Ectatomminae

Camacho, G. P., Franco, W., Branstetter, M. G., Pie, M. R. & Longino, J. T., 2022, UCE Phylogenomics Resolves Major Relationships Among Ectaheteromorph Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ectatomminae, Heteroponerinae): A New Classification, Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1), pp. 1-20 : 15-17

Key to the Ectatomminae Genera

1. Cephalic median longitudinal carina present, extending from the anterior clypeal margin to the vertex ( Fig. 4A). Metapleural gland orifice simple, directed posteriorly or laterally (tribe Heteroponerini ) .................................................................. 2

- Cephalic median longitudinal carina absent or not extending from the anterior clypeal margin to the vertex ( Fig. 4B, C). Metapleural gland orifice forming an oblique curved slit bounded below by a convex rim of cuticule that directs the orifice dorsally to posterodorsally (tribe Ectatommini ) ..................................................................................... 5

2(1). Median portion of clypeus modified, raised as a short, blunt triangular point projecting from the antennal insertions to the mandible. Antennal scrobe wide and very deep (exclusively Paleartic) (known only by queens) ..................... Aulacopone

- Median portion of clypeus not raised, not or only to a small extent covering the mandible. Antennal scrobe deep to absent ............................................................................................ 3

3(2). Tarsal claws with a prominent basal lobe and a long preapical tooth. Propodeum armed with prominent spines (exclusively Neotropical).................................................. Acanthoponera

- Tarsal claws simple, without a prominent basal lobe or preapical tooth. Propodeum generally angled or with small rhomboidal teeth at most .................................................... 4

4(3). In frontal view, mandible subfalcate, with around four teeth on the masticatory margin. Antennal scrobe absent. Eye drastically reduced, without conspicuous limits between ommatidia (exclusively Neotropical) ................................ Boltonia

- In frontal view, mandible subtriangular, with six to eight teeth on the masticatory margin. Antennal scrobe shallowly to deeply impressed. Eye well-developed, with clear limits between ommatidia (Neotropical and Australian) ..................... ........................................................................ Heteroponera

5(1). Pronotum usually with 2 or 3 tubercles. Mesonotum prominent and clearly differentiated from propodeum, separated by a deep transverse suture ( Fig. 5A). Apex of anterior tibia in outer lateral view with a seta close to the spur base (exclusively Neotropical) .............................................. Ectatomma

- Pronotum unarmed and without tubercles. Mesonotum not prominent, forming a continuous profile with the propodeum ( Fig. 5B). Apex of anterior tibia in outer lateral view without a seta close to the spur base; if seta present, then species distribution is exclusively Australasian ....................................... 6

6(5). In dorsal view, pronotum and mesonotum always separated by a distinct suture, so that each tergite forms a separate plate

Fig. 9. Dorsal view of mesosoma, showing: A) Promesonotal suture absent ( Gnamptogenys acuminata —USNMENT00441095); B) Promesonotal suture feeble, never interrupting dorsal mesosomal sculpture ( Poneracantha banksi —INBIOCRI001281007); C) Promesonotal suture well marked, totally interrupting dorsal mesosomal sculpture ( Holcoponera moelleri — CASENT0173384). Photos by Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo (A), Estella Ortega (B), and April Nobile (C); available from www. antweb.org (Antweb 2021).

( Fig. 6A). Dorsum of posterior coxa never with a lobe or spine. Petiolar sternite tightly attached but never fused to the tergite (exclusively Australasian) ................... Rhytidoponera

- In dorsal view, pronotum and mesonotum usually continuous or separated by a discrete groove ( Fig. 6B); if a well-impressed promesonotal suture is present (as in Holcoponera and Typhlomyrmex ), then the dorsum of posterior coxa frequently with a lobe or spine. Petiolar sternite fused with tergite over its entire length ........................................................................ 7

7(6). Frontal lobes strongly expanded, entirely covering the antennal insertions ( Fig. 7A). Second gastral (IV abdominal) sternite strongly reduced in relation to the tergite; dorsal profile of gaster extremely convex, so that the gaster is usually strongly directed ventrally and anterad ( Fig. 8A). Exclusively Neotropical. .............................................................. Alfaria

- Frontal lobes less developed, only partially covering the antennal insertions ( Fig. 7B). Second gastral (IV abdominal) sternite not strongly reduced in relation to the tergite; dorsal profile of gaster gently convex, so that the apex of gaster is directed ventrally or posteriorly ( Fig. 8B). .......................... 8

8(7). Promesonotal suture feebly impressed to absent, never interrupting dorsal mesosomal sculpture (Fig. 9A, B) ..........9

- Promesonotal suture well marked, totally interrupting dorsal mesosomal sculpture (Fig. 9C) .......................................... 11

9(8). Strictly Indomalayan species .......................... Stictoponera

- Strictly Neotropical species ........................................... 10

10(9). Propodeum rarely armed with denticles or spines. Metacoxal teeth present or absent. Second gastric segment (IV abdominal) relatively less curved ( Fig. 10A) ......... Gnamptogenys

- Propodeum usually armed with denticles or spines.Metacoxal teeth generally present. Second gastric segment (IV abdominal) relatively more curved ( Fig. 10B) ........... Poneracantha

11(8). Eye absent or reduced. Propodeal spiracle separated from posterior face of propodeum by a distance longer than its diameter ( Fig. 11A). Metacoxal dorsum unarmed or at most with a small lobe or denticle ...................... Typhlomyrmex

- Eye well developed to reduced. Propodeal spiracle close to posterior face of propodeum ( Fig. 11B). Metacoxal dorsum always with a denticle or lobe ....................... Holcoponera