Perinereis kaustiana, Teixeira & Fourreau & Sampere-Valverde & Carvalho, 2024
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publication ID |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1196.115260 |
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publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C1537B91-98F4-41E2-A930-51BA8F4E8118 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/378AABC8-4C46-43FF-9A0F-5F6703B4A801 |
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taxon LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:act:378AABC8-4C46-43FF-9A0F-5F6703B4A801 |
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treatment provided by |
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scientific name |
Perinereis kaustiana |
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sp. nov. |
Perinereis kaustiana sp. nov.
Figs 1A, B, E View Figure 1 ; 2A-J View Figure 2 ; 3A-I View Figure 3
Nereis Perinereis helleri Grube, 1878: 81-82; Horst 1924: 172-173, pl 34, figs 3, 4.
Perinereis helleri Monro, 1931: 14-15, fig. 8a-c.; Russell 1962: 7; Rozbaczylo and Castilla 1973: 220-221; Hartmann Schröder 1979: 116.
Perinereis cultrifera var. helleri Fauvel 1932: 105-106.
Perinereis carniguina Grube, 1878: 87, pl 4, fig. 8.
Material examined.
Holotype and hologenophore: NTNU-VM-86011, Saudi Arabia (Red Sea), Gulf of Aqaba , Magna, 28°26'57.3"N, 34°45'35.4"E, intertidal, rocky beach among coarse-grained sand under rocks, collected by Marcos A. L. Teixeira and Chloé Julie Loïs Fourreau, 11/05/2023, GenBank (mtCOI): PP279020. GoogleMaps
Paratypes and paragenophores: 7 specimens, NTNU-VM-86010, NTNU-VM-86012-NTNU-VM-86017, Saudi Arabia (Red Sea), Gulf of Aqaba , Magna, 28°26'57.3"N, 34°45'35.4"E, intertidal, rocky beach under rocks among coarse-grained sand, collected by Marcos A. L. Teixeira and Chloé Julie Loïs Fourreau, 11/05/2023, GenBank (mtCOI): PP279009-PP279010, PP279017-PP279019, PP279029, and PP279035 GoogleMaps .
Non-types.
2 specimens, NTNU-VM-86019, NTNU-VM-86020, Saudi Arabia (Red Sea), Shushah Island, 27°56'13.7"N, 34°54'36.1"E, intertidal, rocky beach under rocks among coarse-grained sand, collected by Marcos A. L. Teixeira, 05/05/2023. 1 specimen, NTNU-VM-86018, Saudi Arabia (Red Sea), Duba, Al Muwaileh, 27°37'04.4"N, 35°31'26.7"E, lagoon environment, intertidal, under rocks among coarse-grained sand, collected by Marcos A. L. Teixeira and Chloé Julie Loïs Fourreau, 18/05/2023. 1 specimen, MTPNO009-23, Saudi Arabia (Red Sea), Gulf of Aqaba, Magna, 28°26'57.3"N, 34°45'35.4"E, intertidal, rocky beach under rocks among coarse-grained sand, collected by Marcos A. L. Teixeira and Chloé Julie Loïs Fourreau, 11/05/2023.
Diagnosis.
Four pairs of tentacular cirri, postero-dorsal one reaching chaetiger 7-9; ratio of DPCL / HL = 3.6 ×. Eversible pharynx with one pair of dark brown curved jaws with seven or eight denticles; two longitudinal canals emerging from the pulp cavity, both in the mid-section of the jaw. Pharynx consisting of maxillary and oral rings with conical shaped paragnaths. Maxillary ring: Area I = 2 small paragnaths arranged in a longitudinal line. Area II = Cluster of 5-7 small paragnaths. Area III = central patch of nine small paragnaths, lateral patches with two small paragnaths each. Area IV = 13 small paragnaths arranged in wedge shape without any bars. Oral ring: Area V = a triangle of three large paragnaths. Area VI (a+b) = two narrow bar-shaped paragnaths, one on each side, displayed as a straight line. Areas VII-VIII = 20-24 small paragnaths in total; Area VII, ridge region with two transverse paragnaths, furrow regions with two longitudinal paragnaths each; Area VIII, ridge regions with one paragnath each, furrow regions with two longitudinal paragnaths each. Dorsal cirrus longer than ventral cirrus throughout the body; much longer in median chaetigers, ratio DCL / VCL = 2.8-3 ×. Ventral Tentacular cirri of median chaetigers shorter than ventral ligule, ratio of VCL / VLL = 0.7 ×. Dorsal ligule oval, ending tip gradually becomes thinner throughout the body; finger-like tip in median and posterior parapodia. Dorsal ligules of median chaetigers subequal to dorsal Tentacular cirri, tips shorter than dorsal Tentacular cirri. Posteriormost dorsal ligules greatly expanded (3 × the length of the ventral ligule) and visibly much wider (2.5-3 × the width of median ligule) than anterior and median ones (2 × the width of median ligule). Pygidial Tentacular cirri as long as last 12-14 chaetigers.
Molecular Data.
MtCOI-5P, 16S, and 28S sequences as in specimens NTNU-VM-86010-NTNU-VM-86020 and MTPNO009-23 (Table 1 View Table 1 ; Suppl. material 1). GenBank accession numbers: PP279004, PP279005, PP279008-PP279010, PP279017-PP279020, PP279025, PP279029, PP279035 (mtCOI- 5P); PP264567-PP264572, PP264574, PP264575 (16S); PP264613, PP264614, PP264616 (28S-D2). Perinereis kaustiana sp. nov. clearly differs from the remaining species of the COI phylogeny, grouping in MOTU 3 (Fig. 1A View Figure 1 ). No GenBank BLAST match to date. Sister species with P. helleri . Intraspecific mtCOI-5P mean distances below 1%. Interspecific mtCOI-5P mean distances to the closest and distant neighbour are 19.9% (K2P, P. helleri ) and 26.7% (K2P, P. anderssoni ) respectively. DOI for the species’ Barcode Index Number (BIN): https://doi.org/10.5883/BOLD:AFJ4260.
Distribution and habitat.
Confined to the northeastern Red Sea (Duba, Shushah Island) and Gulf of Aqaba (Magna) so far. Type locality: Saudi Arabia, Gulf of Aqaba: Magna region (marine site), 28°26'57.3"N, 34°45'35.4"E. Specimens collected both in lagoon-like environments and fully marine sites in rocky areas, usually among coarse-grained sand under rocks. Apparently more abundant and easier to find in marine sites from the Gulf of Aqaba. Can be found in sympatry with P. damietta (Fig. 1B, C View Figure 1 ) and P. suezensis (Fig. 1B, D View Figure 1 ). The latter two species as described by Elgetany et al. (2022).
Etymology.
The species designation pays tribute to the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Saudi Arabia, a globally recognized graduate-level research institution. This naming honours KAUST’s substantial and enduring contributions to marine science, particularly in advancing our understanding of the Red Sea over the course of more than a decade. Through its dedicated research efforts, KAUST has significantly enriched the scientific community’s knowledge of this unique marine environment.
Description.
Specimens used: NTNU-VM-86011 (holotype) and NTNU-VM-86015 (paratype), both preserved in ethanol 96%, stored at NTNU University Museum (Norway, NTNU-VM).
Body/measurements: Body with a prominent dorsal blood vessel (Fig. 2I View Figure 2 ); stout anteriorly, posteriorly gradually tapering toward pygidium. Colour in preserved specimens is yellowish-brown. Holotype, NTNU-VM-86011, large specimen, complete, TL = 55 mm, L15 = 7 mm, W15 = 2.12 mm, with 115 chaetigers. Paratype, NTNU-VM-86015, small specimen, complete, TL = 24 mm, L15 = 5 mm, W15 = 1.06 mm, with 85 chaetigers.
Head (Fig. 2A, B, E, J View Figure 2 ): Prostomium pyriform, 1.2 × wider than long; 2.5 × longer than antennae. Palps with a round or conical palpostyle (Fig. 2A View Figure 2 ); palpophore longer than wide, subequal to the entire length of prostomium. Antennae separated, gap half of antennal diameter (Fig. 2E View Figure 2 ); tapered, less than half the length of the palpophore. Eyes black, anterior and posterior pairs well separated (Fig. 2J View Figure 2 ). Anterior pair of eyes oval shaped, as wide as antennal diameter; posterior pair of eyes round or oval shaped, subequal width to anterior pair. Distance between the anterior eyes 1.25 × longer than posterior ones. Nuchal organs covered by the tentacular belt.
Tentacular cirri: Tentacular cirri longer than mid body width. Tentacular cirri pattern: postero-dorsal Tentacular cirri twice longer than antero-dorsal ones; postero-dorsal reaching chaetiger 7-9 (Fig. 2I View Figure 2 ). Antero-dorsal Tentacular cirri reaching chaetigers 3 and 4; 1.7 × longer than palpophore. Antero-ventral Tentacular cirri 1.4 × shorter than postero-ventral ones; antero-ventral shorter than palpophore. Dorsal cirrophores wrinkled, cylindrical.
Pharynx: Pair of dark brown curved jaws with 7-8 denticles; two longitudinal canals emerging from the pulp cavity, both in the mid-section of the jaw (Fig. 2C View Figure 2 ). Pharynx consisting of maxillary and oral rings with conical shaped paragnaths (Fig. 2A, B View Figure 2 ). Maxillary ring: Area I = two small paragnaths arranged in a longitudinal line (Fig. 2F View Figure 2 ). Area II = Cluster of 5-7 small paragnaths (Fig. 2F View Figure 2 ). Area III = central patch of nine small paragnaths, lateral patches with two small paragnaths each (Fig. 2D View Figure 2 ). Area IV = 13 small paragnaths arranged in wedge shape without any bars (Fig. 2D View Figure 2 ). Oral ring: Area V = a triangle of three large paragnaths (Fig. 2E View Figure 2 ). Area VI (a+b) = two narrow bar-shaped paragnaths, one on each side, displayed as a straight line (Fig. 2E View Figure 2 ). Areas VII-VIII = 20-24 small paragnaths in total; Area VII, ridge region with two transverse paragnaths, furrow regions with two longitudinal paragnaths each (Fig. 2G View Figure 2 ); Area VIII, ridge regions with one paragnath each, furrow regions with two longitudinal paragnaths each (Fig. 2G View Figure 2 ).
Notopodia: Dorsal Tentacular cirri slender, tapering, subequal to dorsal ligule in anterior (Fig. 3A View Figure 3 ) and median (Fig. 3B View Figure 3 ) parapodia, 1.8 × shorter in posterior ones (Fig. 3C View Figure 3 ); Tentacular cirri longer than proximal part of dorsal ligule in anterior and median parapodia, 1.4 × shorter in posterior ones. Dorsal Tentacular cirri longer than ventral one throughout the body, much longer in median chaetigers; 1.7 × longer in anterior and posterior parapodia, 2.4 × in median ones. Dorsal ligules oval, ending tip gradually becomes thinner throughout the body; finger-like tip in median and posterior parapodia (Fig. 3A-C View Figure 3 ). Dorsal ligules 1.4 × longer and twice as wider as median ligules in anterior parapodia (Fig. 3A View Figure 3 ), 1.6 × longer and twice wider in median ones (Fig. 3B View Figure 3 ), twice longer and 2.5-3.0 × wider than median ligules in posterior parapodia (Fig. 3C View Figure 3 ). Posteriormost dorsal ligules greatly expanded; 3 × the length of the ventral ligule; visibly much wider (2.5-3 ×) than median ligule (Fig. 3C, I View Figure 3 ). Distal part of dorsal ligules slightly longer than proximal one in anterior and median parapodia, 1.5 × shorter in posterior ones.
Neuropodia: Ventral Tentacular cirri slender with tapering tip, 1.35 × shorter throughout the body (Fig. 3A-C View Figure 3 ). Neuroacicular ligules subequal to ventral ligule in anterior parapodia, 1.3-1.4 × longer in median and posterior ones. Ventral ligules oval in anterior parapodia, gradually becomes thinner throughout the body with a tapering tip; ventral ligules 1.4 × shorter than dorsal ligules in anterior parapodia (Fig. 3A View Figure 3 ), twice shorter in median ones (Fig. 3B View Figure 3 ), 2.5-3 × shorter in posterior parapodia (Fig. 3C View Figure 3 ).
Chaetae: Notochaetae with homogomph spinigers; spinigers with lightly serrated blade, evenly spaced (Fig. 3D View Figure 3 ), numerous and present throughout the whole body. Neurochaetal supra-acicular fascicle with homogomph spinigers (Fig. 3F View Figure 3 ) and heterogomph falcigers (Fig. 3H View Figure 3 ) present throughout the whole body; spinigers with coarsely serrated blade, present in the dorsal most position; falcigers with slender serrated long blade (Fig. 3H View Figure 3 ). Neurochaetal subacicular fascicle with heterogomph spinigers (Fig. 3G View Figure 3 ) and heterogomph falcigers (Fig. 3E View Figure 3 ) both present throughout the whole body; spinigers with lightly serrated blades (Fig. 3G View Figure 3 ); falcigers similar to supra-acicular ones (Fig. 3H View Figure 3 ), present in the ventral most position.
Pygidium: With a pair of long cylindrical slender anal Tentacular cirri, as long as last 12-14 chaetigers (Fig. 2H View Figure 2 ).
Remarks.
Some nereidid species groups can have similar morphological features, including paragnath patterns, that may cause misidentifications. The new species COI clade revealed no GenBank match based on the BLAST tool. Perinereis kaustiana sp. nov. and a sequence belonging to a specimen from Malaysia identified as P. helleri (type locality: Bohol, Philippines) not only are sister to each other and phylogenetically close (Fig. 1A View Figure 1 ; 19.9 ± 2.4% K2P COI distance), but they also seem to share the same paragnath sizes, shapes and patterns ( Park and Kim 2017: 255, fig. 4e; sampled in South Korea; no molecular data available), including in Area III, with the presence of lateral patches with two paragnaths each (Fig. 2D View Figure 2 ) and the same paragnath arrangements in the furrow and ridge regions of Areas VII-VIII (Fig. 2G View Figure 2 ). This makes them morphologically very similar and possibly belonging to the same cryptic complex, which could range from the Red Sea to the Indo-Pacific based on the available COI data. However, P. kaustiana sp. nov. seems to differ from P. helleri in some key features: shorter postero-dorsal tentacular cirri, reaching up to chaetiger 9, instead of the reported chaetiger 16 for P. helleri ; median parapodia with much longer dorsal Tentacular cirri (3 ×) compared to ventral one; posteriormost parapodia with much wider dorsal ligule (2.5-3.0 ×) than the median ligule (Fig. 3C, I View Figure 3 ) and dorsal ligule greatly expanded (3 × longer than ventral ligule). Based on parapodia drawings from Hutchings et al. (1991: 255, fig. 9; Syntype ZMB Q3464), the ratio between dorsal and ventral Tentacular cirri in P. helleri is subequal to slightly longer than ventral Tentacular cirri throughout the body and posteriormost dorsal ligules with double the width of median ones and slightly expanded (up to 2 × the length of the ventral ligules; Table 4 View Table 4 ). Furthermore, P. helleri from Hutchings et al. (1991) does not seem to possess ligules with finger-like ending tips.
Other species with similar paragnath patterns are Perinereis anderssoni ( Kinberg 1865: 167-179; Park and Kim 2017: 255, fig. 4d) and Perinereis rullieri ( Pilato 1974: 25-36, figs 1-4), which share the same small sized paragnaths as P. kaustiana sp. nov., but instead the former two species possess only one paragnath in each lateral patch of Area III and paragnaths in Areas VII and VIII are usually arranged in two regular rows, without any discernible pattern in the furrow or ridge regions. Perinereis anderssoni is reported in the Atlantic region of the American continent (type locality: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), while P. rullieri is apparently restricted to the Mediterranean Sea (type locality: between Aci Trezza and Augusta, eastern coast of Sicily, Italy). Moreover, the morphological similar lineages found within the Perinereis cultrifera ( Grube 1840: 74, fig. 6; Hutchings et al. 1991: 253-254, fig. 8a-c) species complex, including P. euiini ( Park and Kim 2017: 252-260, figs 1, 2, 4a, b, 5, tables 1, 4, described for South Korea), are different from P. kaustiana sp. nov. due to the overall larger paragnath sizes, lack of any lateral patches in Area III, and the presence of shorter heterogomph falcigers ( Park and Kim 2017: 254, fig. 2L). Specimens of Perinereis cultrifera from Lobo et al. (2016) were misidentified and are in fact P. oliveirae ( Horst 1889: 38-45, plate 3; Fauvel 1923: 354, fig. 138 e-k), the latter characterised by the presence of three paragnaths in lateral patches in Area III, while this feature is absent in P. cultrifera . Perinereis oliveirae is described for the northern Iberian Peninsula, having also very long bar-shaped paragnaths in Areas VI and very short tentacular cirri compared to length of the head (reaching chaetigers 1 and 2). These features were confirmed based on the two P. oliveirae specimens from this study and samples from the private collection of the first author of this study.
Apart from the above-mentioned species, based on WoRMS (https://www.marinespecies.org/; Read and Fauchald 2024), OBIS (https://mapper.obis.org/), the Perinereis checklist from Mohammad (1971) for the Arabian Gulf and the annotated checklist of polychaete species around the Arabian Peninsula from Wehe and Fiege (2002), there are five additional Perinereis species with just a single bar-shaped paragnath on each side of Area VI ( Perinereis species Group I, Hutchings et al. 1991) reported for the Arabian Peninsula: P. perspicillata (Grube, 1878) ( Bonyadi-Naeini et al. 2018: 1973, table 4); P. iranica Bonyadi-Naeini, N. Rastegar-Pouyani, E. Rastegar-Pouyani, Glasby & Rahimian, 2018: 1965-1976, figs 2, 3, table 4; P. obfuscata (Grube, 1878) ( Bonyadi-Naeini et al. 2018: 1973, table 4); P. striolata (Grube, 1878) ( Bonyadi-Naeini et al. 2018: 1973, table 4) and P. floridana (Ehlers, 1868: 269-748, pls XII-XXIV), as interpreted by Bonyadi-Naeini et al. (2018: 1972-1973, table 4). None of the above species share the same morphotype as P. kaustiana sp. nov., differing in the paragnath numbers and arrangement, as well as the length of the postero-dorsal Tentacular cirri and types of chaetae, as described in the taxonomic key below. Additionally, four Perinereis Group I species reported mainly for the Mediterranean Sea were added to the key due to geographical proximity for comparison purposes: Perinereis cultrifera , Perinereis rullieri , Perinereis macropus ( Claparède, 1870: 444-448, pl. VIII, fig. 1), and Perinereis tenuisetis (Fauvel, 1915) ( Guerne and Richard 1916: 88-92, pl. VII, figs 1-10; Mahcene et al. 2023). A comparison between selected characters in the most morphologically similar species to P. kaustiana sp. nov., some lacking DNA data and reported for the Arabian Peninsula and Mediterranean Sea, are summarised in Tables 4 View Table 4 , 5 View Table 5 (including P. helleri ).
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
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Perinereis kaustiana
| Teixeira, Marcos A. L., Fourreau, Chloe Julie Lois, Sampere-Valverde, Juan & Carvalho, Susana 2024 |
Nereis Perinereis helleri
| Teixeira & Fourreau & Sampere-Valverde & Carvalho 2024 |
Perinereis helleri
| Teixeira & Fourreau & Sampere-Valverde & Carvalho 2024 |
Perinereis cultrifera var. helleri
| Teixeira & Fourreau & Sampere-Valverde & Carvalho 2024 |
Perinereis carniguina
| Teixeira & Fourreau & Sampere-Valverde & Carvalho 2024 |