Infectious intimacy and contaminated caves-three new species of ectoparasitic fungi (Ascomycota: Laboulbeniales) from blaniulid millipedes (Diplopoda: Julida) and inferences about their transmittal mechanisms Author Enghoff, Henrik Author Santamaria, Sergi text Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2015 New York, N. Y. 2015-03-22 15 2 249 263 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0208-8 journal article 10.1007/s13127-015-0208-8 1618-1077 13172267 Troglomyces triandrus The host of T. triandrus is Archiboreoiulus pallidus (Brade-Birks, 1920) (length 9–15 mm , diameter 0.4–0.7 mm). It is quite widespread in Europe, from northern Spain to Scandinavia and east to southern Russia , and has been introduced to North America (Kime and Enghoff in prep.). It is a soil animal which performs vertical annual migrations ( Biernaux and Baurant 1964 ). The life cycle of A. pallidus has not been studied in detail but by comparison with the closely related Blaniulus guttulatus (Fabricius, 1798) (see Brookes and Willoughby 1978 ), with which A. pallidus frequently co-occurs, postembryonic development probably takes several years. A. pallidus is often found in sites heavily influenced by human activities, including parks, gardens and agricultural land where it can be a minor pest on crops such as sugar beets ( Pierrard and Biernaux 1974 ). Much of its wide distribution is probably due to anthropochory. It is usually not very abundant, but there are exceptions: Lohmander (1925) reported it as common in the Gothenburg region of Sweden , and it is abundant in some parts of Belgium ( Breny and Biernaux 1966 ; Kime 2004 ). All-female, presumably parthenogenetic populations of A. pallidus have been found in Sweden and Finland ( Lohmander 1925 ; Palmén 1949 ), Russia ( Prisnyi 2001 ) and Canada ( Kevan 1983 ). The genus Archiboreoiulus includes two species: A. pallidus and A. sollaudi Brolemann, 1921 .