Barolineocerus Freytag, 2008

(Figs. 1–17)

Barolineocerus Freytag, 2008: 47; Lozada 2010: 320; Xue & Zhang 2018: 185; Xue, Dietrich e Zhang 2020: 696 (phylogeny).

Type-species: B. bispinus Freytag, 2008: 47, figures 1, 3, 8–10, by monotypy.

Diagnosis. Dorsum light brown with unique color pattern characterized by the following symmetrical greenishyellow markings: most of crown extended to face; rounded spot on pronotum, bordered posteriorly with black or dark brown; irregular macula over posterolateral margins of scutellum; and forewing with large macula at clavus base, bordered with black or dark brown (Figs. 1E–G, 2A–I, 3A–I, 4A–L). Pygofer with pair of anterodorsal apodemes (Fig. 5D). Subgenital plate without median expansion in lateral view (Fig. 5G). Aedeagal preatrium short, robust, without basolateral projections; dorsal apodeme undeveloped; shaft tubular, long, robust, straight, dorsally directed (Figs. 5L– M). Anal tube segment X with pair of basolateral processes, well-developed, robust, distinctly pointed at apex (Figs. 5D–E).

Coloration. Crown distinctly yellow or green (in life) with white margin around eye (Figs. 1E, 2A). Face mostly yellow or green; except close to eyes and base of clypeus mostly white; gena, lora, and clypeus mostly light brown to black (Figs. 1G, 2I). Pronotum brown; semicircular yellow or green macula on anteromedian portion, with a median indentation on posterior margin, bordered with black or dark brown posteriorly (Figs. 1E, 2A). Scutellum brown; posterolateral margins and most of posterior portion yellow or green, usually connected, but sometimes apical macula is separated (Figs. 1E, 2A). Forewing fuscous; some veins distinctly marked with dark-brown to black; distinct small red triangular macula at base of R+M vein; clavus with yellow or green macula at basal half bordered with black or dark brown; claval apex with a distinctly triangular white macula; costal margin with distinct thickened black macula extending to mid-length and distally a hyaline subtriangular macula extending to middle of median anteapical cell (Fig. 5A). Hind wing fuscous; some veins distinctly marked with dark-brown to black; basal half of M distinctly red or lightbrown (Fig. 5B). Thorax entirely light yellow laterally and ventrally; legs light yellow, apex of metatibiae brown; setae on metatibiae brown or dark brown. Abdomen with anterior portion of tergites and sternites light brown, transitioning to brown posteriorly. Pygofer anterior portion light brown or brown, dorsally black or dark brown; membranous portion light brown or red. Subgenital plate light yellow basally, apical half brown or light brown. Anal tube segment X dorsally yellow or brown; ventrally red; with basolateral processes brown to black. Anal tube segment XI brown. Female: color pattern similar to male except for abdomen tergites reddish brown, yellow or black; sternites anterior portion yellow, dark brown or black, transitioning to light brown or yellow posteriorly; pygofer yellow, brown, dark brown or black.

Redescription. Body length usually 3.5 to 6.0 mm. Surface of crown, face, gena, lora, pronotum, and scutellum finely shagreen, without pubescence (Figs. 1E–G, 2G–I). Head slightly wider (1.1x) than pronotum; crown short, median length 0.5–0.8x shorter than interocular width; median length subequal to length beside eyes; anterior margin of crown rounded; eyes reniform in dorsal view (Figs. 1E, 2G). Face convex; UFS oblique, not reaching ocellus; interocular distance 1.2–1.8x longer than ocellocular distance (Figs. 1G, 2I). Clypeus 1.5–1.7x longer than basal width, lateral margins slightly divergent. Gena with single seta behind eye, lateral margin slightly sinuate (Figs. 1G, 2I). Rostrum long, extending to mesocoxa. Pronotum 2.6–3.5x wider than median length; pronotal median length 1.3–3.3x longer than crown median length; posterior margin rounded (Figs. 1E, 2G). Scutellum 1.2–1.3x wider than long; with a concave area at middle, in lateral view (Figs. 1E–F, 2G–H).

Forewing. R1 present; outer anteapical cell (i.e., s crossvein) absent, median shorter than inner anteapical cell; m-cu2 connected to M fork; four apical cells present (Fig. 5A).

Hind wing. Vein R2+3 present; R4+5 and M1+2 separate and connected by crossvein r-m or confluent for short distance preapically; M3+4 and CuA separate, joined by crossvein m-cu (Fig. 5B).

Legs. Forefemur with AM and AV setae absent; intercalary (IC) row of setae present along apical half. Hind femur macrosetal formula 2+0. Hind tibia AD row with 5–7 cucullate setae; PD row with 9–20 cucullate setae; without intercalaries. Metatarsomere I with two setae on dorsoapical surface, none on ventral surface; basal callus rounded; apex ventrally with four pecten. Metatarsomere II apex ventrally with four pecten.

Abdomen. Abdominal sternite II with pair of apodemes, each subtriangular with rounded apex; extending posteriorly to or distinctly beyond posterior margin of sternite III (Fig. 8B).

Male genitalia. Pygofer short, higher than long; anterodorsal margin with distinct anterodorsal apodemes; posterodorsal margin membranous; posterior margin with or without paired median processes, with or without ventral processes; sparse microsetae scattered throughout disk (Figs. 8C–D). Valve subquadrangular, in ventral view; fused laterally to pygofer (Fig. 8E). Subgenital plate extending slightly beyond pygofer apex; internal concave basal region (region of attachment to style) U-shaped; with hair-like setae along ventrolateral and dorsal margins to apex, sparse microsetae along ventral margin; apex variable interspecifically in shape (Figs. 8F–G). Connective about 0.5x shorter than style, U-shaped; with lateral arms; apex dorsally projected (Figs. 8H–I). Style long, somewhat twisted; apodeme laterally compressed; apophysis stout and long; preapical lobe with sparse microsetae; apex dorsally projected and ventrally directed (Figs. 8H, J). Aedeagal shaft slender and long; apical gonopore (Figs. 8K–M). Anal tube segment X with ventral portion membranous; well-developed paired basolateral processes, each with pointed apex, directed posteroventrally (Figs. 8C–D).

Female genitalia. Sternite VII quadrangular, in ventral view; lateral margins slightly sinuous; posterior margin sinuous (Figs. 6B, 9B). Pygofer subtriangular, in lateral view (Figs. 6A, 9A). First valvifer subquadrangular (Figs. 6C, 9C). First valvula broad, expanded medially, in lateral view; ventral interlocking device located at basal third of blade (Figs. 6C, 9C). Second valvifer somewhat quadrangular (Figs. 6G, 9G). Second valvula broad, apical half expanded, narrowing to apex (Figs. 6E, 9E). Gonoplac with basal half distinctly narrower than apical half (Figs. 6G, 9G). Anal tube segment X, in lateral view, short; subquadrangular (Figs. 6A, 9A).

Remarks. Barolineocerus shares with Maynacerus Lozada, 1998 a subapical hyaline macula on the costal margin of the forewing (Fig. 8A) and with Optocerus Freytag, 1969 the diagnostic seta behind each eye. It is important to highlight that some other genera within the Chiasmodolini tribe likely possess these setae as well, but their presence has not been reported in the original descriptions of most genera. Barolineocerus differs from those genera by having a unique color pattern, resembling those of Isolineocerus Freytag, 2008 and Luteobalmus Maldonado-Capriles, 1977, characterized by yellow to green maculae on the head, pronotum, scutellum, and clavus. However, Barolineocerus differs from those genera by the dark brown to black line bordering posteriorly the yellow to green macula on the pronotum and that of clavus (Figs. 1E–G, M–N, 2G–H). Additionally, Barolineocerus can be distinguished by its male genitalia, including the presence of anterodorsal apodemes on the pygofer (Fig. 8D), subgenital plate without a median expansion in lateral view (Fig. 8F), and segment X of the anal tube with well-developed basolateral processes (Figs. 8C–D).

Species of Barolineocerus

Barolineocerus acius Freytag, 2008: 53 . Brazil [new record] (Acre, Amazonas, Rondônia); Ecuador [new record] (Orellana); Peru (Madre de Dios, Loreto [new record]).

Barolineocerus apiculus Freytag, 2008: 53 . Brazil [new record] (Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Roraima); Ecuador [new record] (Orellana); French Guiana ( Régina, Roura, Saül [new record]).

Barolineocerus bispinus Freytag, 2008: 49 . Brazil (Amazonas [new record], Maranhão [new record], Pará, Roraima [new record]); Ecuador [new record] (Orellana); French Guiana (Montsinéry-Tonnegrande, Régina [new record], Roura, Saint-Laurent [new record], Saül [new record]); Peru [new record] (Madre de Dios).

Barolineocerus declivus Freytag, 2008: 52 . syn. nov.

Barolineocerus chiasmus Freytag, 2008: 58 . French Guiana ( Régina, Roura).

Barolineocerus chicomendesi sp. nov. Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará); French Guiana ( Régina).

Barolineocerus dercyae sp. nov. Brazil (Amazonas, Rondônia); Ecuador (Orellana); Peru (Madre de Dios).

Barolineocerus digitatus sp. nov. Brazil (Amapá); French Guiana ( Régina, Saül).

Barolineocerus elongatus Freytag, 2008: 52 . Brazil [new record] (Amazonas); Colombia (Vaupés).

Barolineocerus furcatus Freytag, 2008: 55 . Brazil (Rondônia); Colombia (Vaupés).

Barolineocerus ornatus Freytag, 2008: 58 . Brazil [new record] (Amazonas, Roraima); French Guiana (Camopi, Iracoubo, Maripasula, Saül).

Barolineocerus spinosus Freytag, 2008: 55 . Brazil [new record] (Acre, Amazonas); Colombia (Amazonas).

Key to males of Barolineocerus

1. Forewing claval maculae extended well beyond scutellum apex (Figs. 1I, P, 3A, D, 4A, G)........................... 2

1’ Forewing claval maculae extended to or slightly beyond scutellum apex (Figs. 1A, E, M, P, 2A, D, G, 3G, 4D, J)......... 5

2(1). Pygofer posterior median process with apex simple, not divided (Figs. 10C–D, 11C–D, 13C–D)....................... 3

2’ Pygofer posterior median process with apex multifurcate (Figs. 16C–E)....................... B. ornatus Freytag, 2008

3(2) Pygofer posterior median process long and sinuous (Figs. 10C–D, 13C–D), subgenital plate apex parallel (Figs. 10F–G, 13F– G)................................................................................................. 4

3’ Pygofer posterior median process short and curved (Figs. 11C–D), subgenital plate apex strongly dorsally curved (Figs. 11F– G).............................................................................. B. chicomendesi sp. nov.

4(3) Pygofer posterior median process apex straight (Figs. 10C–D); valve posterior margin distinctly posteriorly projected (Fig. 10E); anal tube laterobasal process with base and apex angulate on anterior margin (Figs. 10C–D)..................................................................................................... B. chiasmus Freytag, 2008

4’ Pygofer posterior median process apex hook-shaped (Fig. 13D); valve posterior margin convex (Fig. 13E); anal tube laterobasal process with base sinuous on anterior margin and apex distinctly pointed (Figs. 13C–D).............. B. digitatus sp. nov.

5(1) Pygofer posterior margin with distinct short median process (Figs. 12C–E, Figs. 15C–E)............................. 6

5’ Pygofer posterior margin without median process (Figs. 5C–D, 7C–D, 8C–D, 14C–D, 17C–D)........................ 8

6 (5) Abdominal sternite II apodeme surpassing posterior margin of sternite III (Figs. 12B, 15B); subgenital plate without a dorsal preapical spine-like process (Figs. 12G, 15G).............................................................. 7

6’ Abdominal sternite II apodeme not reaching posterior margin of sternite III (Fig. 17B); subgenital plate with a dorsal preapical spine-like process (Figs. 17F–G)..................................................... B. spinosus Freytag, 2008

7(6) Pygofer median process bifurcate and pointed (Figs. 15C–E); subgenital plate with apex bluntly pointed (Fig. 15G)........................................................................................ B. furcatus Freytag, 2008

7’ Pygofer median process expanded apically with single spine-like process apically (Figs. 12C–E); subgenital plate with apex rounded (Fig. 12G)...................................................................... B. dercyae sp. nov.

8(5) Aedeagus without ventral transverse ridge, but with paired preapical processes (Figs. 5L–N, 8K–M)................... 9

8’ Aedeagus with ventral ridge, but without paired preapical processes (Figs. 7K–M, 14K–M, 17L–N).................. 10

9(8) Pygofer posterior margin with short ventral process (Fig. 5E); aedeagus with dorsal median spine-like process (Fig. 5L)....................................................................................... B. acius Freytag, 2008

9’ Pygofer posterior margin without short ventral process (Fig. 8D); aedeagus without dorsal median process (Fig. 8K)....................................................................................... B. bispinus Freytag, 2008

10(8) Valve with anterior margin straight (Fig. 7E); pygofer anterodorsal apodeme shorter than half length of pygofer (Fig. 7C); aedeagus ventral transverse ridge at apical third of shaft (Figs. 7K–M)........................ B. apiculus Freytag, 2008

10’ Valve with anterior margin sinuous (Fig. 14E); pygofer anterodorsal apodeme longer than half length of pygofer (Fig. 14C); aedeagus ventral transverse ridge at median third of shaft (Figs. 14K–M)..................... B. elongatus Freytag, 2008