Hottentotta trilineatus ( Peters, 1862 )

Kovařík, František, 2007, A revision of the genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with descriptions of four new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae), Euscorpius 58 (58), pp. 1-107 : 81-86

Hottentotta trilineatus ( Peters, 1862)

( Figs. 20 , 121–125 )

Centrurus trilineatus Peters, 1862: 515 ; Pocock, 1896b: 425; Moritz & Fischer, 1980: 324.

Buthus trilineatus : Kraepelin, 1899: 21; Pocock, 1900b: 57; Kraepelin, 1901: 266; Borelli, 1904a: 1; Kraepelin, 1905: 195; Tullgren, 1907: 2; Hirst, 1911a: 1; Masi, 1912: 95; Kraepelin, 1913: 169; Hewitt, 1918: 103, 175; Loveridge, 1925: 305; Hewitt, 1935: 465; Roewer, 1952: 27; Geeraerts, 1953: 1066; Lawrence, 1955: 225; Lawrence, 1961: 153; Lawrence, 1964: 34; Lawrence, 1967: 84; Aguiar, 1978: 108.

Buthus (Hottentotta) trilineatus : Werner, 1936: 175; Caporiacco, 1941: 33; Moriggi, 1941: 85; Roewer, 1943: 207; Caporiacco, 1947: 231.

Hottentotta trilineatus trilineatus : Caporiacco, 1949: 314.

Buthotus trilineatus : Vachon & Stockmann, 1968: 103; Probst, 1973: 320; Lamoral & Reynders, 1975: 504; Stahnke & Calos, 1977: 119; Newlands & Martindale, 1980: 53; El-Hennawy, 1992: 118.

Hottentotta trilineata : Dupre & Balliet, 1997: 5.

Hottentotta (Hottentotta) trilineatus : Fet & Lowe, 2000: 144.

Hottentotta (Hottentotta) trilineata : Kovařík, 1998: 110.

Hottentotta trilineata : Kovařík, 2001b: 84; Kovařík, 2002: 8; Kovařík, 20 03: 140.

Hottentotta trilineatus : Leeming, 2003: 47; Kovařík & Whitman, 2005: 108; Prendini, 2005: 66.

Buthus hottentotta (in part): Kraepelin, 1891: 185 (see Kraepelin, 1899: 21).

= Buthus eminii Pocock, 1890c: 98 ; Kraepelin, 1895: 83; Pocock, 1896b: 425; Pocock, 1897b: 402; Pocock, 1898a: 430; Pocock, 1898b: 499; Pocock, 1900b: 57; Kraepelin, 1903: 559; Hirst, 1911b: 217; Birula, 1915a: 121; Birula, 1916: 60; Borelli, 1919: 362; Loveridge, 1925: 305; Borelli, 1925a: 9; Caporiacco, 1936: 135 (syn. by Kraepelin, 1899: 21).

Buthus (Buthus) eminii : Pocock, 1890a: 126.

Buthus (Hottentotta) emini : Birula, 1915a: 123; Birula, 1915b: f11; Werner, 1934: 269; Caporiacco, 1939: 304; Moriggi, 1941: 86; Caporiacco, 1947: 231.

Buthus hottentotta emini : Kraepelin, 1929: 88.

Buthotus emini : Vachon & Stockmann, 1968: 107; Probst, 1973: 321.

Hottentotta (Hottentotta) eminii : Fet & Lowe, 2000: 137.

= Buthus trilineatus fuscatus Masi, 1912: 95 (syn. by Vachon & Stockmann, 1968: 106).

Buthus hottentotta minax fuscata: Caporiacco, 1937: 358.

Hottentotta (Hottentotta) trilineata fuscata : Kovařík, 1998: 111.

= Buthus fuscitruncus Caporiacco, 1936: 136 ; Caporiacco, 1937: 358; Vachon, 1949: 162 (1952: 248) (syn. by Kovařík, 2003: 140).

Buthus (Hottentotta) fuscitruncus : Caporiacco, 1939: 304; Moriggi, 1941: 87.

Buthotus fuscitruncus : Vachon & Stockmann, 1968: 110; Probst, 1973: 329; Lamoral & Reynders, 1975: 500; El-Hennawy, 1992: 116.

Hottentotta (Hottentotta) fuscitruncus : Kovařík, 1998: 110; Fet & Lowe, 2000: 138.

Hottentotta cf. polystictus : Kovařík, 1997b: 180.

TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Mozambique, Tette ; ZMHB.

TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Mozambique, Tette , 1♀ (holotype), leg. W. Peters, ZMHB No. 2328. Kenya, South shore of Victoria Nyanza, 1♀ (holotype of Buthus eminii Pocock, 1890 , Fig. 125 ), BMNH No. 90.4.15.2. Somalia, Belet Amin , 1♂ (holotype of Buthus fuscitruncus Caporiacco, 1936 ), VII.1934, MCSN .

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. Botswana, bor., Kasane env., 29.XII.1996 – 7.I.1997, 1♀ 1juv., leg. M. Snížek, FKCP . Egypt,? probably locality error, 1♀, SMFD No. 5246. Eritrea, Assab, 1882–1884, Bouturlin , 1♂ 3♀ 1juv. before first ecdysis, MZUF No. 653; Ghenafena (8 km from Serae ), V.1901, 1♂ 1♀ 1juv., V. 1901, MZUF Nos. 660 and 646. Ethiopia, Aegyptem vagy Abyssinia , 1898, 2ims., leg. Frundsberg, HNHM No. 1183; Dongollo , 20–30.XII.1900, 1♀, leg. A. Andreini, MZUF No. 654; Amba Mussolinii , 12.II.1937, 1♂, leg. U. Ignesti, MZUF No. 655; Neghelli, Borana , 1938, 1♀, leg. E. Zavattari, MZUF No. 652; Sagan Omo, Dande , 23.III.1939, 1♀, leg. Zavattari, MZUF No. 651; Sagan Omo , El Bano, 1juv., 30.IV.1939, 2♂ 1♀ 2juvs., 2.V.1939, 1♀, 5.V.1939, 1♂ 4♀ 1juv., 9.V.1939, 2juvs., 30.V.1939, 1♀, 7.VI.1939, 2♂ 1♀ 1juv., 10.VI.1939, 2♀, VI.1939, leg. E. Zavattari, MZUF Nos. 637–643, 656; Sagan Omo , El Meti, 1♂ 1♀ 2juvs., 14.V.1939, leg. E. Zavattari, MZUF No. 645; Sagan Omo , El Dire, 15–18.V.1939, 1♂ 1♀ 2juvs., leg. E. Zavattari, MZUF No. 644; Sagan Omo, Gondaraba , 1juv., 2.VI.1939, 1♂ 1juv., 10.VI.1939, 1♀, 13.VI.1939, 1♂ 2juvs., 18.VI.1939, leg. E. Zavattari, MZUF Nos. 647–9, 657; Sagan Omo, Gongabacno [= Gonga Bainu?], 17.VI.1939, 1♂ 2 juvs., leg. E. Zavattari, MZUF No. 650; Caschei , 10.VII.1939, 1♂ 3♀, leg. E. Zavattari, MZUF No. 658; Yambo , 2♂ 2♀, IV.1995, leg. R. Lízler, FKCP ; Kersabor , V. 1996, 1♀, leg. R. Lízler, FKCP ; Gemu Gofa, Arba Minch , 2– 3.V.1997, 2♀, leg. Werner, FKCP ; Sidamo, near Negele borana, 7–8.V.1997, 1♂ 1juv., leg. Werner & Lízler, FKCP ; Wachile-Yavello, Sidamo , 1♂, 28–29.IV.1998, leg. Werner, FKCP ; Parco Nazionale Awash, Harerge Region, Habro , boscaglia, 25.VII.2002, 1♀, leg. Sforzi & L. Bartolozzi. MZUF No. 659. Kenya, O. A. Afrika, Mombasa, 1♀, 25.XII.1969, leg. M. Grasshoff, SMFD ; Voi , 1♀, XI.1978, leg. M. Grasshoff, SMFD ; Sangala Hills , 1♀ 1♂ (im.), XII.1993, leg. Werner, FKCP ; Babati , XII.1993, 1♀, leg. Werner, NMPC ; Taita district, surroundings of Voi , 31.V–03.VI.1994, 1♀, leg. L. Bartolozzi, B. Cecchi & A. Sforzi, MZUF No. 1107; Voi ( Tsavo ), 1♂ 1♀, 24–28.I.1996, 2♂ 1juv., 10.XII.1999, leg. M. Snížek, 22.XI–2.XII.1996, 4♂ 5♀ 1juv., leg. M. Snížek, 3♀, 1.VI.1997, leg. O. Bužga, 13–17.XII.1997, 8♂ 12♀, leg. M. Snížek, 3♂, 2001, leg. M. Snížek, FKCP ; Lodwar , 2♀ 1juv., 20.XII.1995, leg. M. Snížek & Smrž, FKCP ; 50 km N of Namanga, Ilbisil env., 18.XI.1997, 3♂ 3♀ 1juv., leg. M. Snížek, FKCP ; Eastern Mwingi env., 4.XII.1997, 1♀, leg. M. Snížek, FKCP ; S. Magadi, Lake Magadi env., 6.XII.1997, 19♂ ( Figs. 122– 123 ) 26♀ 4juvs.10juvs. before first ecdysis, leg. M. Snížek, FKCP ; Nairobi env., 36°62'E 01°30'S, 2000 m., 7.XII.1997, 5♂ 15♀, leg. M. Snížek, FKCP ; Katutu- Kithioko , 27.XI.1999, 5♂ 7♀ 1juv., leg. M. Snížek, FKCP ; between Isiola and Turkana lake, IX.2003, 1♂ 1juv., leg. T. Mazuch, FKCP ; between Madogo and Garissa, west of Tana river, VIII.2005, 1♂ ( Fig. 124 ) 2♀, leg. T. Mazuch, FKCP . Mozambique, Tete, 1♂ 3♀ 4juvs, IV.1947, SMFD ; Tette , 2juvs.(♀ and ♂), IV.1980, FKCP . Somalia, 1♂ 8♀, circa 1970, MZUF Nos. 870 and 1170; Afgoi , 1.V.1937, 1♀, 13.VII.1959, 1♀, 1960, 1♂, 1970, 1♂, leg. A. Simonetta, MZUF Nos. 846, 850, 1 166; Gelib, d. Missione Cattolica , 1962, 1♂, MZUF No. 847; Belet Amin , VII.1934, 2♂ 1♀, leg. S. Patrizi MZUF No. 844; Bur Dinsor , 300– 370 m., 19.VII.1962, 1♂ 1juv., 3.VI.1978, 1♂ 1♀ 1juv., leg. B. Lanza, MZUF Nos. 848, 866 and 1104; 2 km dopo Mahas , 3.VIII.1969, 1juv., S.B. S., MZUF No. 849; Giohar , 8.VIII.1970, 1♂ 4♀, S.B. S., MZUF No. 851; ca 50 km da Chisimaio venendo da Badadda, 19.VIII.1970, 3♀ 1juv., MZUF No. 852; Chisimajo , duna, 20.VIII.1970, 1♀, leg. F. Ferrara & B. Lanza MZUF No. 853; Sar Uanle , 1♂, 31.XI.1971, 2♂, XI.1971, 1♂ 1♀, IX.1972, 2♀, V.1973, 1♀, 7.VI.1973, 4♀, 1.VIII.1975, 2♀, 11.VIII.1975, 1♀, 14.VIII.1975, MZUF Nos. 854–863, 871; Baidoa , 12– 28.VI.1978, 3♂ 4♀, MZUF No. 867; Berdale , 13.VI.1978, 1♂ 4♀ 1im., MZUF No. 868; El Ure, 16 km da Vegit sulla pista per Lug , 16.VI.1978, 1♂ 1♀, MZUF No. 865; Edain Caboda , 18.VI.1978, 2♂ 1♀ 2juvs., MZUF No. 864; Arbasala , 56 km NW di Iscia Baidoa, 25.VI.1978, 1♀ 1juv., MZUF No. 869. South Africa, Transvaal, Southpansberg env., Steinen , XI.1970, 1♂ 1♀, leg. Lamoral, SMFD No. 29296; 1998, 1♂ 1♀, FKCP . Tanzania, O. Afrika, Tanga, 1♀, SMFD No. 6674/81; Laiverere , 1♂, 28.I.1960, leg. J. Szunyeghy, HNHM ; Mto Wa Mbu , IV.1997, 5♂ 8♀ 2juvs., leg. P. Senft, FKCP ; Arusha distr., Naberera env., 8– 13.IV.1997, 10♂ 15♀ 2juvs.( Figs. 20 and 121 ), leg. J. Rolčík & P. Senft, FKCP ; Arusha distr. Mto Wa Mbu env., 15.-20.IV.1997, 1♂, leg. J. Stolarczyk, FKCP ; near Babati , 6.XII.1997, 1♂ 4♀, leg. Werner & Lízler, FKCP ; near Babati , 6.XII.1997, 1♂ 4♀, leg. Werner & Lízler, FKCP ; E. Usambara Mts , dint. di Amani, 17– 20.VI.1998, 1♂ 3♀, leg L. Bartolozzi & A. Sforzi, MZUF No. 882; 20 km a SE di Mto Wa Mbu sulla strada per Makuyuni , 1100 m., 10–25.IV.1999, 2♂ 3♀ 1juv., leg. L. Bartolozzi, B. Carletti, B. Cecchi, L. Dapporto, F. Fabiano & A. Sforzi, MZUF No. 881.? Tanzania, O. Afrika, Iraku-Landschaft, Kohl-Larsen , 1939, 1♂ 1♀, SMFD No. 5388; O. Afrika, Matelebach, Kohl-Larsen , 2♀, SMFD No. 5389; D. O. Afrika, 2♂, leg. F. Kinkelin, SMFD No. 5219. Zimbabwe, NW, 70 km W of Karoi, Masanga env., 20.XII.1998, 1♀, leg. S. Bečvář, FKCP ; Victoria Falls , 6.I.2002, 1♀, leg. L. Adámek, FKCP .

DIAGNOSIS. Total length 35–65 mm. For habitus see Figs. 121–125 . Trichobothrium db on the fixed finger of pedipalp situated between trichobothria et and est or on level with trichobothrium est, or rarely between est and esb. Male with fingers proximally twisted and manus and metasomal segments wider than female. Pectinal teeth number 22–28 in males, 17–25 in females. Chelicerae yellow, without reticulation. Nearly entire body hirsute, but not densely. Color uniformly yellow to reddish brown, mesosomal segments and carapace usually with orange spots and longitudinal black stripes. Metasomal carinae may be black as well. Femur of pedipalp with 3 complete and 2 incomplete carinae. Patella with 8 carinae, of which some are smooth, without granules and obsolete. Chela lacks carinae. Movable fingers of pedipalps with 11–13 rows of granules and 5 terminal granules. Seventh metasomal segment with 4 well marked ventral carinae. First to third metasomal segments with 10 carinae; fourth segment with 8 or 10 carinae; fifth segment with 5 carinae and two ventral rows of granules. All carinae granulated, dorsal carinae bear larger terminal granules. In males granules usually larger and more pronounced than in females. First metasomal segment of adults wider than long, second metasomal segment usually longer than wide, but in males may be wider than long. Second to fourth metasomal segment width ratio less than 1.1. Length to width ratio of fourth metasomal segment less than 1.6.

COMMENTS. This widely distributed and very common species enabled me to study variation within the taxon. I have examined many specimens brought by Czech entomologists from Kenya and Tanzania, as well as those from Somalia and Ethiopia deposited in Italian museums. Some smaller males have only slightly widened manus of pedipalp and their metasomal segments are only as wide (in relation to body width) as in females. Conversely, some larger males have extremely wide manus, very conspicuously granulated metasomal carinae, and their fourth and fifth metasomal segments are often wider and more bulging than in smaller males. In the largest females the morphology approaches that of males, especially in the granulation of metasomal carinae and the relative width of metasomal segments. Color is also variable, lighter in specimens from drier areas of Somalia, Ethiopia and northern Kenya ( Fig. 124 ). As in other widely distributed species, it is likely that the color ( Figs. 121–124 ) is influenced by the color and texture of the substrate (see Hendrixson, 2006: 84). The described variation has resulted in a surplus of names, as small samples from disparate areas may easily give the impression of separate species.

DISTRIBUTION: Botswana (Probst, 1973: 320), Democratic Republic of Congo (Fet & Lowe, 2000: 144), Djibouti ( Kraepelin, 1901: 266), Eritrea, Ethiopia (Borelli, 1901: 1; Kraepelin, 1903: 560), Kenya ( Pocock, 1890c: 99), Mozambique ( Peters, 1862: 516), Somalia (Pocock, 1897b: 402), South Africa (Hewitt, 1918: 103), Tanzania (Pocock, 1898a: 430), Uganda (Fage & Simon, 1936: 301), Zambia (Newlands & Martindale, 1980: 72), Zimbabwe (Hirst, 1911a: 12). Records from Egypt (see Kraepelin, 1901: 266 and the SMFD female above) and Namibia must be considered dubious, see also Vachon & Stockmann (1968: 103) and Fet & Lowe (2000: 144).

Figures

Figure 121: Hottentotta trilineatus, dorsal view, male and female from Tanzania, Arusha distr., Naberera env., FKCP.

Figure 122: Hottentotta trilineatus, dorsal view, male from Kenya, Magadi, Lake Magadi env., FKCP.

Figure 123: Hottentotta trilineatus, ventral view, male from Kenya, Magadi, Lake Magadi env., FKCP.

Figure 124: Hottentotta trilineatus, dorsal view, male from Kenya, between Madogo and Garissa, west of Tana river, FKCP.

Figure 125: Hottentotta trilineatus, dorsal view, female lectotype of Buthus eminii.

Figures 17–20: Carapace and chelicerae. 17. H. saulcyi, female from Iran, prov. Bachtarán, Bisotul, 34°23'31"N 47°26'05"E, FKCP. 18. H. schach, female from Iran, prov. Fars, 10 km E of Sivand vill., FKCP. 19. H. tamulus, female from India, Maharashtra, Bombay, FKCP. 20. H. trilineatus, male from Tanzania, Arusha distr., Naberera env., FKCP.