Glyphoperidium bursa Roule, 1909

Rodríguez, Estefanía & López-González, Pablo J., 2013, <strong> New records of Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic sea anemones (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from the Weddell Sea, Antarctic Peninsula, and Scotia Arc </ strong>, Zootaxa 3624 (1), pp. 1-100 : 23-27

Glyphoperidium bursa Roule, 1909

( Figs. 3 , 10–11 ; Table 5; Appx. 1, 2)

Glyphoperidium bursa Roule 1909 ; Pax 1923; Carlgren 1927; Carlgren 1928; Carlgren & Stephenson 1929; Carlgren 1930; Carlgren 1939; Carlgren 1945; Carlgren 1949; Dunn 1983; Riemann-Zürneck 1990.

Glyphoperidium vas Roule, 1909 : Pax 1923; Carlgren 1927.

Epiactis stephensoni Pax, 1922 : Pax 1923.

MATERIAL EXAMINED

Polarstern ANT XV/3: stn. PS48/057 ( BEIM: ANT-4446, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS48/100 ( BEIM: ANT-4730, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS48/120 (AMNH-4438, 1 specimen); stn. PS48/150 ( BEIM: ANT-4726, 1 specimen; AMNH- 4727, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4735, 8 specimens; BEIM: ANT-4736, 2 specimens); stn. PS48/168 (AMNH- 4287, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS48/206 ( BEIM: ANT-4387, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS48/222 ( BEIM: ANT-4733, 3 specimens; BEIM: ANT-4734, 2 specimens) .

Polarstern ANT XVII/3 : stn. PS56/119.1 ( BEIM: ANT-4454, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4585, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4764, 1 specimen); stn. PS56/135-1 (AMNH-4592, 2 specimens; BEIM: ANT-4761, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4981, 1 specimen; AMNH-4982, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4983, 1 specimen); stn. PS56/136-1 ( BEIM: ANT-4765, 2 specimens) ; stn. PS56/155-6 (AMNH-4602, 1 specimen); stn. PS56/155-8 (AMNH-4525, 1 specimen); stn. PS56/158-1 (AMNH-4547, 2 specimens; BEIM: ANT-4572, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4609, 1 specimen); stn. PS56/178-2 ( BEIM: ANT-4762, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4763, 1 specimen); stn. PS56/183-1 (AMNH-4776, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS56/184-1 ( BEIM: ANT-4362, 15 specimens) .

Polarstern ANT XIX/3 : stn. PS61/60-1 ( BEIM: ANT-4143, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS61/45-1 ( BEIM: ANT-4747, 2 specimens) ; stn. PS61-89-1 ( BEIM: ANT-4770, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS61/102-1 ( BEIM: ANT-4737, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4771, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4772, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS61/124-1 ( BEIM: ANT-4722, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS61/126-1 ( BEIM: ANT-4721, 1 specimen) .

Polarstern ANT XIX/5 : stn. PS61/174 (AMNH-4710, 1 specimen); stn. PS61/223 (AMNH-4711, 1 specimen) .

Polarstern ANT XXI/2 : stn. PS65/028-1 (AMNH-4794, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS65/132-1 ( BEIM: ANT-4969, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS65/148-1 ( BEIM: ANT-4970, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS65/233-1 (AMNH-4820, 1 specimen); stn. PS65/245-1 ( BEIM: ANT-4968, 1 specimen) .

DIAGNOSIS

Flat, well developed pedal disc, to 136 mm diameter. Column cylindrical, smooth, to 132 mm diameter and 180 mm height in preserved specimens, almost double in living specimens, divided into scapus and capitulum, with small parapet and fosse. Column in living specimens light red to orange, with mesenterial insertions visible, brownish to yellowish in preserved specimens; tentacles same colour as column but lighter. Numerous tentacles short, estimated to 3,500. Marginal sphincter muscle endodermal, circumscribed to diffuse. Equal number of mesenteries proximally and distally, in both cases greater than at actinopharynx level. Mesenteries arranged to nine cycles according to the number of tentacles, first three cycles perfect but only first and second sterile. Mesenteries with oral stomata. Retractor muscles diffuse; parietobasilar muscles poorly-developed. Cnidom: Spirocysts, basitrichs, and microbasic b - and p -mastigophores. For a complete description of Glyphoperidium bursa , see Dunn (1983).

GEOGRAPHIC AND BATHYMETRIC DISTRIBUTION

Glyphoperidium bursa is only known in Antarctic waters, with no records north of 53ºS. Its type locality is located close to the Antarctic Peninsula, in Booth-Wandell Island (65ºS 66ºW). Glyphoperidium bursa is distributed circumpolarly, in the Ross Sea, Drake Passage, Scotia Arc, Antarctic Peninsula, and Bouvet Island, between 18– 1,890 m, although is more common between 100–400 m depth ( Dunn 1983). Although Riemann-Zürneck (1990) cited G. bursa in the Weddell Sea, she did not provide data from particular locality or cite specimens.

The specimens in this study were collected in the Drake Passage , South Shetland, Elephant and Bouvet islands, and in the eastern Weddell Sea, between 94–930 m depth .

Glyphoperidium bursa is a circumpolar Antarctic endemic from continental shelf and bathyal depths ( Fig. 3f ). This species is one of the most characteristic Antarctic sea anemones because of its size and distribution.

TABLE 5. Size ranges of the cnidae of Glyphoperidium bursa Roule, 1909 ; for comparative cnidae data of the species see Carlgren (1945) and Dunn (1983). Χ: mean. SD: standard deviation. S: ratio of number of specimens in which each cnidae was found to number of specimens examined. N: total number of capsules measured. F: Frequency, +++ = very common, ++ = common, + = rather common, --- = sporadic. Abbreviations: Mc, Microbasic. (*) Mean values based on fewer than 40 capsules.

(1) Named as basitrichs by Carlgren (1945) and Dunn (1983).

REMARKS

Pax (1922) originally placed this species within Epiactis , which is defined by more mesenteries proximally than distally. Carlgren (1927) stated that mesenteries of the youngest cycles grow simultaneously proximally and distally so they are less numerous at the actinopharynx level; however, Carlgren (1949) omitted this detail and defined Glyphoperidium with more mesenteries distally than proximally. Dunn (1983) also stated that mesenteries are more numerous distally than proximally. The material of this study corroborates Carlgren’s (1927) observations: specimens of G. bursa have the same number of mesenteries distally and proximally but fewer at the actinopharynx level.

Genus Isotealia Carlgren, 1899

Figures

FIGURE 3. Distribution map of species. a) Overview. b) Actinernus antarcticus (Carlgren, 1914). c) Aulactinia sulcata (Clubb, 1902). d) Bolocera kerguelensis Studer, 1879. e) Epiactis georgiana Carlgren, 1927. f) Glyphoperidium bursa Roule, 1909. Green triangles, type locality; green circles, previous localities; red circles, localities from this study; dark line, Subtropical Front; light line, Polar Front. AP, Antarctic Peninsula; DP, Drake Passage; RS, Ross Sea; SS, Scotia Sea; WD, Weddell Sea.

FIGURE 10. External anatomy of Glyphoperidium bursa Roule, 1909. a) Lateral view of living specimen [AMNH-4794]. b–c) Oral and lateral view of living specimen [AMNH-4711]. d–e) Lateral and oral view of preserved specimen [AMNH-4711]. Scale bars: a, 50 mm; b, 30 mm, c, 10 cm; d, 20 mm; e, 25 mm.

FIGURE 11. Cnidae of Glyphoperidium bursa Roule, 1909. a, b, d, e, g, i) Basitrichs. c) Spirocyst. f, h, k) Microbasic b- mastigophores. j) Microbasic p-mastigophore.