Canthon (Goniocanthon) smaragdulus (Fabricius, 1781)

Scarabaeus smaragdulus Fabricius 1781: 34

Note. Two presently recognized subspecies of Canthon (Goniocanthon) smaragdulus have been described, both of which were erroneously recorded for the research area.

§ Subspecies Canthon (Goniocanthon) smaragdulus smaragdulus (Fabricius, 1781)

Scarabaeus smaragdulus Fabricius 1781: 34 (South America)

= Canthon speculifer Laporte 1840: 68 (Brazil)

Distribution. Suriname: Gillet 1911b: 33 (as C. speculifer); Balthasar 1939e: 203 (as C. speculifer). French Guiana: A. Schmidt 1922a: 81 (as C. smaragdulus; as C. speculifer); Blackwelder 1944: 201 (as C. smaragdulum; as C. speculifer). “Guianas”: Vulcano and Pereira 1964: 593 (as Goniocanthon smaragdulus). Brazil: Laporte 1840: 68 (as C. smaragdulus; as C. speculifer); Gillet 1911b: 33; A. Schmidt 1922a: 81 (as C. smaragdulus; as C. speculifer); Balthasar 1939e: 203 (as C. smaragdulus; as C. speculifer); Blackwelder 1944: 201 (as C. smaragdulum; as C. speculifer); Vulcano and Pereira 1964: 593 (as Goniocanthon smaragdulus); Vaz-de-Mello 2000: 191 (as C. (Goniocanthon) smaragdulum); Nunes et al. 2018: 6, 7. Other: Fabricius 1781: 34 (South America - as Scarabaeus smaragdulus); A. Schmidt 1922a: 81 (Colombia - as C. smaragdulus; Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay - as C. speculifer); Blackwelder 1944: 201 (Colombia - as C. smaragdulum; Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay - as C. speculifer); Pereira and Martínez 1956b: 111 (South America except Chile - as Goniocanthon smaragdulus); Vulcano and Pereira 1964: 593 (Argentina, Colombia, Paraguay - as Goniocanthon smaragdulus); Medina et al. 2001: 136 (Colombia); Nunes et al. 2018: 6, 7 (Argentina, Paraguay).

Note. According to Nunes et al. (2018: 7), the distribution of Canthon (Goniocanthon) smaragdulus smaragdulus is restricted to southern Brazil, northern Argentina and northern Paraguay. Records for the Guianas and other locations in northern South America are thus likely based on misidentifications and/or mislabeled specimens.

§ Subspecies Canthon (Goniocanthon) smaragdulus subviridis A. Schmidt, 1922

Canthon speculifer var. subviridis A. Schmidt 1922a: 81 (French Guiana, Brazil)

Distribution. French Guiana: A. Schmidt 1922a: 81 (as Canthon speculifer var. subviridis); Blackwelder 1944: 201 (as Canthon speculifer var. subviride). Brazil: A. Schmidt 1922a: 81 (as Canthon speculifer var. subviridis); Blackwelder 1944: 201 (as Canthon speculifer var. subviride); Vaz-de-Mello 2000: 191 (as C. (Goniocanthon) smaragdulus var. subviride); Nunes et al. 2018: 6, 10. Other: Vulcano and Pereira 1964: 593 (treated as a synonym of C. smaragdulus).

Note. According to Nunes et al. (2018: 10), the distribution of Canthon (Goniocanthon) smaragdulus subviridis is limited to the eastern parts of Brazil. This means that the record for French Guiana in A. Schmidt (1922a: 81), which is copied in Blackwelder (1944: 201), is likely based on a mislabeled specimen.

Subgenus PELTECANTHON Pereira, 1953

Peltecanthon Pereira 1953: 396

Synopsis. Halffter and Martínez 1967