caatinga.	en	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Systematics of the Vanilla chamissonis clade (Orchidaceae): a study based on integrative taxonomy. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (2): 260-278, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.154789
AEFC71E8D18A56EAB7233BE946E3AF78.taxon	description	Figs 3, 4, 6, 5, 7, Table 1	en	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Systematics of the Vanilla chamissonis clade (Orchidaceae): a study based on integrative taxonomy. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (2): 260-278, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.154789
AEFC71E8D18A56EAB7233BE946E3AF78.taxon	description	Description Nomadic vines, long scandent. Roots axillary, one per node; terrestrial roots up to 8 mm diam., fleshy, whitish, with hyaline absorbing hairs; aerial roots 2.2 – 3.2 mm diam., whitish to brownish. Stem climbing, cylindrical, fleshy, straight to sinuous, glabrous, glaucous to dark green, strongly furrowed under arid conditions; internodes of ascendant stems 8 – 14 × 0.7 – 1.3 cm. Leaves 5.2 – 18 × 2.5 – 5.5 cm, alternate, distichous, elliptic to oblong, asymmetric, fleshy, glabrous, pale green to dark green, pseudopetiolate, margin entire, base attenuate, apex acuminate; pseudopetiole 5 – 10 mm concave. Inflorescence axillary, racemose, with up to 22 flowers opening in succession; 1 – 2 flowers opening each morning; rachis 5 – 9 × 0.9 – 1.3 cm, terete, pale green to dark green; bracts 4 – 7.5 × 4.5 – 8 mm, progressively smaller toward the apex, triangular / deltoid, coriaceous, concave, green, patent, apex acute, not incurved. Flowers resupinate, pedicellate, abscission layer between perianth and ovary present; pedicel with ovary 46 – 50 × 4.2 – 6 mm, triangular in transverse section, straight to incurved, whitish at the base, green to the apex, with a calyculus (6 – 6.5 × 3 – 3.5 mm) at the apex. Sepals 4.9 – 6.1 × 0.9 – 1.3 cm, free, oblanceolate, fleshy, slightly concave, spreading, pale green to yellowish, margin entire, involute at the base, base attenuate, apex acute to obtuse; dorsal sepal symmetric; lateral sepals asymmetric. Petals 4.9 – 6.1 × 0.9 – 1.2 cm, free, obliquely oblong-elliptic, asymmetric, lower margin more arcuate, yellowish at the base, pale green to the apex, base attenuate, apex obtuse to rounded, adaxial surface with a central and longitudinally disposed keel. Labellum 1 - lobed to slightly 3 - lobed, 5.3 – 6.2 × 3.3 – 4.2 cm, tubular, deepening near the middle, yellowish to the base, white in distal portion, unguiculate, with a central crest from the unguiculus to the apex, and a penicillate callus just below the anther; unguiculus fused along the margins of the basal half (ca 29 – 32 mm) of column length forming a nectar chamber, nectar chamber 1.4 – 1.6 cm long, tubular; central crest yellowish from the nectar chamber to the penicillate callus, dark yellow to the apex; distal portion of the central crest swollen, low cushion, rugose-papillose at the apex, with a group of transversal yellow-orange scales near the penicillate callus, with three yellow longitudinal lines near the apex; penicillate callus 5.1 – 5.5 × 3.8 – 4.2 mm, made by yellow-hyaline lacerate-laciniate scales and clusters of trichomes; lateral lobes not much evident, rounded, overlapping the column apex, margin undulate; midlobe deeply emarginated; margin undulate. Column 36 – 38 × 3.2 – 3.5 cm, trigonous, arched to the base, forming an angle ca 90 ° with the ovary, strait to the apex, ventral surface flat with white to yellowish hyaline trichomes over the distal half, attenuate to the base, dilated to the apex, with two lateral wings; lateral wings rounded, undulate. Stigma bilobed; rostellum 4 – 4.2 × 2.5 – 2.7 mm, trapezoidal, membranous, white. Anther 4.8 – 5.2 × 3.5 – 3.6 mm, rectangular to trapezoidal, white, versatile, apex truncate; pollen mass 2.9 – 3.2 × 2.9 – 3.1 mm, triangular, bipartite, whitish. Fruits 12 – 17 × 2.6 – 3.5 cm, oblong to clavate, arched, transversally subtrigonous, fleshy, brown indehiscent when mature, fragrant; pericarp soft; fruit cavity filled. Seeds ca 0.5 mm, ovoid, black.	en	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Systematics of the Vanilla chamissonis clade (Orchidaceae): a study based on integrative taxonomy. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (2): 260-278, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.154789
AEFC71E8D18A56EAB7233BE946E3AF78.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology Vanilla chamissonis is endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Fig. 4). The species is a nomadic vine found both on tall trees in the restinga vegetation and on shrubs of the rocky outcrops close to the beach. The flowers are very fragrant and produce a small amount of nectar. The fruits have a bitter taste and an unpleasant odour. After 18 months from pollination, they turn brown and fall to the forest floor where they are consumed by agoutis.	en	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Systematics of the Vanilla chamissonis clade (Orchidaceae): a study based on integrative taxonomy. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (2): 260-278, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.154789
