Pogonomyrmex longibarbis, Gallardo, 1931

Johnson, Robert A., 2021, A taxonomic revision of South American species of the seed-harvester ant genus Pogonomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Part II, Zootaxa 5033 (1), pp. 1-230 : 111-118

Pogonomyrmex longibarbis

( Figures 3A–B , 10C , 52–55 )

Distribution—51B

Pogonomyrmex longibarbis Gallardo, 1931: 185 , fig. 1 (worker). Syntypes examined: 3 workers [MACN]. ARGENTINA, Territory of the Andes: Antofalla, 3600 m, #1556 (Weiser leg., 3 March 1923). See also Gallardo, 1932: 164, fig. 44; Kusnezov, 1951: 275, fig. 12b. MACN worker here designated LECTOTYPE [CASENT0281103].

Worker diagnosis. Workers of this species are uniquely characterized by the following combination of features: (1) striae extend over anterior two-thirds or more of medial portion of first gastral tergum, posterolateral margins smooth and shining to moderately coriarious, weakly shining, (2) for most to all workers in a series, rugae on dorsum of promesonotum well defined, very regular and continuous, lacking short lateral branches; longitudinal rugae on mesonotum diverging toward humeral shoulders of pronotum; anterodorsal margin of pronotum with one to several straight, strong, continuous, transverse rugae, (3) superior propodeal spines consist of short, acuminate triangular teeth to short spines; inferior propodeal spines shorter than to as tall as superior spines; keel connecting superior propodeal spines well developed, (4) rugae between frontal lobes subparallel-parallel, medial rugae usually continuing onto frontal triangle, (5) head and mesosoma mostly concolorous ferruginous orange to light orangishblack, mesosoma sometimes slightly darker than head ( Figures 10C , 52 ).

Measurements — lectotype (n = 13 + 1 paralectotype). HL 1.47 (1.46–1.79); HW 1.59 (1.42–1.79); MOD 0.36 (0.35–0.46); OMD 0.39 (0.34–0.46); SL 1.15 (1.11–1.44); PNW 1.05 (1.00–1.26); HFL 1.58 (1.42–1.90); ML 1.87 (1.70–2.20); PW 0.37 (0.35–0.46); PPW 0.53 (0.51–0.66). Indices: SI 72.33 (70.18–80.28); CI 108.16 (97.26–109.04); OI 22.64 (21.24–28.00); HFI 99.37 (90.12–103.66).

Redescription. Head subquadrate to quadrate (CI = 97.26–109.04); posterior margin flat to weakly convex in full-face view. Longitudinal ruge on cephalic dorsum prominent, rugae between frontal lobes subparallel-parallel, medial rugae usually continuing onto frontal triangle. Interrugae on cephalic dorsum moderately to strongly granulate, dull to weakly shining; posterior corners rugose, interrugae smooth and shining, occasionally moderately granulate-punctate, dull to weakly shining. Anterior margin of clypeus moderately concave, dorsum with numerous subparallel, longitudinal rugae. Numerous long, curved, bristle-like, cream to light yellowish hairs project from anterior margin of clypeus and basolateral margin of mandibles. Mandibles with six teeth, rarely seven; mandibular dorsum coarsely rugose. MOD ranging from 0.22–0.28× HL. In profile, eyes situated slightly anterior to middle of head, OMD = 0.81–1.14× MOD. In full-face view, eyes protruding slightly beyond lateral margins of head. Antennal scapes (SI = 70.18–80.28) failing to reaching posterior corners of head by width of basal funicular segment. Antennal scapes usually weakly to moderately striate, interstriae weakly to moderately granulate-punctate, weakly shining to smooth and shining; basal flange well developed with carinate margin. Psammophore well developed.

Mesosomal profile flat to weakly convex; all mesosomal surfaces with prominent widely spaced, subparallelparallel rugae. For most to all workers in a series, rugae on dorsum of promesonotum well defined, very regular and continuous, lacking short lateral branches; longitudinal rugae on mesonotum diverging toward humeral shoulders of pronotum; anterodorsal margin of pronotum with one to several straight, strong, continuous, transverse rugae that continue onto pronotal sides. In dorsal view, humeral shoulders of pronotum enlarged, strongly angulate. Promesonotal suture absent to weakly impressed. Regular to weakly regular rugae on mesopleura angle posterodorsally; transverse rugae on dorsum of propodeum traverse ventrally or anteroventrally on sides. Superior propodeal spines consist of short, acuminate triangular teeth to short, acuminate spines, length <0.3× the distance between their bases; keel connecting superior propodeal spines well developed; rugae on propodeum transverse to oblique, occasionally longitudinal. Inferior propodeal spines wider than high, triangular, tips broadly rounded to subacuminate, height shorter than to as long as superior spines. Propodeal spiracles narrowly ovate facing posterad. Interrugae on mesosoma moderately to strongly granulate-punctate, dull to weakly shining. Legs weakly to moderately coriarious, weakly shining to smooth and shining.

Peduncle of petiole approximately 0.8× as long as petiolar node, anteroventral margin with a poorly developed broadly rounded process to well developed triangular process with broadly rounded tip. In profile, posterior surface of petiolar node weakly convex; petiolar node asymmetrical with anterior surface shorter than posterior surface, apex angulate to weakly rounded. In dorsal view, petiolar node longer than wide, widest immediately posterior to spatulate anterior margin. Posterior surface of petiolar node with transverse rugae, rugae often arcuate anterad. Dorsum of postpetiole convex in profile; in dorsal view, widest near posterior margin, narrowing to anterior margin, width and length similar; transverse to weakly arcuate rugae posterad, anterad rugae traversing medially from lateral margin then curving anteriorly to become longitudinal; anterolateral rugae concentric, curving from lateral to anterior margin, all anterior rugae rarely transverse or weakly arcuate. Rugae on dorsum of postpetiole finer, denser than those on posterior surface of petiolar node, interrugae on both surfaces weakly to strongly granulate-punctate, dull to shining. Striae extend over anterior two-thirds or more of medial portion of first gastral tergum, often extending to posterior margin or posterior margin moderately to strongly coriarious, dull to weakly shining; posterolateral margins smooth and shining to moderately coriarious, weakly shining.

Erect, short to medium length, whitish pilosity moderately abundant on head, nearly all hairs <0.4× MOD, one to few hairs sometimes reaching 0.7–0.8× MOD. Moderately abundant semidecumbent to decumbent pilosity on scape; abundant decumbent hairs on funicular segments. Legs with moderately abundant, suberect to decumbent whitish setae. Rest of body with moderately dense, erect, medium length, whitish setae; hairs on mesosoma rarely> 0.5–0.6× MOD. Head ferruginous orange; mesosoma slightly darker ferruginous orange to reddish-orange; mandibles, antennae, anterior margin and frontal lobes of clypeus, legs, petiolar node, and postpetiole blackish-orange to blackish; first gastral tergum slightly lighter than petiolar node and postpetiole, often with a blackish band along posterior margin ( Figures 10C , 52 ).

Alate queen diagnosis. Alate queens of this species are diagnosed by the following combination of features: (1) caste-specific morphology of the mesosoma related to wing-bearing and presence of ocelli on head, (2) striae cover anterior two-thirds or more of medial portion of first gastral tergum, posterior margin with striae or coriarious, dull, (3) head orangish to reddish-brown; in profile, pronotum concolorous with adjoining mesoscutum, anepisternum, and katepisternum, but most mesosomal segments with black borders, (4) first gastral tergum dark brownish-orange to blackish or black, (5) mandibles with seven teeth, seventh tooth rarely minute, and (6) longitudinal rugae on cephalic dorsum posterior to eyes regular, lacking short lateral branches ( Figure 53 ).

Measurements —(n = 12). HL 1.63–1.88; HW 1.73–1.99; MOD 0.40–0.44; OMD 0.41–0.50; SL 1.20–1.36; PNW 1.23–1.45; HFL 1.66–1.88; ML 2.27–2.57; PW 0.46–0.55; PPW 0.66–0.78. Indices: SI 62.18–73.91; CI 103.31–110.12; OI 21.61–24.02; HFI 90.22–100.00.

Description. With caste-specific morphology of the mesosoma related to wing-bearing and presence of ocelli on head. In full-face view, head quadrate to slightly wider than long (CI = 103.31–110.12), broadest just posterior to eyes, posterior margin flat. Longitudinal rugae on cephalic dorsum prominent, regular, rugae posterior to eyes lacking short lateral branches; in full-face view, medial rugae weakly diverging to diverging toward posterior corners of head; interrugae weakly granulate, weakly shining. Mandibles with seven teeth, seventh tooth rarely minute, dorsal surface rugose. Psammophore well developed.

All mesosomal surfaces with regular, subparallel-parallel rugae, interrugae on dorsum of mesosoma weakly coriarious, weakly shining to smooth and shining; superior propodeal spines consist of short triangular denticles to short teeth; inferior propodeal spines poorly developed, height less than width, apex weakly rounded. Peduncle of petiole long, anteroventral margin with an elongate, broadly rounded process that narrows posterad and continues posterad parallel to dorsal margin. In profile, petiolar node asymmetrical with anterior surface shorter than posterior surface, apex of node angulate. Posterior surface of petiolar node with weakly to moderately arcuate, transverse rugae. In dorsal view, postpetiole about as long as wide, dorsum with wavy, weakly arcuate, transverse rugae; rugae on dorsum of postpetiole finer, denser than those on posterior surface of petiolar node; interrugae on posterior surface of petiolar node and dorsum of postpetiole weakly coriarious, weakly shining to shining. Striae cover anterior two-thirds or more of medial portion of first gastral tergum, posterior margin with striae or moderately coriarious, posterolateral margin smooth and shining. Most body surfaces with moderately abundant short, suberect to erect, yellowish setae. Head and mesosoma ferruginous orange except for darker orangish-black pronotum, katepisternum, and sides of propodeum; petiolar node, postpetiole black; gaster blackish to black except for first gastral tergum orangish-black ( Figure 44 ).

Brachypterous queen diagnosis. Brachypterous queens of this species are diagnosed by the following combination of features: (1) brachypterous; forewings minute, consisting of one cell that does not extend posterad to superior propodeal spines, (2) small, size similar to that of conspecific workers, (3) in dorsal view, pronotum enlarged, mesoscutum reduced in size, not extending to pronotal collar, (4) in dorsal view, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, axillae, metanotum, and propodeum fused without evidence of sutures, and (5) in profile, pronotum rises at an approximately 45 o angle to meet the mesoscutum ( Figure 54 ).

Measurements —(n = 2). HL 1.74–1.75; HW 1.75–1.88; MOD 0.39–0.42; OMD 0.38–0.42; SL 1.40–1.40; PNW 1.11–1.25; HFL 1.52–1.75; ML 1.75–2.31; PW 0.41–0.50; PPW 0.66–0.73. Indices: SI 74.47–80.00; CI 100.57–107.43; OI 20.74–24.00; HFI 80.85–100.00.

Description. Brachypterous, with caste-specific morphology of the mesosoma related to wing-bearing and presence of a small anterior ocellus, posterior ocelli absent. Small, size similar to that of conspecific workers. In full-face view, head quadrate to wider than long (CI = 100.57–107.43), widest just posterior to eyes, posterior margin flat. Longitudinal rugae on cephalic dorsum prominent, wavy; in full-face view, medial rugae diverging toward posterior corners of head, interrugae weakly to moderately granulate-punctate, weakly shining. Posterior corners rugose, interrugae smooth and shining to weakly coriarious, weakly shining. Anterior margin of clypeus strongly concave. Mandibles with seven teeth, dorsal surface coarsely rugose. Psammophore well developed.

All mesosomal surfaces with subparallel-parallel, regular to weakly wavy rugae; interrugae smooth and shining. Pronotum large with transverse rugae that traverse ventrally on pronotal sides. Mesoscutum reduced in size, not extending to pronotal collar; anterior margin arcuate. Forewings minute, consisting of one cell that does not extend to superior propodeal spines; hindwings consist of an elongate, threadlike membrane that reaches to near anterior surface of petiolar node. Mesoscutum, axillae, mesoscutellum, metanotum, and propodeum fused without evidence of sutures. Dorsum of propodeum with transverse to oblique rugae; superior propodeal spines reduced to short, triangular teeth; spines connected by well defined keel; inferior propodeal spines moderately well developed, apex rounded, length similar to that of superior spines. Peduncle of petiole long, anteroventral margin with well developed rounded process. In profile, petiolar node asymmetrical with anterior surface shorter than posterior surface, apex angulate. Postpetiole convex in profile; in dorsal view, maximum width about equal to length. Posterior surface of petiolar node and dorsum of postpetiole with wavy transverse, oblique, or longitudinal rugae; interrugae smooth and shining to weakly coriarious, weakly shining. Striae extend over more than anterior one-half of first gastral tergum, often extending to posterior margin or posterior margin moderately to strongly coriarious, dull to weakly shining; posterolateral margins smooth and shining to moderately coriarious, weakly shining. Most body surfaces with moderately abundant suberect to erect, short, yellowish to golden setae, longest hairs on posterior terga. Head and mesosoma ferruginous orange; postpetiole, legs, antennae, clypeus, mandibles blackish-red; petiolar node and gaster orangish-black to blackish-orange ( Figure 54 ).

One examined dealate queen was inferred to be brachypterous based on: (1) anterior ocelli present, posterior ocelli absent, (2) an enlarged pronotum, (3) mesoscutum reduced in size with an arcuate anterior margin, (4) pronotum meets the mesoscutum at approximately 45 o, and (5) mesoscutellum, axilla, and metanotum fused as in the brachypterous queen ( Figure 45 ).

Male diagnosis. Males of this species are diagnosed by the following combination of features: (1) striae extend over anterior one-half or more of first gastral tergum, rest of tergum with striae or moderately to strongly coriarious, (2) longitudinal rugae present on most of cephalic dorsum, rugae usually longitudinal behind eyes, occasionally circumocular, (3) most of mesoscutum with longitudinal or oblique striae, (4) notauli present, (5) head dark orangish-brown; mesosoma black; gaster dark ferruginous orange ( Figure 55 ).

Measurements —(n = 9). HL 1.17–1.34; HW 1.25–1.38; MOD 0.45–0.51; OMD 0.18–0.21; SL 0.37–0.50; HFL 1.49–1.79; ML 2.08–2.40; PW 0.45–0.51; PPW 0.61–0.71. Indices: SI 28.24–36.23; CI 102.46–111.11; OI 35.11–36.96; HFI 111.59–137.69.

Additional material examined. ARGENTINA: Catamarca: 3.5 km SE Antofagasta de la Sierra , 10’970’, Jan 27, 2019 ( RAJC) ; 12.4 km NW Antofagasta de la Sierra (on rd to Antofalla), 11,530’, Jan 28, 2019 ( RAJC) ; 25.7 km NW Antofagasta de la Sierra (on rd to Antofalla), 12,390’, Jan 28, 2019 ( RAJC) ; 39.5 km NW Antofagasta de la Sierra (on rd to Antofalla), 13,850’, Jan 28, 2019 ( RAJC) ; 50.0 km NW Antofagasta de la Sierra (on rd to Antofalla), 14,990’, Jan 28, 2019 ( RAJC) ; 7.0 km NW Antofagasta de la Sierra (on rd to Antofalla), 11,280’, Jan 28, 2019 ( RAJC) ; 28.4 km N Antofagasta de la Sierra (on rd to San Antonio), 13,180’, Jan 29, 2019 ( RAJC) ; 59.1 km N Antofagasta de la Sierra (on rd to San Antonio), 14,480’, Jan 29, 2019 ( RAJC) ; 82.7 km N Antofagasta de la Sierra (on rd to San Antonio), 13,460’, Jan 29, 2019 ( RAJC) ; Rt 43 at 6.4 km S Antofagasta de la Sierra , 11,010’, Jan 18, 2006 ( RAJC) ; Rt 43 at 8.1 km N Antofagasta de la Sierra , 11,450’, Jan 19, 2006 ( RAJC) ; Rt 43 at 22.6 km N Antofagasta de la Sierra , 12,260’, Jan 19, 2006 ( RAJC) . Salta: Rt 27 at 10.0 km NE Salar de Pocitos, 12,570’, Mar 31, 2015 ( RAJC) ; Rt 27 at 12.4 km SW Salar de Pocitos , 12,150’, Mar 30, 2015 ( RAJC) ; Rt 27 at 60.1 km NE Tolar Grande , 12,120’, Mar 31, 2015 ( RAJC) ; Rt 27 at 69.6 km NE Tolar Grande , 12,170, Mar 31, 2015 ( RAJC) ( Figure 51B ).

Etymology. Gallardo named this species longibarbis (from Latin, longi = long and barbis = bearded), because of the long ammochaetae, presumably referring to those on the ventral surface of the head.

Discussion. Pogonomyrmex longibarbis might occur with several P. rastratus group species, but it is known to occur proximate to or sympatric only with P. pulchellus . The combination of inhabiting high elevations (> 3000 m), striae extend over more than anterior one-half of first gastral tergum, and very regular subparallel-parallel longitudinal rugae on promesonotum with up to several continuous, transverse rugae along the anterior margin of the pronotum separate P. longibarbis from all congeners except P. apterogenos , P. lagunabravensis , P. pulchellus , and P. rastratus . Pogonomyrmex longibarbis can be distinguished from P. apterogenos given that the 1–2 most medial rugae on the frontal lobes of the cephalic dorsum are subparallel-parallel and typically continue onto the clypeus, whereas those rugae weakly converge near the posterior margin of the frontal triangle and end near the posterior margin of the clypeus in P. apterogenos . Pogonomyrmex longibarbis is separated from P. lagunabravensis by: (1) superior propodeal spines consist of minute teeth, short triangular teeth, or short spines (all acuminate) with inferior propodeal spines shorter than to as tall as superior spines, and (2) keel connecting superior propodeal spines well developed. For P. lagunabravenesis , (1) superior propodeal spines consist of tubercles, denticles, or minute teeth (all rounded to blunt tipped) with inferior propodeal spines longer than superior spines, and (2) keel connecting superior propodeal spines absent. Pogonomyrmex longibarbis is separated from P. puchellus by: dorsum and sides of pronotum concolorous with adjoining mesonotum. For P. pulchellus : dorsum and sides of pronotum orangish-black to blackish, darker than adjoining mesonotum. Pogonomyrmex longibarbis can be distinguished from P. rastrastus by: superior propodeal spines consist of minute teeth, short triangular teeth, or short spines (all acuminate) with inferior propodeal spines shorter than to as tall as superior spines. For P. rastratus , superior propodeal spines consist of short triangular teeth to long spines with inferior propodeal spines shorter than superior propodeal spines.

Gallardo (1931) noted that he had found two new forms in the Dr. Bruch collection at MACN while working on his revision of the Pogonomyrmex of Argentina ( Gallardo, 1932) . Pogonomyrmex longibarbis was one of these species, which Gallardo (1931) described from three syntype workers that Weiser collected at Antofalla, Territory of the Andes (now Catamarca Province), at 3600 m on 3 March, 1923. Gallardo (1931) did not provide a collection number for the syntype series, but Gallardo (1932) indicated that his drawing was based on a syntype labelled #1556 from the collection of Dr. Bruch, which also contained the other two syntype workers. In total, the MACN collection contained eight workers, one dealate queen, one intercaste, and a pin with a gaster and postpetiole that all were labelled # 1556 in the same handwriting. Three of these workers were collected on 3 March, 1923 (two from 3600 m, one from 3500 m); two of these workers were labeled as P. longibarbis , while the pin with the gaster and postpetiole was labeled P. rastratus var. pulchellus , 3600 m. The latter specimen is assumed to be a syntype as it appears to be P. longibarbis based on coloration of the postpetiole and gaster. The lectotype was designated as the worker labeled P. longibarbis , 3600 m, which accords with the elevation and date given by Gallardo (1931); the two other individuals collected on 3 March (one at 3600 m, one at 3500 m) are paralectotypes. It is unclear why one putative series had pins that possessed different determinations, especially given that Gallardo (1932) treated P. rastratus var. pulchellus and P. longibarbis as different taxa. The other eight individuals in the #1556 series were collected at Antofalla by Weiser on 25 March, 1923, at 3500 m, and all of these pins have labels identifying them as P. rastratus var. pulchellus . All of these workers are P. longibarbis , but none of them are syntypes of P. longibarbis , and labels have been added to these pins to so designate. It also appears that Gallardo did not diagnose the dealate queen and intercaste ( Figures 3A–B ), probably because their size and morphology were very similar to that of the workers.

In his description, Gallardo (1931) did not compare P. longibarbis to any other species. Likewise, Kusnezov (1951) said only that P. longibarbis was related to P. rastratus , and he placed P. rastratus var. pulchella as forma incierta saying only that it probably belonged to P. longibarbis Santschi.

Biology. Pogonomyrmex longibarbis workers are solitary foragers. Nests were located by baiting workers with cookie crumbs, then following them back to the nest. Nests were located under stones, under shrubs, or in the open, and they consisted of a nest entrance lacking a tumulus up to having a 10 cm tumulus in soils that ranged from deep sand to a sandy-gravelly-rocky soil. Partial nest excavations indicated that colonies contain around 1000 workers.

Mating flights occur during the austral summer. Alate queens and males were in nests on January 28–29, and a brachypterous queen was found in a nest on March 30. Additionally, two dealate queens were found running on the ground and one haplometrotic queen was under a stone on January 28–29 after a rain.

Pogonomyrmex longibarbis inhabits sites at elevations from 3335–4545 m in the Central Andean puna and Southern Andean steppe ecoregions, as defined by Olson et al. (2001) ( Figure 51B ). Specimens collected at 4545 m are the highest known elevation record for all species of Pogonomyrmex .

Figures

FIGURE 3. Closeup photographs of the mesosoma in dorsal view and in profile of apparent intercastes for Pogonomyrmex: (A–B) P. longibarbis (CASENT0914117), (C–D) P. sanmartini (CASENT0280979), (E–F) P. tafi (LACMENT273737), and (G–H) P. vermiculatus (CASENT0280984). Note the enlarged, convex mesosomas in profile, and the strongly arched mesoscutellum in dorsal view. Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.

FIGURE 10. Closeup photographs for workers of Pogonomyrmex showing dorsum of promesonotum with rugae that are well-defined, very regular and continuous, lacking short lateral branches; longitudinal rugae on mesonotum diverging toward humeral shoulders of pronotum; anterodorsal margin of pronotum with one to several straight, strong, continuous, transverse rugae: (A) P. apterogenos holotype worker (CASENT0914124), (B) P. lagunabravensis holotype worker (CASENT0249051), (C) P. longibarbis (CASENT0249056), and (D) P. sanmartini (CASENT0922481), and dorsum of promesonotum with rugae that are usually wavy to irregular, discontinuous or with short lateral branches; rugae on mesonotum mostly longitudinal but often becoming irregular to rugoreticulate on pronotum; anterodorsal margin of pronotum with wavy to irregular rugae to rugoreticulate, usually with short lateral branches: (E) P. RAJ-altip worker (CASENT0235280), (F) P. andinus (CASENT0914130), (G) P. tafi holotype worker (CASENT0235307), and (H) P. sanmartini (CASENT0922479). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.

FIGURE 44. Photographs of Pogonomyrmex lagunabravensis holotype worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0249051). Photographs by Will Ericson from www.AntWeb.org.

FIGURE 45. Photographs of Pogonomyrmex lagunabravensis paratype ergatoid queen: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0173126). Photographs by April Nobile from www.AntWeb.org.

FIGURE 51. Geographic distribution of: (A) Pogonomyrmex loaensis, (B) P. longibarbis, and (C) P. mapuche. The large black circle in each panel denotes the type locality.

FIGURE 52. Photographs of Pogonomyrmex longibarbis worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0103260). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.

FIGURE 53. Photographs of Pogonomyrmex longibarbis alate queen: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0923349). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.

FIGURE 54. Photographs of Pogonomyrmex longibarbis brachypterous queen: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0922099). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.

FIGURE 55. Photographs of Pogonomyrmex longibarbis male: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0923348). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.