Megatyphlops mucruso (Peters)

Broadley, Donald G. & Wallach, Van, 2009, 2255, Zootaxa 2255, pp. 1-100 : 52-55

Megatyphlops mucruso (Peters)

( Fig. 9C)

Zambezi giant blind-snake

Onychocephalus mucruso Peters, 1854 , Ber. Bekanntmach. Geeignet. Verhandl. Königl.-Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1854(11): 621. Type locality: “Macanga” [= Makanga, Mozambique], lectotype ZMB 3963 (designated by Loveridge 1933: 216), collected by W.C.H. Peters, January–June 1845; Peters, 1855: 50, 1860: 83; Günther, 1864: 307, 1866: 25; Bocage, 1873: 253; Loveridge, 1933: 216; FitzSimons, V., 1962: 73, 1966a: 39; Bauer et al., 1995: 78, 2002: 162.

Onychocephalus dinga Peters, 1854 , Ber. Bekanntmach. Geeignet. Verhandl. Königl.-Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1854(11): 620. Type locality: “Tette” [= Tete, Mozambique], lectotype ZMB 3942 (designated by Roux-Estève, 1974: 166, and type locality restricted to “ Tete ” by Broadley, 1998c: 386), collected by W.C.H. Peters, December 1844 – September 1845; Peters, 1855: 50, 1860: 82, 1882: 98, pl. 14, fig. 1, pl. 14A, fig. 3; Lichtenstein, 1856: 21; Bocage, 1873: 250; Barbour & Loveridge, 1946: 163; FitzSimons, V., 1962, 73, 1966a: 38; Bauer et al., 1995: 78, 2002: 161.

Onychocephalus mucrusa (sic)— Lichtenstein, 1856: 21; Bauer et al., 2002: 162.

Onychocephalus schlegelii — (not Bianconi) Peters 1860: 82.

Onychocephalus varius Peters, 1860 , Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1860(2): 82. Type locality: “Mossambique” [= Mozambique], restricted to Sena, Mozambique by Peters, 1882: 97, holotype ZMB 3919, collected by W.C.H. Peters, June 1843 – August 1847; Peters, 1882; pl. 14, fig. 2, pl. 14A, fig. 1; FitzSimons, V., 1962: 73, 1966a: 38; Bauer et al., 1995: 78, 2002: 162.

Typhlops (Onychocephalus) riparius Peters, 1881 , S.-Ber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1881(3): 50. Type locality: “ Chupanga an dem Zambezeflusse, Ostafrika [= Chupanga on the Zambezi River, Mozambique], holotype ZMB 3943 , collected by W.C.H. Peters, May 1845; FitzSimons, V., 1962: 73, 1966a: 38; Bauer et al., 1995: 79, 2002: 165.

Typhlops mucruso — Peters, 1882: 95, pl. 13, fig. 3; Boulenger, 1893: 46 (var. “A” & “C”, part, Zanzibar), 1896a: 588 (part), 1897a: 800, 1902a: 17; 1907b: 9, 1910: 498 (part), 1915a: 197 (part), 1915b: 616; Bocage, 1895: 67, 1896a: 90; Boettger, 1898: 5, 1913: 348, 364; Sclater, 1898: 98; Sternfeld, 1908a: 239, 1910a: 53, 1910c: 12, fig. 8; Chubb 1909a: 595, 1909b: 35; FitzSimons, F., 1912 & 1919: 54; Hobley, 1912: 45; Peracca, 1912: 4; Hewitt & Power, 1913: 160; Werner, 1913a: 45, 1921: 318 (part); Schmidt, 1923: 33; Loveridge, 1924: 3, 1929a: 17; Essex, 1927: 924, figs. 71–74; Barbour & Loveridge, 1928: 108; Cott, 1928: 933–934, 1935: 964; Pitman, 1934: 32; Barros e Cunha, 1935: 1; Tasman, 1953: 19, pl. 1; FitzSimons, V., 1966a: 39; Fitch, 1970: 121 (part).

Typhlops varius — Peters, 1882: 97, pl. 14, fig. 2, pl. 15A, fig. 1.

Typhlops dinga — Peters, 1882: 98, pl. 14, fig. 1, pl. 14A, fig. 3; Boulenger, 1893: 45, 1907a: 486, 1910: 498, 1915b: 615; Bocage, 1896a: 99; Boettger, 1898: 5; Mocquard, 1899: 219; Sternfeld, 1911: 249; FitzSimons, F., 1912 & 1919: 54; Werner, 1921: 318, 1929: 177; Duerden & Essex, 1923: 179; Loveridge, 1923: 873, 1924: 3, 1929b: 14, 1933: 216; Schmidt, 1923: 33; Mahendra, 1936: 139; Smit, 1949: 117; Rose, 1950: 253, 1955: 75, 1962: 321; McDowell & Bogert, 1954: 82; Pope, 1955: 172; Staniszewski, 1990: 133.

Typhlops riparius — Peters, 1882: 98, pl. 14A, fig. 2; Bocage, 1895: 69.

Typhlops schlegeli — (not Bianconi) Dollo, 1886: 155; Boulenger, 1902: 17; Stevenson-Hamilton, 1929: 122; Uthmöller, 1941a: 42; McDowell & Bogert, 1954: 82; Laurent, 1956a: 50; Porter, 1972: 406; Greene, 1994: 121.

Typhlops schlegelii — (not Bianconi) Stejneger, 1894b: 725; Bocage, 1896a: 99; Boulenger, 1896a: 588, 1915b: 615; Peracca, 1910: 3; Loveridge, 1916: 82, 1924: 3, 1933: 216; Rose, 1950: 253, 1955: 75, 1962: 321; Sweeney, 1961: 37, fig. 6; FitzSimons, V., 1962: 75; Broadley, 1973: 20, 1978: 29; Broadley & Cock, 1975: 100, pl. 63; Dowling, 1978: 110.1; Hedges, 1983: 2; Mehrtens, 1987: 12; Mattison, 1995: 195, 2007: 198; Marais, 1997: 36, figs.; Hall, 2004: 296.

Typhlops mandensis Stejneger, 1894b , Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 16(970): 725. Type locality: “Wange, Island of Manda, north of Lamu, East Africa” [= Kenya] (2.000°S, 40.917E, elevation NSL), holotype USNM 20125, collected by G. Denhardt, September–November, 1892; Boulenger 1896: 587, 1915b: 615; Werner, 1921: 313, 1929: 177; Loveridge, 1923: 872, 1924: 3, 1929a: 16, 1933: 199, 216; FitzSimons, V., 1962, 75, 1966a: 39; Wallach, 2003: 240.

Typhlops mucroso (sic) — Tornier, 1897: 66; Mocquard, 1899: 219; Gough, 1908: 1; FitzSimons, F., 1910: 26; Angel, 1925: 30; Uthmöller, 1941a: 42; Rose, 1950: 253, 1955: 75.

Typhlops bibronii — Sternfeld, 1908c: 246.

Typhlops mucruso varius — Chubb 1909a: 595.

Typhlops maeruso (sic) — Chubb 1909b: 35.

Typhlops latirostris Sternfeld, 1910b , Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 5(1): 70. Type locality: “ Tabora, Deutsch-Ostafrika ” [= Tanzania], holotype ZMB 23459, collected by Lt. Wintgens; Sternfeld, 1910c: 12; Werner, 1921: 319; Loveridge, 1933: 216; FitzSimons, V., 1962, 75, 1966a: 39; Bauer et al., 2002: 164.

Typhlops viridiflavus Peracca, 1912 , Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, 3(25): 3. Type locality: “Bangueolo, Rhodesia ” [= Lake Bangweulu, Zambia] (elevation 1140–1170 m), holotype MZUN 6482 (formerly GP 580), collected by Duchess Helen of Aosta, 1908–1910; Boulenger, 1915a: 197; Werner, 1921: 314; Schmidt, 1923: 33; Witte, 1953: 142, fig. 30, 1962: 41; FitzSimons, V., 1962, 76, 1966a: 39; Maio et al., 2001: 39; Andreone & Gavetti, 2007: 94.

Typhlops mucroso varius — Hewitt & Power, 1913: 160.

Typhlops excentricus Procter, 1922 , Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) 9(54): 685. Type locality: “near Kilosa, Tanganyika Territory ” [= Tanzania], holotype BMNH 1946.1.11.51 (formerly BMNH 1922.6.12.1), collected by A. Loveridge; Broadley & Howell, 1991: 21.

Typhlops mucruso humbo —(not Peters) Loveridge, 1923: 873; Werner, 1929: 177.

Typhlops punctatus — (not Leach) Loveridge, 1923: 872.

Typhlops exentricus (sic) — Loveridge, 1924: 3.

Typhlops punctatus punctatus — (not Leach) Barbour & Loveridge, 1928: 106.

Typhlops mucruso mucruso —Loveridge in Bosch, 1931: 20; Barros e Cunha, 1935: 2.

Onychocephalus petersii — (not Bocage) Loveridge, 1933: 216; FitzSimons, V., 1962: 75, 1966a: 39.

Typhlops hottentotus —(not Bocage) Loveridge, 1933: 216; FitzSimons, V., 1962: 75.

Typhlops mandensis —(not Stejneger) Loveridge, 1933: 220.

Typhlops (Onychocephalus) humbo —(not Bocage) Loveridge, 1933: 216; FitzSimons, V., 1962: 75.

Typhlops schlegelii schlegelii — (not Bianconi) Loveridge, 1933: 214 (part), 1953a: 245 (Tete); Bogert, 1940: 15; Barbour & Loveridge, 1946: 210; Sweeney, 1961: 35.

Typhlops schlegelii mucruso — Loveridge, 1933: 216 (part), 1936b: 226, 1942: 253, 1951: 186, 1953a: 245, 1953b: 143, 1955: 180, 1956b: 206, 1957a: 10, 1957b: 241; Pitman, 1938: 46, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1974: 62, pl. 1, fig. 2; Witte, 1952a: 17, 1953: 145, fig. 32, pl. 15, fig. 4, pl. 16, fig. 1; Vesey-FitzGerald, 1958: 32; Broadley, 1959: 8, fig. 8, 1961: 3, 1971: 70, pl. 6, 1983 & 1990a: 47, pl. 5, 1998c: 386; Broadley & Pitman, 1960: 438; Sweeney, 1961: 40; FitzSimons, V., 1962: 75 (part), 1966a: 39 (part), 1974: 71, 1978: 61; List, 1966: 38, pls. 7–9, fig. 4, pl. 22, fig. 2; Isemonger, 1968: 82, 1983: 86; Stewart, 1969: 5; Stevens, 1974: 16; Hahn, 1977: 37; Welch, 1982: 127, 1994: 57; Tonge & Morgan, 1984: 39; Branch, 1988b: 11; Broadley & Howell, 1991: 21, fig. 56; Marais, 1992: 184; Simbotwe & Mubamba, 1993: 76.

Typhlops schlegelii excentricus — Loveridge, 1933: 220, 1957b: 241, 1960: 267; Hahn, 1977: 36; Broadley & Howell, 1991: 21.

Typhlops mucruso petersii —Barros e Cunha, 1935: 2.

Typhlops schlegelii mucroso (sic) — Pitman, 1938: pl. U, fig. 3; Bogert, 1940: 16, 1942: 1; Isemonger, 1962: 93; Rose, 1962: 317, fig. 203; Bourgeois, 1964: 70; Auerbach, 1987: 146; Branch, 1988a: 48; McDowell, 2008: 584.

Typhlops schlegeli mucruso — FitzSimons, V., 1939: 20, 1970: 71; Moreau & Pakenham, 1942: 62; Laurent, 1950: 7, 1960b: 439, fig. 1, 1964a: 90; Witte, 1962: 42, pl. 1, fig. 1; Johnsen, 1962: 116; Wilson, 1965: 151; Broadley, 1966: 30 (Whitewaters); Bourgeois, 1968: 277; Langebartel, 1968: 19, fig. 1J, fig. 9.

Onychocephalus mucroso (sic)— Bogert, 1940: 16, 1942: 1; Auerbach, 1987: 146.

Typhlops schlegeli mucrosa (sic) — Moreau & Pakenham, 1941: 108; Wever, 1978: 697.

Typhlops schlegeli schlegeli — Uthmöller, 1941a: 42.

Typhlops schlegeli excentricus — Uthmöller, 1941a: 42.

Typhlops schlegeli mucroso (sic)— Uthmöller, 1941a: 42; Brynard & Pienaar, 1960: 28; Bourgeois, 1964: 70.

Typhlops schlegelii macruso (sic)— Ionides, 1950: 99.

Typhlops schleglii (sic) mucroso (sic)— Rose, 1955: 71, fig. 29.

Typhlops schlegelii mucroso (sic) — Isemonger, 1962: 93.

Typhlops hottentotus — FitzSimons, V., 1966a: 39.

Typhlops schlegalli (sic) mucruso — Stewart, 1968: 25.

Rhinotyphlops schlegelii mucroso (sic) — Roux-Estève, 1974: 166.

Rhinotyphlops schlegelii dinga — Roux-Estève, 1974: 166, 169, fig. 116, 1975a: 495; Hahn, 1977: 36; Pakenham, 1983: 22; Webb et al, 2001: 560; Cundall & Irish, 2008: 599.

Rhinotyphlops schlegeli dinga — Largen, 1978: 55; Obst et al., 1984: 370, 1988: 675; Branch, 1986: 290, fig. 2B; Coborn, 1991: 110.

Rhinotyphlops schlegeli mucroso (sic)— Largen, 1978: 55.

Typhlops schlegelii dinga — Poynton & Broadley, 1978: 930; Broadley & Blake, 1979: 10; Erasmus & Branch, 1983: 98.

Rhinotyphlops schlegelii mucruso — Hahn, 1980: 34; Welch, 1982: 127, 1994: 57; Branch, 1998: 54; Broadley et al., 1998: 7; Areste & Cebrián, 2003: 43; Griffin, 2003: 86; Marais, 2004: 284, fig.; Cundall & Irish, 2008: 599.

Rhinotyphlops schlegeli — Hughes, 1983: 354 (part); Dowling, 1986a –b: 128, 1986c–d: 136.

Onychocephalus mucroso — Auerbach, 1987: 146.

Typhlops mucroso varius — Auerbach, 1987: 146.

Rhinotyphlops dinga — Meirte, 1992: 19 (part).

Rhinotyphlops mucruso — Meirte, 1992: 19 (part); Wallach, 1998b: 337, 2003: 240; Broadley, 2000a: 296; Broadley & Wallach, 2000: 167; Haagner et al., 2000: 12; Webb et al., 2001: 559; Spawls et al., 2002: 292, 2006: 91, fig.; Broadley et al., 2003: 42, fig. 3, pls. 10–11, 2004: 328; Broadley & Cotterill, 2004: 44; Schneider et al., 2005: 116; Branch & Cunningham, 2006: 57; Malonza et al., 2006: 104; Alexander & Marais, 2007: 50.

Rhinotyphlops schlegelii — Zug, 1993: 446; Greene, 1994: 151 (part), 1997: 150; Mattison, 1999: 147 (part); McDiarmid et al. 1999: 84 (part); Stafford, 2000: 28; Zug et al., 2001: 509; Dowling, 2002 & 2007: 205, fig.; Kley, 2003: 379; Wallach, 2003: 240 (part); Murphy, 2003: 552 (part); Largen & Parker, 2004: 37; Andreone & Gavetti, 2007: 94; Vitt & Caldwell, 2009: 556.

Rana (sic) mucruso — Webb et al., 2001: 558.

Rhinotyphlops schlegelli (sic)— Lee & Scanlon, 2002: 400.

Rhinotyphlops mucrosa (sic) — Branch, 2005: 10, 2 figs.; Branch et al., 2005: 198.

Description. Snout prominent, with an obtusely angled keratinised edge on rostral (in young specimens this is absent); rostral very large, oval, but tapering to a blunt point posteriorly, length/width ratio 0.97–1.36 (mean = 1.15); frontal crescentic; supraocular transverse, its lateral apex between preocular and ocular; eye distinct near anterior edge of ocular; nasal in contact with first and second labials, nasal suture arising from first; SIP T-II or T-X (N2, P, O, O). MSR 30–40 (mean = 33.8, n = 634); MD 307–517 (mean 411.5, n = 608 [388.7 in Congo Basin, 415.7 elsewhere]); vertebrae 166–224 (mean = 194.8, n = 223); MD/V ratio 1.82–2.33 (mean = 2.03, n = 223), L/D ratio 21–58 (mean = 33.6, n = 452). There are two common colour phases. In southeastern Africa, about two-thirds of the specimens represent the lineolate phase: juveniles are blue-grey with each dorsal scale laterally edged with black, forming longitudinal lines. In large adults the dark colouration may extend to cover the entire dorsum. The venter is usually white, but may be reduced to a narrow median stripe. As they progress towards sloughing, specimens become stained brown by the soil and just before the moult they become opaque milky grey and blind. In the mottled or blotched phase, juveniles have a faint lineolate pattern with superimposed large black blotches or speckling, the lineolate pattern fades out in adults. In the Congo basin, Roux-Estève (1974) found that in the forest-savanna mosaic at low altitudes 84% of specimens were “marbrés” (= blotched), compared with 69% in the higher savannas of Katanga. In southeast Africa the percentage of blotched specimens drops to about 33%. Largest specimen (USNM 137358—Mbua, Malawi) has a total length of 950 mm.

Discussion. McDiarmid et al. (1999:86) stated that Bocage (1873) recognised Onychocephalus mucruso as a distinct species and placed O. dinga in the synonymy of O. schlegelii , therefore becoming first revisor. However, Bocage was simply following Peters (1860), who subsequently (1882) reinstated O. dinga . The situation was confused by Loveridge (1933), who regarded the Zambezi as the dividing line between Typhlops s. mucruso to the north and T. s. schlegelii to the south (with dinga , varius and riparius as synonyms). Broadley (1959) placed all these Peters’ names in the synonymy of T. s. mucruso and suggested that typical T. schlegelii did not occur north of the Limpopo. See McDiarmid et al., 1999: 86 and Bauer et al., 2002: 161–162 for discussion of type specimens.

Habitat. Savannas and forest-savanna mosaic.

Distribution. East Africa from coastal Kenya south to central Mozambique, Zimbabwe and the Northern Province of South Africa, extending west into the southern Congo basin and northeastern Angola, 0–1740 m ( Figs. 15–17).

Localities. KENYA. Gedi CAS 184290; Gongoni MCZ 40069; Mkonumbi MCZ 40062–63; Ngatana MCZ 40066–68; Peccatoni MCZ 40061; Wange USNM 2123–25; Witu MCZ 40064–65; ZFMK 33569. TANZANIA. Dar es Salaam NMZB 6497, 7031, 7881, 8088, 9912, 9950, 12314; Dodoma NMZB 9336;

Kafukola NMZB 3542; Katisunga TMP 38069; Kigwambimbi MSNG —; Kilombero valley KMH 17669–70; NMZB 7903; Kilosa TMP 16536; Kigwembimbe, Iringa NMZB 17145; Kiwengoma Forest Res. NMZB 9915; Kondoa MNHN 1883.207–09, 1885.426; Lindi NMZB 131; Liwale NMZB 132, 178; Malya NMK 764; Mangola NMZB 8806; Mazimbu ZMB 48246–48, 46250–53; Mikindani ZMB 22070, 27640; Mikumi National Park NMZB 7441; Morogoro BMNH 1920.5.4.37; USNM 62891–92; ZMB 24039; Muse NMZB 3540; Mwaya MCZ 30050–57; MRAC 11221; Naliendele NMZB 7875; “Pays Masai” MNHN 1922.32; Rukwa valley IRSNB 3227, 3232; Tabora ( Sternfeld, 1911); Tanga ZMB 51411; Tatanda NMZB 7033; Tegemeo Farm NMZB 11581–82; Tukuyu MCZ 30061; Uluguru Mts NMK 1130; Zanzibar ( Pakenham, 1983). MOZAMBIQUE. No locality BMNH 68.2.28.5–6, 68.2.29.135–36; ZMB 1153–54; Beira BMNH 1907.4.29.42; NMZB-UM 7515, 21937; Charre BMNH 1934.4.6.1–2; Chemezi NMZB-UM 1541; Chibabava NMZB 27772; Chifumbazi ZMB 27622 (2); Chupanga ZMB 3943; Cóbuè CZL —; Inhamitanga NMZB-UM 21847, 25 km SSW NMZB-UM 7378, 21916; Kasumbabedza MCZ 44457, 51036–37; Lumbo TMP 26492; Macanga ZMB 3963; Maforga NMZB-UM 7100–01, 8272; Mese River BMNH 1906.11.22.10–11; Metuchira NMZB-UM 7173; Moebase TMP 80984, 80992; Nhamacala NMZB-UM 28435, 29124; Pungwe valley MNHN 1906.49; Ribaue TMP 21050; Sena ZMB 3919, 3946–47; Tec Tec NMZB-UM 29126–27; Tete ZMB 3918, 3942, 3945; Vila Machado NMZB-UM 7386; Xiluvo NMZB-UM 7163, 7169, 7174, 7181, 7246, 31274; Zambezi mouth BMNH 59.2.9.2. MALAWI. Blantyre AJL 1299; MCZ 51034–35; NMZB-UM 1903– 04; Cape Maclear CM 61111; NMZB-UM 4161; USNM 248633; Lifupa Camp, Kasungu National Park NMZB-UM 24869–70; Lilongwe NMZB 3035; Lujeri Tea Estate NMZB-UM 4544; Mbua USNM 137358; Misuku Hills MCZ 51032; Mtimbuka MZC 51033; Mzuzu NMZB-UM 6608; Namadzi ZMUC 52188–89; Nkhata Bay NMZB-UM 24815; Rumpi NMZB-UM 6614; Zomba NMZB-UM 4136. ZAMBIA. Bangueolo MZUN 6482 (holotype of Typhlops viridiflavus Peracca ); Chibitubutu NMZB 3559; Chikowa NMZB-UM 2874; Chilanga NMZB 31, 4312; Chingola to Solwezi ZMUC 5211; Chipangali NMZB-UM 3070, 17212, 17219–25 + duplicates; Chipata NMZB 1840–43, 1845–46, NMZB-UM 5983–85, 17205 + duplicates; Chiwaya NMZB-UM 17210; Chongwe NMZB-UM 4502; Chunga NMZB-UM 30034–35, 30047; Fwambo BMNH 94.12.20.6; Kabompo NMZB 800, 3320, 3402, 4309–11, 4453, 4457, 4969–70; Kadende NMZB-UM 17208–09; Kafue River USNM 63536; Kalichero NMZB 1847; NMZB-UM 2867–73, 2875–76 + duplicates; Kalomo NMZB 1939, 3753; Kasama NMZB 55; Kasempa NMZB 35–37, 2999; Kasusu NMZB 25545–45; Kawambwa ZMUC —; Kitwe NMZB 19; Lealui MNHN 1893.68, 1894.10, 1895.297–99; Livingstone NMZB-UM 533; Lundazi NMZB 1844; NMZB-UM 2864, 3080 + duplicates; Lupande—Nyamozi Concluence NMZB-UM 17206–07; Lusaka PM 60; Mambwe IRSNB 15333; Mbala IRSNB 3233, 4002–04; NMZB 3541–58, 3560–65; Mfuwe NMZB-UM 17226, 20079–81, 31345; Mkanda NMZB-UM 17216–18; Msoro NMZB-UM 2866 + duplicates; near Muchinji (Malawi border) NMZB-UM 2865; Mumbwa NMZB 814; Ndola NMZB 1325–26; ZMUC —; Ngoma Camp, Kafue National Park NMZB-UM 19900, 23390; Petauke Old Boma NMZB-UM 17214–15; Sayiri NMZB-UM 17213; Sioma Falls TMP 81409; Solwezi NMZB 1047–49. ZIMBABWE. Anglesea Farm NMZB 13133; Beatrice NMZB-UM 5185; Bikita NMZB- UM 20477; Birchenough Bridge NMZB-UM 1445, 2520; Bulawayo NMZB 233, 780, 787–89, 791–92, 811, 982, 1031, 1253, 1955, 5826, 5828, 13925; NMZB-UM 1710, 21621, 31546, 31854, 32225, 32527, 32623; TMP 12719; Bushtick NMZB 786, 796; Chinhoyi NMZB 3993; Chipinda Pools NMZB-UM 19677, 31620; Chipinge NMZB-UM 6485; Chiredzi NMZB-UM 13401, 17827, 25609–12; Chirinda Forest NMZB 815; Chishawasha NMZB-QVM 58; Condo NMZB-UM 758; Darwendale TMP 24075; Dete NMZB-UM 1215, 18024, 18035; Dorowa NMZB-QVM 436; Dwala Ranch NMZB 12466; Eastlands, Mutare NMZB-UM 8649–50; Esigodini NMZB 467, 730, 12112; TMP 22970; Ewanrigg NMZB-UM 23361, 28369; Fatima Mission NMZB 11218; Fern Valley, Mutare NMZB-UM 1242; Glen Clova NMZB-UM 2509; Glenochy NMZB 797; Gwanda NMZB 5928; Great Zimbabwe NMZB-UM 28653; TMP 34468; Gwai River NMZB 3693; Gweru NMZB 20276, 23971–72, 27427, 31273; Harare NMZB 237–38, 7495, 12116; NMZB-QVM 1–2, 55, 337, 432–33, 444, 562, 617–22, 639; NMZB-UM 1728, 18202, 20602, 21594–96, 24277, 26612, 32061, 32629, 33281–85; Haroni-Rusitu Conflunce NMZB-UM 10197–98; Helvetia NMZB 5402; Hippo Valley NMZB-UM 30290; Humani Ranch NMZB-UM 23934; Hwange NMZB-UM 31520; Hwange National Park: Main Camp NMZB 12602; Ngweshla Pan NMZB 15573; Robins Camp NMZB-UM 27486; Shapi Pan NMZB-UM 29189; Imbizo NMZB-UM 20316; Inkomo NMZB-UM 32131; Inyokene NMZB 9718, 9776, 13754, 14497–98; Irisvale NMZB 1412–14; Jersey Tea Estate NMZB-UM 5397; Kadoma NMZB 794–95, 816; Kamativi NMZB-UM 551; Kapami NMZB-UM 334, 477, 486, 15 km SE NMZB-UM 422; Kariba NMZB-UM 4937, 11279, 17917, 25548, 26780; Karoi NMZB-UM 19925; Katiyo Tea Estate NMZB-UM 14347–48; Katombora Rapids NMZB 13609; Kazuma Forest Reserve NMZB 9115; Kemavanga Camp, Mvuradonha Mts. NMZB 9901; Kwekwe NMZB-UM 32065–66; TMP 25580; Kyle National Park NMZB- UM 12399, 18180; Legion Mine NMZB 798; Macheke NMZB 1743; Majoda NMZB 9702; Makoholi Research Station NMZB-UM 29213; Makore Farm, Mutare NMZB-UM 18413; Malimbasimbi NMZB-UM 12610; Malonga Bridge, Hwange NMZB-UM 433, 547; Maleme Dam, Matobo Nat. Park NMZB-UM 26864, 26926, 32365; Mana Pools NMZB 7690; Manyera NMZB-UM 23487; Marhumbeni NMZB-UM 17664; Marivalle Ranch, Kwekwe NMZB 16423, 16439–40, 16435–36, 16473; Marondera MMK — (2); NMZB 258; NMZB-QVM 665; NMZB-UM 28084; Marudzi Bridge, Guruve NMZB 15284; Matinedza NMZB-UM 19962; Mazowe NMZB 11776–77; Mberengwa NMZB 799, 4025; Mondoro NMZB-UM 29506; Mount Selinda AMNH 51949; MCZ 44456; TMP 16222, 18562, 26058; Mpudzi Bridge NMZB-UM 10454; Mutare NMZB 1948; NMZB-QVM 3; NMZB-UM 1, 952, 7005, 7007, 7328, 8352, 8623, 9628–29, 9695, 10563, 10728–29, 11949, 12419, 12899, 12975, 13021, 13148, 17882, 18010, 18045, 20031, 20044, 22132, 23334, 27931, 29136, 29146, 29349, 30021, 30027, 32158, 32935, 33162–63; Ngoma Kurriwa NMZB-UM 26928; Norton NMZB-UM 31328; Nyafuta Mtn, Darwin NMZB 11158; Nyamaropa NMZB-UM 31267–68; Nyamucheche Farm NMZB 7165–66; Nyasi, Nyanga NMZB-UM 18520; Nyazura NMZB 812–13; NMZB-UM 10700, 29465; Odzani NMZB 805, 15443; Odzi NMZB 424; Penhalonga NMZB-UM 9822; Redbank NMZB-UM 8922; Rifa Camp, Chirundu NMZB 14143; Rugare, Nyanga NMZB-UM 30393; Rukute Farm NMZB-UM 12558; Runde Communal Land NMZB-UM 26703–05; Rusape NMZB 8634; NMZB-UM 6505; Ruwa NMZB-UM 32639; Saffron Walden NMZB 4447; St. Mary’s Mission, Nyanga NMZB-UM 12445–46, 12836–38, 17910, 17992, 20737–39, 31394; Salatar Farm, Mhangura NMZB 15826; Selborne NMZB-UM 12432; Sengwa Wildlife Research Area NMZB-UM 19686, 22781; Shurugwe MNHN 1933.29; NMZB 962, 1775; Silverstreams NMZB-UM 18370; Stapleford NMZB-UM 10634, 11922; Syringa NMZB 790; The Corner, Chimanimani NMZB-UM 16769; Thorn Park NMZB-UM 23373; Trelawney TMP 21050, 21617–25; Triangle NMZB 8349, 8850, 9470, 10814; Turk Mine NMZB 439; Victoria Falls NMZB-UM 23199, 23223; Warren Hills NMZB-QVM 404; Westacre NMZB 236; Westwood Ranch NMZB 12842; Zambezi-Sebungwe Confluence NMZB 483. BOTSWANA. Francistown MMK 719; NMZB-UM 12976, 17489; TMP 52547. SOUTH AFRICA. Beit Bridge NMZB 7161; Dover 44MT ( Jacobsen, 1989); Kruger National Park: Mala Mala Spruit NKW/Serp. 319; Lake Fundusi TMP 13950; Messina to Tshipise ( Jacobsen, 1989); Mietjesfontein 220MR ( Jacobsen, 1989); Umzinto 36MR TMP 16191.