Procrangonyx, Schellenberg, 1934

Juberthie, Christian, Sidorov, Dimitri, Decu, Vasile, Mikhaljova, Elena & Semenchenko, Ksenia, 2016, Subterranean fauna from Siberia and Russian Far East, Ecologica Montenegrina 7, pp. 507-529 : 519-525

Genus Procrangonyx .

- P. primoryensis , described from a subterranean spring in the cellar of house of Igor Z. Parpura some 200 m from the Yedinka river, and found again in wells in the Yedinka and Samarga river basins, NW of the Sikhote-Alin Mountain ridge (fig. 9).

Two other Procrangronyx inhabite subterranean waters in Japan ( P. japonicus ) and in north of China ( P. limpidus ) ( Stock & Jo, 1990; Sidorov, 2010).

Note: - Procrangronyx stygoedincus described from a well in the Yedinka River basin is a junior synonym of P. primoryensis (Sidorov & Barabanshchikov, 2010) .

Eusiridae

Family mainly marine, known in the Palaearctic and in the Australian regions. Two stygomorphic species of the endemic sub-genus Ganigamoera were described from subterranean waters of the southeastern part of the Sikhote-Alin Mountain ridge:

- Paramoera (Ganigamoera) myslenkovi , wells and hyporheic in the Kievka River basin,

- P. (G.) tiunovi , from a spring in the Solontsovaya River basin.

Ecol. Mont., 7, 2016, 507-529 519

SYNCARIDA

Bathynellidae

Three species of Bathynella were found (Birstein & Ljovuchkin, 1967):

- B. arsenjevi from Primorsky-Velikan cave, right bank of the Malaza River, tributary of the Suchan, near Vladivostok,

- B. glacialis from the Ledjanaka ice-cave, Samara basin, Khabarovsk district,

- B. gregaria from Makrushinska cave, near Olga Bay and Vesely Yar.

HYDRACHNIDIA

Twenty two species of interstitial Hydrachnidia and one species from the phalanx Stygothrombidia are known from the Far East. Most of them distributed on the south of the region, three Wandesia species are found only in Magadan or Chukchi Autonomous area .

Aturidae

- Albaxona lunata , Aturus insolitus , A. similis from groundwaters of Primory Krai.

Chappuisididae

- Chappuisides orientalis , Uchidastygacarus primoryensis from groundwaters of Primory Krai.

Feltriidae

- F. aculeata , F. cornuta rossica , F. japonica from groundwaters of Primory Krai.

Frontipodopsidae

- Frontipodopsis cuspidata , interstitial, the Tigrovaya River, the Partizanskay River basin, Primory Krai. Hygrobatidae

- Atractides kotoensis , interstitial, Primory Krai.

Momoniidae

- Stygomomonia manchurica , interstitial, Primory Krai.

Stygothrombiidae

- Stygothrombium orientalis , interstitial, the Komarovka River, Ussuri National Park, Primory Krai. Thyadidae

- Amerothyasella tiunovae , interstitial of a small brook, near the Tartar Strait coast, Khabarovsk Krai. Torrenticolidae

- Monatractides abei , Torrenticola kimichungi , T. nipponica , from groundwaters of Primory Krai. Wandesiidae

- Wandesia arctica , interstitial, Primory Krai, Khabarovsk Krai, Amurskaya Area, Magadan area, Chukchi Autonomous area ,

- W. morozovensis , interstitial, Morosov brook, tributary of the Kontactovy brook, Magadan area,

- W. multiseta , interstitial, the Kulu river , Magadan area ,

- W. polyseta , interstitial, the Anadyr river, Chukchi Autonomous area,

- W. rara , interstitial, Primory Krai,

- W. reducta , interstitial, Primory Krai, Jewish Autonomous area, Amurskaya area , Magadan area ,

- W. sokolowi , interstitial, Primory Krai.

OPILIONES

Sabaconidae

- Taracus birsteini , from the Bely Dvorec cave near Suchan, troglobiont. The genus Taracus is North American.

DIPLOPODA

Previously the review of cavernicolous diplopods of the Far East by Elena Mikhaljova (1997) only two millipede species, troglophile or trogloxene, were known from the Maritime Province (=Primory Krai): the Polydesmidae Epanerchodus polymorphus from Yuzhnaya cave, Dalnegorsk District ( Mikhaljova, 1993), and the Xystodesmidae Levizonus thaumasius from the Khrebtovyi grotto, Partizansk District ( Lokshina & Golovatch, 1977).

According to Mikhaljova (1997, 2004) ten strictly determined millipede species have been encountered in the karstic caves of the Russian Far East, lying within the Sikhote-Alin Karstic Region. All species are

520 troglophile at best. No troglobiont have been recorded.

Diplomaragnidae

- Diplomaragnidae gen. sp., only larvae and females have been collected in the Barbarisovaya cave, Kedrovaya Pad Reserve, the Bogataya Fanza cave, Khasan District, and in the Sadovaya cave, Dalnegorsk District. Based on these specimens, it appears impossible to attribute this material not only to a definite species but even to a genus, because the erstwhile Diplomaragna has just been split into several genera. They do not represent true cave-dwellers.

Polyzoniidae

- Angarozonium bonum from the Kolonok cave, Ussuriyskii Reserve ; first time found in a cave, this species is common in forests of the Maritime Province .

Julidae

- Anaulaciulus golovatchi , from Bogataya Fanza cave , Khasan District ; Skazka cave , Kedrovaya Pad Reserve ; Drakon and Fakel Entuziastov caves, Shkotovo District ; Kolonok cave , Ussuriyskii Reserve. This species is distributed in various types of forest in the central and southern Maritime Province and in North Korea .

- Pacifiiulus amurensis found in a cave near Izvestkovyi spring, Kedrovaya Pad Reserve, Lisya cave, Partizansk District, Spyashchaya Krasavitsa cave, Ussuriyskii Reserve. This species inhabits forest biotopes in the Southern Siberia and in the southern Far East; it has also been recorded in Northeast China.

Mongoliulidae

- Kopidoiulus continentalis Golovatch , troglophile species known from ten caves in Maritime Province : Bliznets , Dalnaya , Kuznetsovskaya , Lisya , Malenkaya , Skvoznaya caves, Partizansk district ; Drakon and Fakel Entuziastov caves, Shkotovo District ; Kolonok cave , Ussuriyskii Reserve ; Medvezhya cave , Anuchino District. Widespread in the southern part of the Maritime Province in litter and the uppermost soil strata of various forest types; juveniles can occur to 50 cm soil depth. Recorded also in north-eastern China ( Murakami, 1990). In Japan the genus Kopidoiulus has true troglobionts.

- Kopidoiulus khasanicus , described from Bogataya Fanza cave, Khasan District, Gryaznaya cave, Kedrovaya Pad Reserve, and from litter of Abies holophylla forest. Eyes absent, body beige, antennae and legs pale.

- Skleroprotopus coreanus , one of the most common and abundant species in forests of the southern Russian Far East. The species is widespread all over Korea. Known from 10 caves in the Maritime Province: Priiskovaya cave, Anuchino District; Belyi Parus cave, Dalnegorsk District; Krabbe cave, Khasan District; Mecha Speleologa, Bliznets, Kabarga, Skvoznaya, Malenkaya caves, Partizansk District; Drakon, Fakel Entuziastov cave, Shkotovo District; Spyashchaya Krasavitsa cave, Ussuriyskii Reserve. Colouration of cave-dwelling specimens is dark brown to pale beige.

Xystodesmidae

- Levizonus thaumasius (Attems) , from Khrebtovyi grotto, Partizansk District . This species is common and abundant in the southern part of Maritime Province .

- Levizonus sp. The only female found in the Barbarisovaya cave, Khasan District, cannot determined to species, although it seems to actually belong to L. thaumasius .

Paradoxosomatidae

- Sichotanus eurygaster , first record in caves: Bliznets, Dalnaya, Mechta Speleologa, Skvoznaya caves, Partizansk District; Izvestkovaya cave, Khasan District; Kolonok cave, Ussuriyskii Reserve; and Serebryanaya cave, Shkotovo District. Mostly epigean, common throughout the south of Russian Far East, North Korea and Northeast China.

Polydesmidae

- Epanerchodus koreanus , found in the Bogataya Fanza and Skazka caves, Khasan District; Serebryanaya cave, Shkotovo District. The species is widespread outside of caves in southern Maritime Province, southern Japan, Korea, and known from some Korean caves.

- E. polymorphus , widespread in southern part of the Maritime Province; it has also been recorded in North Korea. Found in the Barbarisovaya, Gryaznaya, Izvestkovaya caves, Kedrovaya Pad Reserve; Belyi Parus and Yuzhnaya caves, Dalnegorsk District; Dalnaya and Mechta Speleologa caves, Partizansk District; Kolonok cave, Ussuriyskii Reserve; Medvezhya cave, Anuchino District; Tirol cave, Khasan District.

Ecol. Mont., 7, 2016, 507-529 521

TRICLADIDA

Planariidae

* Phagocata coarctata Arndt, 1922

Polycelis (Polycelis) elongata ( Zabusova, 1929)

Polycelis (P.) eurantron Zabusova, 1936

Polycelis (P.) karafto Ijima & Kaburaki, 1916

Polycelis (P.) polyopis Zabusova, 1936

Polycelis (Seidlia) relicta ( Zabusova, 1929)

Polycelis (Sorocelides) eudendrocoeloides Zabusova, 1936 GASTROPODA

Amnicolidae

* Saganoa sp.

Hydrobiidae

* Moria sp.

COPEPODA

Cyclopidae

Acanthocyclops bisetosus (Rehberg, 1880)

Acanthocyclops vernalis (Fischer, 1853)

* Acanthocyclops orientalis Borutzky, 1966

Eucyclops serrulatus (Fischer 1851)

Canthocamptidae

Bryocamptus zschokkei caucasicus Borutzky, 1960 * Epactophanoides udegeicus Borutzky, 1966

OSTRACODA

* Nannocandona schornikovi Karanovic, Sidorov & Marmonier, 2015 Schellencandona cf. tea Karanovic & Lee, 2012

SYNCARIDA

Bathynellidae

* Bathynella arsenjevi Birstein & Ljovuschkin, 1967

* Bathynella glacialis Birstein & Ljovuschkin, 1967

* Bathynella gregaria Birstein & Ljovuschkin, 1967

ISOPODA

Asellidae

Asellus hilgendorfii Bovallius, 1886

* Asellus primoryensis Birstein & Levanidov, 1952

* Sibirasellus dentifer ( Birstein & Levanidov,1952)

Janiridae

* Mackinia continentalis Birstein & Ljovuschkin, 1965 AMPHIPODA

Crangonyctidae

* Amurocrangonyx arsenjevi ( Derzhavin, 1927)

* Stygobromus mikhaili Sidorov et al., 2010

* Synurella stadukhini Derzhavin, 1927

Pseudocrangonyctidae

* Procrangonyx primoryensis Stock & Young Won Jo, 1990 * Pseudocrangonyx birsteini Labay, 1999

* Pseudocrangonyx bohaensis ( Derzhavin, 1927)

..continued on the next page

522

* Pseudocrangonyx camtschaticus Birstein, 1955

* Pseudocrangonyx elenae Sidorov, 2011

* Pseudocrangonyx febras Sidorov, 2009

* Pseudocrangonyx holsingeri Sidorov & Gontcharov, 2013 * Pseudocrangonyx korkishkoorum Sidorov, 2006

* Pseudocrangonyx levanidovi Birstein, 1955

* Pseudocrangonyx relicta Labay, 1999

* Pseudocrangonyx susunaensis Labay, 1999

* Pseudocrangonyx sympatricus Sidorov & Gontcharov, 2013 * Pseudocrangonyx tiunovi Sidorov & Gontcharov, 2013

Eusiridae

* Paramoera (G.) myslenkovi Sidorov, 2010

* Paramoera (G.) tiunovi Sidorov, 2010

HYDRACHNIDIA

Aturidae

Albaxona lunata Kim & Chung, 1996

* Aturus insolitus Semenchenko & Tuzovskij, 2011

Chappuisididae

* Chappuisides orientalis Semenchenko, 2016

* Uchidastygacarus primoryensis Semenchenko, 2010

Feltriidae

* Feltria aculeata Tuzovskij & Semenchenko, 2009

Feltria cornuta rossica Tuzovskij & Semenchenko, 2009

* Feltria japonica Imamura, 1954

Frontipodopsidae

* Frontipodopsis cuspidata Semenchenko, 2016

Hygrobatidae

* Atractides kotoensis Imamura, 1983

Momoniidae

* Stygomomonia manchurica Semenchenko, 2008

Stygothrombiidae

* Stygothrombium orientalis Tuzovskij, 2010

Thyadidae

* Amerothyasella tiunovae Semenchenko, 2010

Torrenticolidae

Monatractides abei Pešić, Semenchenko & Lee, 2013

Torrenticola kimichungi Pešić, Semenchenko & Lee, 2013

Torrenticola nipponica (Enami, 1940)

Wandesiidae

* Wandesia arctica Tuzovskij, 1988

* Wandesia morozovensis Tuzovskij, 1987

* Wandesia multiseta Tuzovskij, 1987

* Wandesia polyseta Tuzovskij, 1982

* Wandesia rara Tuzovskij, 1990

* Wandesia reducta Tuzovskij, 1987

..continued on the next page

Ecol. Mont., 7, 2016, 507-529

523

* Wandesia sokolowi Semenchenko, 2016

OPILIONES

Sabaconidae

* Taracus birsteini Ljovuschkin, 1971

DIPLOPODA

Diplomaragnidae

Diplomaragnidae gen. sp.

Julidae

Anaulaciulus golovatchi Mikhaljova, 1982

Pacifiiulus amurensis (Gerstfeldt, 1859)

Mongoliulidae

Kopidoiulus continentalis Golovatch, 1979

Kopidoiulus khasanicus Mikhaljova, 1996

Skleroprotopus coreanus Pockock, 1909

Paradoxosomatidae

Sichotanus eurygaster Attems, 1898

Polydesmidae

Epanerchodus polymorphus Mikhaljova & Golovatch, 1981 Epanerchodus koreanus Verhoeff, 1937

Polyzoniidae

Angarozonium bonum (Mikhaljova, 1979)

Xystodesmidae

Levizonus sp.

COLLEMBOLA

Hypogastruridae

* Typhlogastrura korenevskyi Babenko, 1987 * Typhlogastrura thibaudi Babenko, 1994

DIPLURA

Campodeidae

* Pacificampa birsteini Chevrisov, 1978

* Pacificampa caesa Chevrisov, 1978

* Plutocampa amurensis Chevrisov, 1978

* Plutocampa methoria Chevrisov, 1978

* Plutocampa mica Chevrisov, 1978

* Plutocampa paurochaeta Chevrisov, 1978

* Plutocampa speophila Chevrisov, 1978

* Stilicampa tiunovi Chevrisov, 1986

COLEOPTERA

Leiodidae

* Fusi nyujwa Perkovsky, 1989

ORTHOPTERA

Raphidophoridae

Diestrammena japonica Blatchley, 1969

Diestrammena unicolour Brunner-Wattenwyl, 1888 Tachycines (T.) boldyrevi Uvarov, 1938

PSOCOPTERA

Psyllipsocidae

Psyllipsocus ramburii Selys-Longchamps, 1872

524 The cave millipede fauna of Siberia is hitherto practically unknown. Only a single specimen of Diplomaragna from Irkutsk Area was published by Kniss (1991). However, this publication contains a taxonomic error. In addition, the record requires confirmation in the light of new taxonomic knowledge .

COLLEMBOLA

Hypogastruridae

Two troglobitic species, Typhlogastrura korenevskyi and T. thibaudi , were described of the Far East.

DIPLURA

Campodeidae

Several troglobionts were described by Chevrisov (1978, 1986): two Pacificampa , five Plutocampa and one Stilicampa (see Table 2).

COLEOPTERA

Leiodidae

The troglobiont Cholevini Fusi nyujwa was desribed by Perkovsky (1989), known from the Bely Dvorec cave of Primory Krai ( Fresneda et al., 2011) (see Table 2).

CHIROPTERA

Nine species of bats are found in the caves of the Far East and six in the Sakhalin Island caves.

4 Conclusions

The Russian subterranean fauna of Siberia and Far East distributes amongst 3 zoogeographic groups:

- Centre-Asiatic taxa (Japanese): Asellidae and Janiridae , anophthalmes and unpigmented, recorded from the subterranean waters of the eastern part of the Ussury basin; Sibirasellus dentifer and S. parpurae , relationship with the Nipponasellus from Japan; Asellus primoriensis , strong related to the epigean A. hilgendorfii ; and Mackinia continentalis . Among the terrestrial taxa, Diestrammena unicolour and D. japonica ( Orthoptera , Rhapidophoridae). This group of troglobionts and troglophiles inhabite the Japanese caves.

- Autochtonous and endemic Far East taxa: Epactophanoides udegeicus ( Copepoda, Harpacticoida ), Pacificampa birsteini and P. caesa ( Diplura, Campodeidae ), Amurocrangonyx arsenjevi ( Amphipoda ).

- Widespread old taxa: the troglobiont Taracus birsteini ( Opiliones ), the troglophile Psyllipsocus ramburii (Psocoptera) , and the stygobionts Bathynella gregaria , B. arsenjevi (Syncarida) , Synurella stadukhini , Pseudocrangonyx and Procrangonyx primoryensis ( Amphipoda ).