Hyphessobrycon sateremawe, Faria & Bastos & Zuanon & Lima, 2020

Faria, Tiago C., Bastos, Douglas A., Zuanon, Jansen & Lima, Flávio C. T., 2020, A new Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) of the Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus species-group from the Central Amazon basin, Brazil, Zootaxa 4859 (2), pp. 275-284 : 276-281

Hyphessobrycon sateremawe , new species

( Figs. 1–3 )

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Holotype. INPA59494 (26.2mm SL), Brazil, Amazonas, Nova Olinda do Norte ,stream tributary to rioAbacaxis, Paraná do Urariá basin, 4°17’5”S, 58°34’44”W, J. Zuanon, P. Guarido, J. Sodré, A.A. Souza Filho & E.M. Gomes, 9Aug 2015 . Paratypes. All from Brazil, Amazonas state . INPA 34941 (49, 13.4–29.8 mm SL) ; ZUEC 17225 (5, 22.7–27.9 mm SL), Maués, Comunidade Pingo de Ouro, near Campina , rio Maués-Açu basin, Paraná do Urariá basin, 3°47’48”S, 57°36’21”W , R. R. de Oliveira & W. Pedrosa, 5 Jun 2010 . INPA 34925 (20, 14.1–24.2 mm SL), Maués, Igarapé 6 ( Campina ), comunidade Pingo de Ouro , rio Maués-Açu basin, Paraná do Urariá basin, 3°48’36.00”S, 57°36’43.00”W , R. R. de Oliveira & W. Pedroza, 5 Jun 2015 . INPA 50729 (73, 4 C&S, 13.5–27.6 mm SL) ; ANSP 207955 (5, 23.6–27.3 mm SL) ; ZUEC 17226 (5, 22.2–26.2 mm SL), same data as holotype . INPA 50689 (47, 15.1– 26.1 mm SL) ; MPEG 38945 (5, 23.1–26.1 mm SL) ; FMNH 144980 (5, 22.6–26.8 mm SL), Nova Olinda do Norte, stream trib. rio Abacaxis , 4°53’5”S, 58°34’57”W, J. Zuanon, E.G. Ferreira, D.A. Bastos, P.M. Ito & P. Guarido, 8 Aug 2015 .

Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon sateremawe can be distinguished from all congeners, except Hy. amapaensis , Hy. ericae , Hy. heterorhabdus , and Hy. wosiacki , by the presence of an elongated humeral blotch, anteriorly well defined, that becomes progressively diffuse and blurred posteriorly, overlapping with a continuous midlateral dark stripe. Hyphessobrycon sateremawe can be distinguished from Hy. amapaensis , Hy. ericae , Hy. heterorhabdus , and Hy. wosiacki by possessing humeral blotch and continuous midlateral stripe broad, occupying vertical height equivalent of two scale rows to middle of body (vs. humeral blotch and continuous midlateral stripe only broad anteriorly, narrowing considerably after humeral region to one scale row high, or less). Hyphessobrycon sateremawe may be additionaly distinguished from Hy. amapaensis by possessing, in life, a narrow longitudinal red stripe that is anteriorly not continuous and composed by red dots (vs. presence of a thick red stripe that is continuous in its entire extension), and from Hy. ericae and Hy. wosiacki by lacking a caudal peduncle blotch (vs. presence of a caudal peduncle blotch).

Description. Morphometric data for holotype and paratypes in Table 1 . Body compressed. Greatest body depth at vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head slightly convex from upper lip to vertical through posterior nostril, straight from that point to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from latter point to anterior terminus of dorsal fin. Dorsal-fin base straight, posteroventrally slanted, slightly convex from posterior terminus of dorsal fin to adipose-fin insertion and slightly concave between adipose-fin insertion and origin of anteriormost dorsal procurrent caudal-fin ray. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin. Anal-fin base straight, posterodorsally slanted. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave.

Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Posterior terminus of maxilla reaching vertical through anterior margin of iris. Maxilla approximately at 45 degrees angle relative to longitudinal axis of body. Nostrils close to each other, anterior opening oval, posterior opening crescent-shaped. Premaxillary teeth in two rows. Outer teeth row with 3 bi- to tricuspid teeth. Inner row with 5 bi- to tetracuspid teeth, symphyseal tooth narrower than remaining teeth. Maxilla with 3(2), 4(1), or 5(1) conical to tricuspid teeth. Dentary with 12(2), 13(2) or 14(1) teeth, anteriormost 4 teeth larger, tri- to tetracuspid, 8–10 remaining teeth considerably smaller and conical. Central cusp of all teeth more developed than remaining lateral cusps ( Fig. 3 ).

Scales cycloid. Two to seven radii strongly marked, circulii well marked anteriorly, weakly marked posteriorly. Lateral line slightly deflected downward and incompletely pored, with 7*(7), 8(24) or 9(5) perforated scales. Longitudinal scales series including lateral-line scales 32(2), 33*(6), 34(5), 35(8) or 36(1). Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5*(35). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3*(30) or 4(5). Predorsal scales 9*(13), 10(12) or 11(8). Circumpeduncular scales 11(1), 12*(26) or 13(1). Caudal fin with few small scales basally.

Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9*(35). Dorsal-fin origin slightly anterior from middle of standard length. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind neural spine of 9th(4) vertebrae. Adipose fin present. Anteriormost anal-fin pterygiophore inserting posterior to haemal spine of 14th(1) or 15th(3) vertebrae. Anal-fin rays iv, 18(2), 19(22), 20(23), 21(5) or 22(2). Last unbranched and first to third anteriormost branched rays distinctly longer than remaining rays, subsequent rays gradually decreasing in size. Pectoral-fin rays i, 9(1), 10(16) or 11*(17). Pelvic-fin rays i, 7*(35). Tip of pelvic-fin reaching anteriormost anal-fin rays. Caudal fin forked, lobes roughly rounded and of similar size. Ten (1) or 11(3) dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays, and 8(1) or 9(3) ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays. Vertebrae 33(4). Supraneurals 4(3) or 5(1), with upper portion wider. Branchiostegal rays 4. First gill arch with 1(3) or 2(1) hypobranchial, 8(1) or 9(3) ceratobranchial, 1(4) on cartilage between ceratobranchial and epibranchial, and 3(1) or 4(3) epibranchial gill-rakers.

Color in alcohol. Overall body color beige. Dorsal portion of head and body darker. Ventral portion of head and body with few scattered dark chromatophores. Snout and dentary tip dark. Dark chromatophores scattered along infraorbitals and opercle, concentrated dorsally. Dorsal scales row dark, with pigmentation more concentrated at center of scales. Three dorsalmost scale rows with conspicuous reticulated pattern formed by dark chromatophores concentrated at scales margins. Area immediately above humeral blotch and middlateral dark stripe clear, with evenly-scattered, light-grey chromatophores. Humeral blotch broad and conspicuous, with diffuse dorsal and welldefined ventral expansions, occupying lateral line scale row and dorsal scale row immediately above, becoming gradually narrower and more diffuse posteriorly. Posterior region of humeral blotch gradually becoming diffuse and coalescing with midlateral dark stripe. Midlateral dark stripe thicker anteriorly, narrowing posteriorly and turning fainter. Dark chromatophores evenly scattered throughout abdominal region. Region above anal fin with dark chromatophores aligned along myocommata of hypaxial muscles. Line of dark chromatophores parallel to anal fin margin at hiatus between end of hypaxial muscles and basis of anal-fin muscles. Caudal fin mostly hyaline, with middle caudal rays with high concentration of dark chromatophores. Anal fin with dark chromatophores scattered along interradial membranes, more concentrated along distal region of anal fin lobe. Dorsal fin ray hyaline, with dark chromatophores concentrated on anteriormost rays. Adipose fin with few scattered dark chromatophores mainly concentrated on proximal region. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline.

Color in life. Overall body with olivaceous hue, with exception of middle and ventral region of head and abdominal region, with silvery hue. Dorsal portion of eye red. Tricolor longitudinal pattern starting immediately posterior to opercle and ending immediately before caudal fin basis, composed of narrow dorsal red stripe, narrow middle iridescent stripe, and broad ventral dark longitudinal pattern composed of humeral blotch followed posteriorly by midlateral stripe. Longitudinal red stripe anteriorly not continuous, formed by row of red spots, becoming continuous posteriorly and thicker on posterior half of caudal peduncle. Intermediary iridescent stripe golden, relatively narrow and diffuse, thicker anterior to humeral blotch and becoming narrower posteriorly, ending anteriorly to caudal peduncle. Scattered iridescent chromatophores throughout abdominal region ( Fig. 2 ).

Variation. Specimens from the rio Abacaxis basin presents a darker color pattern on dorsal region, dorsolateral region and midlateral stripe, and thicker humeral blotch, especially on posterior region, when compared to specimens from the rio Maués-Açu basin. An aquarium raised specimen from the rio Abacaxis basin presented a very dark and longer midlateral stripe when compared to specimen collected from the same locality and fixed immediately after collection ( Fig. 2 ).

Sexual dimorphism. Males present tiny bony hooks on distal half of last unbranched anal-fin ray and all branched anal-fin rays (1 to 27), on caudal-fin rays (0 to 9), on distal half of dorsal-fin rays (0 to 17), on all extension of pelvic-fin rays (12 to 53) and on distalmost region of pectoral fin (0 to 2) (all bony hook counts made in a single C&S specimen, INPA 50729, 24.0 mm SL). Bony hooks larger on anterior rays of anal fin and on pelvic fin, observed in INPA 50729 (13, 18.4–27.3 mm SL) and INPA 34941 (5, 19.6–27.5 mm SL) specimens. Bony hooks of dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins only discernible in C&S individuals. Smaller male presenting bony hooks 18.4 mm SL (INPA 50729). Females reach larger sizes than males (largest female with 29.8 mm SL, largest male with 27.5 mm SL).

Distribution. Hyphessobrycon sateremawe is known from the rio Abacaxis and rio Maués-Açu, both tributaries of the Paraná do Urariá drainage, Amazonas state, Brazil ( Fig. 4 ).

Ecological notes. The type locality of Hy. sateremawe consists of small forest streams (maximum width and depth of 2.0 m and 0.30 m, respectively) densely covered by the canopy of the forest. The stream water is clear to slightly tinted in yellow, with slow current velocity (0.13–0.30 m * s-1). The substrate is composed predominantly by submerged coarse litter (55%), sand patches (30%), small logs and branches (11%), and fine roots from the riparian vegetation (4%). Hyphessobrycon sateremawe shares the streams with other small characid species ( Hemigrammus coeruleus Durbin, He. analis Durbin , Moenkhausia cf. dyktiota Lima & Toledo-Piza and Tyttobrycon sp.), cichlids ( Laetacara sp., Apistogramma sp. “abacaxis” and Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan ), the erythrinid Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider) , the crenuchids Crenuchus spilurus Günther and Elachocharax junki (Géry) , the lebiasinids Copella nattereri (Steidachner) and Pyrrhulina cf. beni (Pearson)) , the rivulids Anablepsoides micropus (Steindachner) , Laimosemion kirovskyi (Costa) , and Laimosemion sp., as well as some catfishes, such as the cetopsid Helogenes marmoratus Günther and the heptapterid Rhamdia sp., electric fishes ( Gymnotiformes : two species of Gymnotus and one of Microsternarchus ), and an undescribed species of the swamp eel ( Synbranchus sp.). Gut content analysis of 5 specimens (INPA 50729) revealed the presence of ants, an Ephemeroptera larvae, a Pseudoscorpionida pedipalp, an aquatic beetle, an Acari, diverse Arthropoda remains, algae and unidentified matter.

Etymology: The specific name honors the Sateré-Mawé, an indigenous group of the Tupi-Guarani language family that lived in the region between the lower portions of rio Tapajós and rio Madeira, including the area of rio Abacaxis and rio Maués-Açu. The Sateré-Mawé joined the Cabanagem rebellion (1835–1839) and were in reprisal decimated by loyalist forces of the Brazilian empire. They were later (1850) living under an extensive mission under the Fransciscan friar Pedro de Ciriana ( Hemming, 1995). The Sateré-Mawé are renowned as the indigenous group that discovered and started using the guaraná ( Paullinia cupana ), and for the Tocandira ant ritual, a rite of passage where boys insert their hands in gloves with fastened, living tocandira ants ( Paraponera clavata ) ( Botelho & Weigel, 2011). Today the Sateré-Mawé people live mainly in the Terra Indígena Andirá-Marau, with one group in the Terra Indígena Coatá-Laranjal and groups in the cities of Manaus, Nova Olinda do Norte, Barreirinha, Maués and Parintins, all from the state of Amazonas, Brazil.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Hyphessobrycon sateremawe new species. A) INPA 59494, holotype, 26.2 mm SL, male, Brazil, Amazonas, Nova Olinda do Norte, rio Abacaxis basin, Paraná do Urariá basin. B) INPA 34941, paratype, 24.7 mm CP, female, Brazil, Amazonas, Maués, rio Maués-Açu basin, Paraná do Urariá basin.

FIGURE 2. Hyphessobrycon sateremawe new species, living specimen, not preserved, collected with type specimens in the rio Abacaxis basin.

FIGURE 3. Tooth-bearing portions of jaw bones in Hyphessobrycon sateremawe, paratype, INPA 50729, 24.3 mm SL. A) Mesial view of premaxillary, right side. B) mesial view of distal portion of lower jaw, right side. C) lateral view of distal portion of maxillary, right side. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 4. Map of central Amazon basin, showing the known distribution of Hyphessobrycon sateremawe (white star indicates type locality; white circles indicate remaining known localities).