Holops frauenfeldi Schiner 1868: 143

Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, 2021, Review of Chilean Cyrtinae (Diptera: Acroceridae) with the Description of Three New Species and the First Record of Villalus inanis from Argentina, Zoological Studies 60 (35), pp. 1-18 : 5-7

Holops frauenfeldi Schiner 1868: 143

( Figs. 5–8 , 17 , 23 )

= Holops nigrapex Bigot, 1878 : lxxi.

Material examined: Holotype: “ Chile ” ( NMW) . Other specimens: Chile. Valparaíso: Quintero Bosque, 31.x.1979, Leg. Cerda ( MNHNCL); Sporting Club, Viña del Mar, x.2018, Leg. Gabriela Germain ( CSP, electronic voucher: https://figshare.com/s/ eed9244bc6b4f368f552); Colliguay, ii.1933, Leg. NN ( MNHNCL); Perales, no data, Leg. NN ( MNHNCL); Las Rocas de Santo Domingo, 4.xi.1973, Leg. P. Ramírez F. ( MNHNCL); Caleta Horcón, 2.ii.1969, Leg. M. Cerda ( MNHNCL); Reñaca, 19.x.1975, Leg. Cerda ( MNHNCL); Mantagua, 27.x.1975, Leg. M. Cerda ( MNHNCL); Metropolitana: **Vallecito, 7 km, Farellones, 2.ii.2015, Leg. Rodrigo Barahona S. ( RBSPC); **Rio Clarillo National Reserve, 28.11.2017, Leg. Ricardo Varela ( CSP, electronic voucher: https:// figshare.com/s/d7d3bc8b56c84be42196); La Obra, 850 msnm, 5.xii.2009, 17.xii.2009, 10.xi.2017, 27.xi.2014; Leg. A. Ramírez ( FRPC); Fundo El Manzano, Leg. Rodrigo Barahona S. ( PCRBS); Cajón del Maipo, x. 2013, Leg. Álvaro Cuevas ( CSP, electronic voucher: https://figshare.com/s/56d3707733ac4eb6589d); Maule: Altos de Vilches, 1280 m, 24.xi.1971, Leg. J. Solervicens ( MNHNCL); Ñuble: Los Lleuques, 15.i.1996, Leg. S. Roitman ( MNHNCL); Piedras Comadres, 12.i.1995, Leg. S. Roitman ( MNHNCL); Araucanía: **Sierra Nevada, Conguillio National Park, 15.i.2006, Leg. Rodrigo Barahona ( RBSPC); Los Ríos: Panguipulli, 9.ii.1993, Leg. Rodrigo Barahona S. ( RBSPC); Santo Domingo, Valdivia, 19.i.1985, Leg, E. Krahmer ( MNHNCL); Valdivia, 28.ii.1982, Leg. E. Krahmer ( UACH).

Type locality: Chile ( Pape and Thompson 2013).

Diagnosis: blackish species with golden gloss. Head and eyes blacks. Thorax and abdomen with dense, long and rufous pilosity. All thoracic segments blackish with golden gloss. Legs dark brownish with short and yellowish pilosity. Wings smoky and brownish. Cell r 4+5 width. First tergite blackish with golden gloss and brownish pilosity. Tergites 3–6 black with pilosity of same color. Abdomen globose in dorsal view and slightly widest than maximum margin of the thorax.

Description: Length: 6.12 ± 0.27 mm; width: 2.02 ± 0.06 mm (head), 3.38 ± 0.08 mm (thorax) and 3.92 ± 0.22 mm (abdomen); wing: 5.86 ± 0.22 mm; male: head: the size is 3/4 of the maximum height of the thorax ( Fig. 5 ); antenna inserted in the middle of the head; scape and pedicelum blackish with similar size; flagellum styliform almost three times longer than pedicelum and scape together; arista with the half of size of flagellum; antennae shorter than head length; eyes with long and brown ommatrichia; apparently two ocelli dark bluish with ocellar triangle bluish and some protuberant; occiput shiny blue with long black pilosity; mouth parts yellow; thorax: black-golden scutum covered with dense rufous pilosity, sparse but uniformly distributed ( Figs. 5–7 ); postocellar lobe shiny golden-greenish; anterior spiracle yellow; proepimeron, anepisternum, katepisternum, meron, katatergite, katepimeron and anatergite blackish with golden reflects and with long and rufous pilosity; subalar sclerite brownish without pilosity; scutellum blackish with golden reflects and rufous pilosity; legs: coxa, trochanters, femora, and tibiae blackish covered with brownish pilosity; tarsi are brownish covered with long and brown-yellowish pilosity; black claws; wings: smoky brownish and membranous appearance ( Fig. 5 ); all veins dark brown; R 1 and R 2+3 are closer among them; R 4 and R 5 forked; R 4 and R 5 slightly petiolated; R 4 and R 5 separated in the distal part for 1/3 of length of each vein; M 1, M 2 and M 3+4 not reaching the wing margin and similar in size; cell r 4+5 width, with more than 1/2 length of R 2+3 vein; cell m 3 with conic shape and 1/3 length of r 4+5 and connected to cell bm by a projection of m-cu ( Fig. 17 ); halters brownish with some parts yellowish; calypter rim blackish and interior part is pale with dense and long brownish pilosity; abdomen: strongly curved in third tergites; in dorsal view, oval shape and similar in length at thorax; widest than maximum margins of thorax; fully rough; first and second tergite golden-greenish with dense and rufous pilosity, sometimes golden ( Fig. 8 ); tergites 3–6 blackish with dense and rufous-black or golden pilosity ( Figs. 6–8 ); tergites 1–4 similar in length and width among them; tergite 6 greatly reduced; all sclerite with dark-brownish color; genitalia: cerci brownish and width in the apex, covered with abundant pilosity in dorsal view ( Fig. 23 , dorsal view); aedeagus brownish; gonocoxa black and widest in basal area ( Fig. 23 , lateral view).

Distribution: From Valparaíso region to Los Ríos region ( Fig. 27 ).

Remarks: endemic species with similar distribution and Andean sub-regions occupied by H. cyanea ( Morrone 2015) . The specific epithet is in honor of Georg von Frauenfeld (1807–1873), an Austrian naturalist in zoology, specifically in Entomology and Malacology. In his entomological studies, he emphasized specially in Diptera . Adults have been observed interacting in the sclerophyllous forest characterizing by the presence of native trees or shrubs such as Kageneckia oblonga Ruiz and Pav. , Lithraea caustica (Molina) Hook. et Arn. , Trevoa trinervis Gillies and Hook. , and Colliguaja odorifera Molina. This spider fly has a territorial behavior where the flies use the same dry branches or leaves to watch potential competitors or females (Ricardo Varela and Vicente Valdés com pers.). Adults present two types of flight: one slowly, especially when choosing dry branches and another faster, where attacking to other conspecific flies (Vicente Valdés com pers). Some areas in which it has been captured have a large number of Alstroemeria ligtu var. simsii flowers when this species has been observed sleeping (Rodrigo Barahona-Segovia, pers. obs.). Individuals present high variability in total length. In addition, the pilosity color of scutum and abdomen ranges from rufous (typical) to golden (less frequent). The host is unknown.

Figures

Figs. 5–8. Holops frauenfeldi Schiner, 1868: (5) resting in a shrub branch in Rio Clarillo National Reserve. Photographed by Vicente Valdés Guzmán; (6) dorsal view and (7) lateral view. Photographed by Rodrigo Barahona-Segovia, and (8) individual with golden pilosity resting in a branch in Viña del Mar. Photographed by Gabriela Germain Fonck. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figs. 15–20. Holops wing details: (15) H. anarayae sp. nov.; (16) H. cyanea (Philippi); (17) H. frauenfeldi Schiner; (18) H. grezi sp. nov.; (19) H. pullomen sp. nov., and (20) H. virens.

Figs. 21–26. Genitalia of Holops and Villalus: (21) dorsal view of H. cyanea (Philippi), female; (22) dorsal view of H. pullomen sp. nov.; (23) dorsal and lateral view of H. frauenfeldi Schiner, male; (24) dorsal view of V. inanis (Philippi), female; (25) lateral view of H. pullomen, male; (26) dorsal view of gonocoxa of H. anarayae sp. nov. epa = epandrium; gncx = gonocoxa.

Fig. 27. Distributional map of Holops species.