Enicospilus capensis (Thunberg, 1824)* Fig. 7

Ichneumon capensis Thunberg 1824: 262; holotype ♀, South Africa, ZIUU.

Ophion lativertex Taschenberg 1875: 435; holotype ♀, Java, FZLU; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 385).

Ophion antankarus Saussure 1892: 15; type ♂, Madagascar, MNHN; synonymised by Townes and Townes (1973: 174).

Henicospilus montinus Enderlein 1921: 21; holotype ♀, Java, IZPAN; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 385).

Henicospilus praedator Enderlein 1921: 28; holotype ♀, Madagascar, IZPAN; synonymised by Townes and Townes (1973: 175).

Henicospilus incarinatus Enderlein 1921: 30; holotype ♂, Madagascar, IZPAN; synonymised by Townes and Townes (1973: 175).

Henicospilus euxoae Wilkinson 1928: 261; holotype ♀, Zimbabwe, NHMUK, examined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1978: 143).

Enicospilus obnoxius Seyrig 1935: 75; lectotype ♀, Kenya, MNHN, designated by Townes and Townes (1973: 18); synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1978: 143).

Henicospilus yanagiharai Sonan 1940: 371; holotype ♂, Ryûkyû Island, TARI, examined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 385).

Enicospilus selvaraji Rao and Kurian 1950: 174, 178, 180, 188; nomen nudum.

Enicospilus selvaraji Rao and Kurian 1951: 68; holotype ♀, India, ZSI; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 385).

Enicospilus fossatus Chiu 1954: 63; holotype ♀, Malaysia, TARI, examined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 385).

Enicospilus indica Rao and Grover 1960: 280; holotype ♀, India, MUC, destroyed (cf. Gauld and Mitchell 1981: 385); synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 385).

Material examined.

66♀♀ 43♂♂ and 3 unsexed: Nepal (1♀), India (57♀♀ 41♂♂), Japan (1♂), Kenya (2♀♀ 1♂ and 1 unsexed), Madagascar (1♀ and 1 unsexed), Malaysia (1♀), Saudi Arabia (1 unsexed), South Africa (1♀), Uganda (2♀♀), Zimbabwe (1♀) .

Type series: holotype of Henicospilus yanagiharai Sonan, 1940, ♂, Kitadaitô-jima, Okinawa Pref., Ryûkyûs, Japan, 18.III.1939, M. Yanagihara leg. (TARI) ; holotype of Enicospilus fossatus Chiu, 1954, ♀, Jahore, Malaysia, 1.X.1916, J. Sonan leg. (TARI) ; holotype of Henicospilus euxoae Wilkinson, 1928, ♀, Salisbury, Zimbabwe, 31.XII.1927, J.I. Roberts leg. (from Euxoa) (NHMUK, Type 3b.1289) .

Non-type series: 1♀, Chitwan (200 m), Terai, Nepal, 12-13.III.1983. M.G. Allen leg. (Fig. 7) ; 1♀ 5♂♂, Coimbatore, India, III-IV.1935, P.S. Nathan leg.; 55♀♀ 36♂♂, Andhra Pradesh, Patancheru, India, I (26♀♀ 19♂♂), II (1♂), VII (1♀), IX (1♀), X (2♀♀), XI (7♀♀ 4♂♂), XII (18♀♀ 12♂♂).1980, Bhatnagar leg. (LT) (all NHMUK) ; 1♀, Agra, India, IX.1955, V.K. Gupta leg. (EMUS) ; 1 unsexed, Asir, Suda, Saudi Arabia, 5.VII.1962, G. Popoy leg. ; 1 unsexed, Bekily, Madagascar, VIII.1933, A. Seyrig leg. ; 1♀, Madagascar, XII.1920, A. Seyrig leg.; 2♀♀, Ruwenzori Range, Ibanda, Uganda, 20-21.VIII (1♀), 4-12.IX (1♀).1952, D.S. Fletcher leg.; 1♂, Nairobi, Kenya, 10-12.XII.1952, C.G.M. de Worms leg. ; 1♀, Kenya; 1♀ and 1 unsexed, Kabete, Kenya, III.1929, H.E. Box leg. (all NHMUK) ; 1♀, Grahamstown, South Africa, 10-12.III.1971, F. Gess leg. (CNC).

Distribution.

Afrotropical, Australasian, Oceanic, and Oriental regions (Yu et al. 2016). Newly recorded from Nepal.

Diagnosis.

Head (Fig. 7B-D): GOI = 1.5-2.0; lower face 0.8-1.0 × as wide as high; clypeus rather strongly convex in profile, its lower margin impressed; mandible weakly twisted by 10-20°, long, proximally tapered and distally parallel sided, its outer surface with a diagonal setose groove between its dorsoproximal corner and base of mandibular apical teeth; upper mandibular tooth 2.5-3.0 × as long as lower one; posterior ocellus separated from eye by 0.1-0.2 × its own maximum diameter; antenna with 44-66 flagellomeres and 20th flagellomere 1.6-2.0 × as long as wide.

Mesosoma (Fig. 7E): mesopleuron densely punctate, submatt to matt; scutellum with lateral longitudinal carinae reaching posterior end and convergent posteriorly; metapleuron densely punctate, submatt to matt; propodeum declivous, its posterior area moderately reticulate, outer margin of propodeal spiracle not joining pleural carina by a ridge.

Wings (Fig. 7F): fore wing with AI = 0.4-0.8, CI = 0.3-0.6, ICI = 0.4-0.6, SDI = 1.3-1.5; fore wing vein 1m-cu&M slightly sinuous, 2r&RS almost straight; fenestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 7F; fenestra of fore wing not long and its anterodistal corner distinctly separated from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite triangular, not confluent with distal one, strongly pigmented; central sclerite rather weakly to strongly pigmented and sclerotised, and ill-delineated oval to semicircular, positioned in antero- to mediodistal part of the fenestra; distal sclerite absent proximally and strong distally; proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing approximately uniformly setose; vein 1cu-a subinterstitial to antefurcal to M&RS by less than 0.3 × 1cu-a length.

Colour (Fig. 7): body including interocellar area entirely yellow- to red-brown; wings hyaline.

Differential diagnosis.

Enicospilus capensis is most similar to E. insularis and distinguished from it by the not clearly delineated central sclerite (Fig. 7F) (well delineated in E. insularis), but diagnostic characters for these species are not strongly supported and need more study. Enicospilus capensis also more or less resembles E. ramidulus, but distinguished from it by the densely punctate and submatt to matt meso- and metapleurae (Fig. 7E) (meso- and metapleurae moderately punctate and never submatt to matt in E. ramidulus).