Key to all species of the subgenus Ashima from China (males)

1. Arista not expanded apica ll y; a ll tibiae with 2 dark rings; 5th tarsomere of fore l eg without l ong seta apica ll y.............................................................................................................. 2

– Arista expanded apica ll y; a ll tibiae without dark rings; 5th tarsomere of fore l eg with 1 l ong seta apica ll y (Cao et a l. 2011, fig. 1D). ............................................................ 4

2. Vertica l process of gonopods narrow l y sc l erotized among margin; aedeaga l median rod not furcated dista ll y, with 2 sma ll projections (An et a l. 2015, figs 14, 15).. ................................................................................... qingsongi An and Chen in An et a l. 2015

– Vertica l process of gonopods sc l erotized dorsa ll y (Chen et a l. 2005b, figs 3, 4; Cheng et a l. 2008, fig. 3); aedeaga l median rod furcated or trifo l iated dista ll y. ... 3

3. Vertica l process of gonopods near l y symmetric dorsa ll y (Chen et a l. 2005b, figs 3, 4); aedeaga l median rod bifurcated dista ll y, with 1 bifurcated sc l erite (Chen et a l. 2005b, figs 3, 4)................... .................. afoliolata Chen and Toda in Chen et a l. 2005b

– Vertica l process of gonopods distinct l y asymmetric dorsta ll y (Cheng et a l. 2008, fig. 3); aedeaga l median rod trifo l iated dista ll y, with 2 sma ll sc l erites (Cheng et a l. 2008, fig. 3)...................... ..................... xishuangbanna Cheng and Chen in Cheng et a l. 2008

4. Sursty l us with prensisetae.............................................................................................................. 5

– Sursty l us without prensisetae....................................................................................................... 9

5. Hypandrium distinct l y asymmetric; aedeaga l outer membrane l acking spinu l es or processes (Chen et a l. 2005b, figs 17, 18).................................................................................... ............................................................................. glabra Chen and Toda in Chen et a l. 2005b

– Hypandrium near l y symmetrica l; aedeaga l outer membrane with spinu l es or processes. .............................................................................................................................................. 6

6. Vertica l process of gonopods near l y unsc l erotized; aedeaga l median rod apica ll y hooked, somewhat l ike anchor (Chen et a l. 2005b, fig. 32)................................................. ........................................................................... tanabei Chen and Toda in Chen et a l. 2005b

– Vertica l process of gonopods near l y entire l y sc l erotized apica ll y; aedeagus l acking sc l erotized median rod, with numerous spinu l es (Chen et a l. 2005b, fig. 23)........ 7

7. Arista with 1 (most l y) or 2 (occasiona ll y) dorsa l branches, and severa l spinu l es at tip (An et a l. 2015, fig. 7)............................... montipagana An and Chen in An et a l. 2015

– Arista with 2 dorsa l branches, and 1 or 3 spinu l es at tip................................................ 8

8. Paramere pointed apica ll y in l atera l view (Chen et a l. 2005b, fig. 23); arista with 1 media l spinu l e at tip (Chen et a l. 2005b, fig. 19)..................................................................... ............................................................................. spinosa Chen and Gao in Chen et a l. 2005b

– Paramere round apica ll y in l atera l view (Chen et a l. 2005a, fig. 4C); arista tip with 3 sma ll processes media ll y and l atera ll y (Chen et a l. 2005a, fig. 4A)................................... ........................................................................ longipenis Chen and Gao in Chen et a l. 2005a

9. Arista tip deep l y bifurcated apica ll y (Cheng et a l. 2008, fig. 4); aedeaga l median rod broken submedia ll y, aedeaga l median rod broken submedia ll y, and separated into 2 apica ll y pointed sc l erites; aedeaga l outer membrane with spinu l es (Cheng et a l. 2008, fig. 7)................................................. huiluoi Cheng and Chen in Cheng et a l. 2008

– Arista tip unbifurcated apica ll y; aedeaga l median rod desc l erotized, l acking sc l er- ites; aedeaga l outer membrane without spinu l es............................................................. 10

10. Vertica l process of gonopods comp l ete l y symmetrica l (Chen et a l. 2005b, fig. 27).. ..................................................................... symmetria Chen and Toda in Chen et a l. 2005b

– Vertica l process of gonopods asymmetrica l. ....................................................................... 11

11. Vertica l process of gonopods near l y triangu l ar.................................................................. 12

– Vertica l process of gonopods distinct l y separated into 2 sc l erotized processes posterior l y. .......................................................................................................................................... 15

12. Arista with 1 or 2 dorsa l branches basa ll y.......................................................................................... 1 3

– Arista without distinct l y dorsa l branches.............................................................................. 14

13. Arista micropubescent ventra ll y (Cheng et a l. 2008, fig. 19); expanded tip 3 times as wide as base (Cheng et a l. 2008, fig. 19)..................... speculum (Máca and Lin 1993)

– Arista l acking micropubescence ventra ll y (Cheng et a l. 2008, fig. 14); expanded tip as wide as base (Cheng et a l. 2008, fig. 14)................................................................................ .................................................................. pavriarista Cheng and Chen in Cheng et a l. 2008

14. Gonopods pointed and recurved apicomedia ll y (Chen et a l. 2005b, fig. 8)................. ............................................................... brachychaeta Chen and Toda in Chen et a l. 2005b

– Gonopods rounded apicomedia ll y (Cheng et a l. fig. 11)....................................................... ................................................................... nudiarista Cheng and Chen in Cheng et a l. 2008

15. Arista basa ll y without distinct dorsa l branches.................................................................. 16

– Arista basa ll y with 1 – 3 distinct dorsa l branches................................................................ 19

16. Arista l tip broadened, the width is 2/3 of the l ength (Chen et a l. 2005a, fig. 3A); paramere strong l y curved dista ll y (Chen et a l. 2005a, fig. 3D)........................................... .................................................................... saltiaristula Chen and Wen in Chen et a l. 2005a

– Arista l tip narrow, navicu l ar; paramere s l ight l y curved dista ll y................................... 17

17. Both l atera l l obes of the vertica l process of gonopods pointed and curved, the anterior projection on right side not bifurcated (An et a l. 2015, fig. 5)......................... ............................................................................................ haba An and Chen in An et a l. 2015

– Latera l l obes of vertica l process of gonopods not pointed, the anterior projection on right side bifurcated. ............................................................................................................... 18

18. One of the two anterior projections on the right l atera l l obe of gonopods serrated (Chen et a l. 2005b, figs 12, 13)... foliisetoides Chen and Toda in Chen et a l. 2005b;

– One of the two anterior projections on the right l atera l l obe of gonopods not serrated (Chen et a l. 2005a, fig. 2C)................................................................................................ ................................................................. sagittaristula Chen and Wen in Chen et a l. 2005a

19. Left l atera l l obe of vertica l process of gonopods l acking projection (Figure 2 (d)). 20

– Left l atera l l obe of vertica l process of gonopods with projection (Figures 1 (d), 3 (d)). ......................................................................................................................................................... 21

20. Two l atera l l obes of vertica l process of gonopods near l y equa l in size (Tsacas and Okada 1983, fig. 4)............................................ ........................................... foliiseta Duda 1923

– Left l atera l l obe of vertica l process of gonopods more e l ongated than the right (Figure 2 (d))........................................................................................................... yalianae sp. nov.

21. Arista most l y with 2 dorsa l branches subbasa ll y (Figure 1 (a)); vertica l process of gonopods submedia ll y with 1 rod- l ike process on l eft side (Figure 1 (d), pr l), and 1 near l y triangu l ar process on right side (Figure 1 (d, e), pr r)..................... libo sp. nov.

– Arista with 3 distinct dorsa l branches basa ll y (Figure 3 (a)); vertica l process of the l eft side of gonopods bifurcated posterior l y, l acking process on right side (Figure 3 (d), pr l)............................................................. ............................................................ yiqini sp. nov.