Key to species groups and Japanese species of Phymatocera

1 Genal orbit without pit (Fig. 9A). Malar space broad (Fig. 9C). Flagellum with setae as long as or shorter than 1/2 middle width of flagellomere 1 in dorsal view in female (Fig. 9E, F) and male (Fig. 9I, J). Parapenis entirely sclerotized (Fig. 9M) or mostly membranous and divided into basal and lateral sclerites (Fig. 9N)............................. P. fumipennis group ... 2

- Genal orbit with one membranous bottom pit (Fig. 9B) (bottom very rarely not membranous). Malar space linear or not visible in lateral view (Fig. 9D). Flagellum with setae as long as or longer than 1/2 middle width of flagellomere 1 in dorsal view in female (Fig. 9G, H); long setae as long as or longer than middle width of flagellomere 1 in male (Fig. 9K, L). Parapenis divided into basal and lateral sclerites (Fig. 9N; see also Figs 2N, 11C–E).............................. P. aterrima group ... 3

2(1) Frontal area with lateral margin not distinctly ridged (Fig.10A). Epicnemium slightly raised and epicnemial groove inconspicuous (Fig. 10C). Antenna thick (Fig. 10E, F); flagellomere 7 with length about twice its breadth in lateral view. Parapenis mostly membranous and divided into narrow basal and lateral sclerites (Fig. 9N)......................... P. fuscata comb. nov.

- Frontal area with lateral margin distinctly ridged (Fig. 10B). Epicnemium distinctly raised and epicnemial groove distinct and deep (Fig. 10D). Antenna slender (Fig. 10G, H); flagellomere 7 with length 3.4–5.0 × its breadth in lateral view. Parapenis entirely sclerotized (Fig. 9M)........................................................ P. peregrinator comb. nov.

3(2) Fore wing with cell 2Rs longer than or as long as cells 1R1 and 1Rs combined in posterior length (Fig. 11A); junction of vein Rs and crossvein 2r-rs far apart proximally from junction of vein Rs and crossvein 3r-m. In male genitalia, penis valve with apex somewhat convex laterally at apex (Fig. 11C, D); basal ring apically separated from basal sclerite of parapenis. In lancet, marginal sensilla of middle annuli funnel-shaped (Fig. 11F) or pore-shaped (Fig. 11G)............................... 4

- Fore wing with cell 2Rs shorter than cells 1R1 and 1Rs combined in posterior length (Fig. 11B); junction of vein Rs and crossvein 2r-rs near or at junction of vein Rs and crossvein 3r-m. In male genitalia, penis valve with lobe at apex (Fig. 11E); basal ring not separated from basal sclerite of parapenis. In lancet, marginal sensilla of middle annuli funnel-shaped (Fig. 11H).................................................................................... P. satoi sp. nov.

4(3) Lateral ridge of frontal area well developed, and interocellar furrow distinct (Fig. 12A). Dorsum of abdomen mat and distinctly microsculptured almost entirely (Fig. 12C, D). In lancet, marginal sensilla of middle annuli pore-shaped and far apart from serrulae (Fig. 11G). Male genitalia with basal sclerite of parapenis apically truncate (Fig. 11D); basal ring apically widely rounded...................................................................................... P. membra

- Lateral ridge of frontal area indistinct or slightly developed, and interocellar furrow usually indistinct (Fig. 12B). Dorsum of abdomen usually basally slightly or distinctly shiny in female (Fig. 12E), and usually mostly shiny in male (Fig. 12F). In lancet, marginal sensilla of middle annuli funnel-shaped and extending to serrulae (Fig. 11F). Male genitalia with basal sclerite of parapenis apically acute and basal ring apically narrowly rounded (Fig. 11E).............................. P. nipponica