Two new species of Mycodrosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) proposed by molecular and morphological approaches, with a key to American species Author Junges, João Programa de Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil Author Gottschalk, Marco Silva Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil Author Loreto, Elgion Lucio da Silva Programa de Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil Author Robe, Lizandra Jaqueline Programa de Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil & Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil text Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 2016 Rev. Bras. Entomol. 2015-12-14 60 1 30 39 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2015.11.008 journal article 291955 10.1016/j.rbe.2015.11.008 7fb7d7a7-12a8-4c18-b766-fb624b200b4b 1806-9665 10664727 Mycodrosophila valentae sp. nov. ( Figs. 4D–F , 5B , 6B , 9A–E ) Type material. HOLOTYPE : ♂ , labeled: “ Brasil , RS. Capão do Leão. Horto Botânico Irmão Teodoro Luis – UFPel. 31 ◦ 46 Ɩ 02.05 ƖƖ S, 52 ◦ 26 Ɩ 55.34 ƖƖ W, Blauth, M.L. and Valer, F. col. 29.04.2011 / M. valentae sp. nov. Junges, Gottschalk, Loreto and Robe, ♂ Holótipo ” . PARATYPES : 3 ♂ , labeled: “Brasil, RS. Capão do Leão.Horto Botânico Irmão Teodoro Luis – UFPel. 31 ◦ 46 Ɩ 02.05 ƖƖ S, 52 ◦ 26 Ɩ 55.34 ƖƖ W, Blauth, M.L.and Valer, F. col. 29.04.2011 / M. valentae sp. nov. Junges, Gottschalk, Loreto and Robe ♂ Parátipo ”. All the specimens ( holotype and paratypes ) had their post-abdomen disarticulated and the terminalia mounted on slides with Canada balsam . Type locality: Horto Botânico Irmão Teodoro Luis , Campus of Universidade Federal de Pelotas , Capão do Leão city, Rio Grande do Sul State , Brazil (31 ◦ 46 Ɩ 02.05 ƖƖ S, 52 ◦ 26 Ɩ 55.34 ƖƖ W) . Diagnosis: Main color dark brown, notum dark brown and pleurae brownish yellow ( Fig. 4D and E ). Abdomen with dark brown bands covering tergites 2–6, tergite 4 with a pale central area as in M. projectans ( Fig. 5B ). Wing bearing two clouded bands below each costal vein breaks ( Fig. 6B ). The aedeagus has a tubular form with tiny scales around it, being apically bifurcated and slightly serrated ( Fig. 9C–E ). Male description Head ( Fig.4F ):Frons dark brown with a median area light brown. Frontal length = 0.29 mm ( 0.29–0.30 mm ); frontal index = 0.97 (0.96–1.00), frontal tapering ratio = 1.35 (1.30–1.48), length ratios of orbital setae: or2/or1 = 0.20 (0.12–0.29), or2/or3 = 0.21 (0.12–0.38), or1/or3 = 1.05 (0.82–1.3), vt index = 0.99 (0.77–1.15), ocellar triangle dark brown about 35% (29–40%) of frontal length. Face dark brown, facial carina proeminent and nose like. Antennae dark brown, aristae with 4 or 5 dorsal, 1 ventral and 4 internal branches, plus terminal fork; flagellomere I width to length ratio = 0.44 (0.41–0.47). Palpi dark brown. Red eyes without pile. Genae brown, vibrissal index = 0.27 (0.16–0.33); cheek index = 9.00 (5.00–13.00); eye index = 1.12 (1.05–1.26). Thorax ( Fig.4D and E ):Main color dark brown. Length = 0.95 mm (0.92–1.00 mm), width = 0.72 mm ( 0.69–0.77 mm ). Ten irregular rows of acrostichals, anterior pair of dorsocentral setae absent, distance between posterior dorsocentral = 0.34 mm ( 0.28–0.36 mm ), no prescutellar setae. Scutellum dark brown. Basal scutellar setae convergent. Scut index = 0.41 (0.36–0.51), scut position index = 0.63 (0.41–0.82). Two prominent katepisternal setae, sterno index = 0.54 (0.47–0.59). Pleurae brownish yellow. Halter dark brown. Legs brownish yellow. Wing ( Fig. 6B ): Yellow with veins dark yellowish, bearing clouded bands below the two costal vein breaks, extending dorso-ventrally. Length = 2.26 mm ( 2.17–2.33 mm ). Indices: wing index = 2.39 (2.17–2.81); C = 0.84 (0.80–0.87); ac = 5.40 (5.06–5.86); 4v = 1.90 (1.81–1.97); 5x = 1.42 (1.25–1.61); 4C = 1.78 (1.64–1.86); M = 0.48 (0.45–0.50); hb = 0.76 (0.72–0.79); prox. x = 0.52 (0.47–0.54). Abdomen ( Fig. 5B ): Tergites 2, 6 dark brown, only tergite 4 with an anterior and medial pale area. Body length: 2.36 mm ( 2.12–2.61 mm ). Terminalia ( Fig. 9 ): Epandrium ( Fig. 9A ) highly microtrichose, with 11 upper bristles. Ventral lobe not microtrichose, with 10 large bristles. Cerci microtrichose, bearing large bristles, not fused to epandrium. Decasternum as in Fig. 9A . Surstyli with 6 peglike prensisetae, 4 inner and 3 outer setae. Hypandrium ( Fig. 9B ) longer than wide, v-shaped. Gonopods fused to hypandrium, longer than wider, with one long seta. Aedeagus tubular with tiny scales in the medial half, projected anteriorly, with the tip turned to the dorsal region. Apex of aedeagus bifurcated, with marginal small spines and a jagged aspect. Aedeagal apodeme shorter than aedeagus. Ventral rod projected and fused with the posteromedian margin of the hypandrium. Paraphyses linked to the aedeagal apodeme by membranous tissue and containing three tiny setulae internally. Fig. 9. Male terminalia of M. valentae sp. nov. holotype. (A) Epandrium, cerci, surstyli and decasternum, posterior view; (B) hypandrium and gonopods, posterior view; (C–E) aedeagus, aedeagal apodeme and paraphyses, respectively in ventral, dorsal and lateral views. In A, arrow indicates decasternum position. Bar = 0.1 mm. Female unknown. Etymology: The epithet is a genitive patronym to honor the Brazilian drosophilist Vera Lúcia da Silva Valente, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul . Geographic distribution: M. valentae sp. nov. seems to be widely distributed in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul ( Fig. 8 ). Until now, this species was collected in the municipalities of Capão do Leão (31 ◦ 46 Ɩ 02.05 ƖƖ S; 52 ◦ 26 Ɩ 55.34 ƖƖ W), Santa Maria (29 ◦ 43 Ɩ 02 ƖƖ S; 53 ◦ 43 Ɩ 34 ƖƖ W), Rio Grande (32 ◦ 32 Ɩ 18.28 ƖƖ S; 52 ◦ 32 Ɩ 6.74 ƖƖ W) and Viamão, RS, Brazil (30 ◦ 05 Ɩ 17 ƖƖ S; 51 ◦ 06 Ɩ 07 ƖƖ W). Ecological notes: This species is common in Southern Brazil , where specimens of the type series were sampled flying over mushrooms of an unidentified Polyporaceae .