Thoreyella Spinola

(Figs. 2–71)

Thoreyella Spinola, 1850: 79–80 (descr.), 1852:119–120 (descr.); Stål 1872: 45 (n. syn.); Kirkaldy 1909: 137 (cat.); Jensen-Haarup 1931: 319–320 (descr., key spp.); Pirán 1957: 67–68 (key spp.); Rolston 1978: 20, (key gen.); Rolston et al. 1980: (key); Rolston 1984: 826–834 (rev.); Rider 1994: 193–221 (rev., key gen.); Grazia et al. 1999: 109 (list); Grazia & Schwertner 2008: 234 (list); Bernardes et al. 2009: 1–23 (phylogeny, classification, distr.); Grazia & Schwertner 2011: 12 (list).

Uditta Stål, 1860: 23 (descr.), 1867: 531 (key).

Diagnosis. Members of Thoreyella can be recognized by the following characters (Rider 1994; Bernardes et al. 2009): juga usually contiguous anteriorly, lateral jugal margins sinuous (Figs. 12–13); antennal segments II and III subequal in length; rostrum reaching between mesocoxae; humeralangles rounded to spinose, but never emarginated (Figs. 2–8); anterolateral margins of pronotum in an obtuse angle (Figs. 2–7); scutellum somewhat spatulate (Figs. 2–8), reaching or slightly surpassing the connexival segment VI, lateral margins straight, and each basal angle lacking fovea (Fig. 9); apex of scutellum rounded; thoracicsterna flat; apex offemur with anacute spine (Fig. 10); apex of abdominal spine curved (Fig. 11); sutural margins of processes of the ventral rim of pygophore anteriorly convex and posteriorly parallel (Fig. 14); posterolateral angles of the pygophore concave (Fig. 14); anterior portion of the vesicular area of the ductus receptaculi strongly sclerotized and usually delimited by a constriction (Figs. 69–71).

Redescription. Color varying from olivegreen tomedium brown; preservedspecimens becomeyellowish-brown (Figs. 2–7). Juga outlined or not in black (Fig. 13). Antenniferous tubercles with a dorsal black dot. Scutellum uniform in color, basal angles and apex of clavus each with a small black spot. Membrane of hemelytra transparent. Propleura with a black macula just behind each anterolateral angles, united to an- other blackmacula at itsmargins by a curved, thin black line, sometimes faded or absent. Black macula at posterolateral angles of mesoepimerum sometimes present. Legs usually concolorous with body, sometimes darker, with black dots. Connexivum and ventral abdomen concolorous with dorsal surface. Posterolateral angles of urosternites, spiracles, and trichobothria tubercles, black or concolorous with dorsal surface. Ovate or elongate in shape (Figs. 2–7). Head wider than long (Figs. 12–13). Width of head less than the width of pronotum anteriorly. Juga juxtaposed before tylus, lateral margins sinuous or straight. First antennal segment not surpassing head apex. Antennal segments: I<II≥III<IV<V. Elliptical cicatrices between ocelli and eyes, with irregular texture and without punctures (Figs. 12–13). Ocelli sometimes on tubercles. Buccula sinuous, apical tooth developed, posterior border lobate, usually projecting toward the prosternum. First rostral segment not extending beyond apex of bucculae. Rostrum attaining metacoxae. Anterior half of pronotum sloping (Figs. 8, 11). Anterolateral angles of pronotum spined. Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave or rectilinear, smooth or dentate; tangential lines to dorsal and ventral surfaces forming an obtuse angle. Humeral angles (Fig. 8) in conical spines, not emarginated. Pronotum width at posterior margin three times the head width. Scutellum longer than wide (Fig. 9), lateral margins straight, apex rounded, attaining or surpassing VI connexival segment, often surpassing apex of corium. Frenum reaching or surpassing basal third of scutellum (Fig. 9). Ostiolar ruga slightly curved anteriorly, apex acuminate, attaining more than half of metapleurum. Evaporative area of mesopleurum occupying the mesoepimerum, not attaining the anterior margin of mesopleurum. Evaporative area of metapleurum often not attaining the metaepimerum pseudo-suture. Apex of femur with an acute spine usually more developedin posterior legs; tibia dorsally flattened or sulcate. Hairs denser in tibia than femur, specially near tarsus. Abdomen strongly convex ventrally. Abdominal spine subcylindrical, apex curved, always surpassing metacoxae (Fig. 11). Spiracles placed on calli or not. Trichobothria placed mesially the spiracles line. Posterior margin of VII urosternite strongly concave on females, middle third obscuring most of the gonocoxites 8, lateral thirds sinuous or straight (Fig. 62).

Male genitalia. Pygophore (Figs. 14–33) subquadrangular; ventral rim projected posteriorly in a complex process. Dorsal rim (Fig. 14) widely excavate, semicircular, lateral thirds reaching posterolateral angles, causing a reduction on dorsal wall of pygophore. Ventral wall (Fig. 19) wide, with more than twice the length of the dorsal wall. Ventral rim processes (Fig. 14) in 1+1 triangular flaps bending obliquely dorsad into the genital cup, forming a semi tube which sutural margins are parallel at least on posterior third. Genital cup open posterodorsally. Posterolateral angles of pygophore concave (Fig. 14). Superior process of genital cup triangular, partially obscuredby the dorsal rim fold. Parameres (Figs. 34–49) glabrous, geniculate, basal portion laterally flat and apical portion (head of parameres) bi- or trilobate placed perpendicularly to the pygophore axis. Segment X (Fig. 14) cylindric or ogive-like, also perpendicular to the pygophore axis. Articulatory apparatus with a wide basal plate, processus capitati almost reaching apex of phallotheca. Phallotheca (Figs. 50–61) dorsally convex and ventrally concave; processus phallothecae (Fig. 50) pyramidal. Conjunctiva (Fig. 50) with 1+1 triangular membranous lobes. Vesica (Fig. 50) curved, longer than conjunctiva or not.

Female genitalia (Figs. 62–71). Laterotergites 8 (Fig. 62) cuneiform, basally concave or flat; ventral band connecting the laterotergites 8 not obscured by laterotergites 9. Gonocoxites 8 (Fig. 62) reduced, triangular or obovate, with convex surface, and a cusp variable in length; sutural margins not juxtaposed, apices divergent exposing the gonapophyses 8. Segment X (Fig. 62) trapezoidal, apical margin straight. Capsula seminalis (Fig. 68) globose, apical process present. Pars intermedialis (Fig. 68) shorter than capsula seminalis; annular flanges subequal in diameter. Anterior portion of the vesicular area of the ductus receptaculi strongly sclerotized, curved, measuring one third of the total length of the vesicular area, usually delimited by a constriction.

Comments. Thoreyella shares the uniquecharacteristics of the Procleticini (Rider 1994; Bernardes et al. 2009). The genus was related to Dendrocoris and Odmalea (Rolston 1978; 1984; Rider 1994), although evidence supporting the hypoth- esis was poorly discussed. Based on a cladistic analysis of 38 characters, Bernardes et al. (2009) established the relationshipof Thoreyella with Dendrocoris, Lobepomis, Neoderoploa, Procleticus and Terania Pirán, all of which share a spatulate juga, a unique derived characteristic among the Procleticini. The monophylyof the genus was also supported (Bernardes et al. 2009) based on nine synapomorpies. Just one of the diagnostic characters of Thoreyella pointed out by Rolston (1978, 1984) was confirmed as a synapomorphy (apex of abdominal spine curved). The ostiolar rugae acuminate, also listed as diagnostic for Thoreyella (Rolston 1978), is shared with Lobepomis, Neoderoploa, Procleticus and Terania (Bernardes et al. 2009). These monotypic genera are grouped in a clade, whichis the sister groupof Thoreyella (Bernardes et al. 2009). The other two characteristics mentioned as diagnostic to Thoreyella (Rolston 1978; 1984; Rider 1994) are homoplastic among the species of the genus or showed ambiguous reconstruction in the analysis (Bernardes et al. 2009).

Distribution. Thoreyella is restricted to the Chaco and Paraná subregions of the Neotropical region. Comments on the distribution of the species and the biogeography of Thoreyella can be found in Bernardes et al. (2009).

Key to the species of Thoreyella .

1. Frenum reaching basal third of the scutellum (Figs. 6, 7, 9) .................................................................................... 2

1’. Frenum reaching middle of the scutellum (Figs. 2–5). 3

2. Anterolateral marginsof pronotum with threeor more acute teeth (Fig. 6); juga strongly sinuous before the eyes; spiracles in a conspicuous white callus ........................... .............................. Thoreyella brasiliensis Spinola, 1850

2’. Anterolateral margins of pronotum smooth (Fig. 7); juga scarcely sinuous before the eyes; spiracles without callus ....................................... Thoreyella trinotata Berg, 1878

3. Punctures of head concolorous with surface of head; lateral marginsof juga outlined in black (Fig. 13); spiracular peritremes concolorouswith surface of abdomen (Fig. 11); trichobothria tubercles black Thoreyella maracaja sp. nov.

3’. Punctures of head black distinctly darker than head surface; lateral margins of juga not black; spiracular peritremes black; trichobothria tubercles concolorous with surface of abdomen........................................................ 4

4. Pronotal disc smooth without transverse callus (Fig. 4); pronotum uniform in color (Fig. 4) ................................. .......................... Thoreyella taurus Jensen-Haruup, 1931

4’. Pronotal disc divided by a transverse callus; posterior portion of pronotum darker than anterior portion ......... 5

5. Humeral angles with acute spines directed laterad (Fig. 2); spines at apex of femur shorter than half femur width .............................................. Thoreyella paraiba sp. nov.

5’. Humeral angles with acute, robust, and well developed spines (Figs. 3, 8) directed anterodorsad (Fig. 8); spines at apex of femur longer than half femur width ............... ......................................... Thoreyella cornuta Berg, 1883