Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug, 1816)

Tenthredo (Allantus) testudinea Klug, 1816: 60 . Holotype “ ♀ ” (recte ♂, GBIF-GISHym2459 https://doi.org/10.6084/ m9.figshare.4772152), in ZMHUB. Type locality: Gartz (Germany).

Additional description. Body length: 6.0–8.0mm. Clypeus narrowly and deeply emarginate. Pale body colour orange-brown. Wing venation black, except for extreme bases of wings, and pale pterostigma apex. Legs entirely pale. Female: Valvula 3 black. Lancet: Fig. 87. Male: penis valve: Fig. 106.

Total number of specimens examined: 21.

Similar species. Most closely resembles Hoplocampa brevis, with which it shares the same hosts. See under brevis, above.

Life history. Host plants: Malus spp., particularly cultivated M. domestica (e.g. Boevé et al. 1996), but also M. sylvestris in semi-natural vegetation types (e.g. Liston, personal observations in southern Scotland). Mentions of M. pumila as a host (e.g. Burgart et al. 2016) seem to involve cultivated varieties more usually referred to as M. domestica . Pyrus communis is apparently a rarely used, secondary host (Stritt 1943). Biology: Miles (1932), Velbinger (1939), Roberti (1948b), Boevé et al. (1997), Lennartsson (2012).

Distribution. Southern, Central and Northern Europe, including the British Isles; North to Denmark, Sweden, and Finland (Taeger et al. 2006), with a single Norwegian record from Oslo (Velbinger 1939); Caucasus (Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1995), Turkey, Transcaucasus, introduced to North America (Lacourt 1999). In contrast to brevis, testudinea reaches higher levels of abundance in cooler, more northern regions (Velbinger 1939).

Occurrence in Sweden: published records: Skåne (Thomson 1871, Neupane 2013), Småland (Velbinger 1939), Västmanland (Thomsen 1929), Gästrikland (Gävle, ca. 60.7°N) (Lindblom 1938). In recent years, testudinea has caused serious damage to organically-grown apple crops in many countries, including Sweden (Sjöberg et al. 2015).

Material examined: Skåne, Östergötland, Uppland.

Specimens examined. Germany: 9♀ 7♂, 01.05–16.06; Baden-Wuerttemberg; Bavaria; Brandenburg (DEI-GISHym11132, 31790); Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; Saxony (SDEI, ZSM) . * Greece: 1♀ 1♂ (DEI-GIS- Hym 83547), Platania, Volos, 350 m asl, + 39.80000°N + 23.16000°E, 21.04.2010 and 17.04.2010, leg. K. Stand- fuss (SDEI) . Sweden: Uppland; 1♀ (NHRS-HEVA000003422), Stockholm, Experimentalfältet, Norra Djurgår- den, + 59.36820°N + 18.05510°E, 20.05.1917, leg. Tullgren (NHRS) . Switzerland: 1♀ (ZSM) .