Ewartia adusta, Moulds & Marshall, 2022

Moulds, Max & Marshall, David C., 2022, New genera and new species of Western Australian cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), Zootaxa 5174 (5), pp. 451-507 : 479-484

Ewartia adusta sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:684EA9C0-1857-482C-AD31-688D55A8914B

( Figs 5 , 18 , 39–41 )

Synonymy. ‘sporty cicada’ Marshall et al. 2016: text-fig. 2.

Etymology. From the Latin adjective adustus meaning burnt colour, browned, tanned, and referring to the orange brown and black colour of this species suggestive of it having survived extreme heat where it occurs through some of the hottest and driest parts of Australia.

Types. Holotype male, AU.WA.MES, 10 km S of Meekatharra on Great Northern Hwy , Western Australia, 26°41.008’S 118°27.202’E, 484 m, 14.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ( WAME 113460 ) ( WAM) . Paratypes as follows: WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 1 male, 2 females, AU. WA. CAP, ~ 3 km S of Capricorn Rdhouse. 17 km S of Marble Bar rd on Great N. Hwy, 23°31.091’S 119°46.216’E, 12.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ( AMS). 2 males, Ophthalmia Dam turnoff, Nullagine , Marble Bar Rd , Pilbara, iii.2009, P. Hutchinson ; 1 female, Cathedral Gorge, 18 km W Newman, 5.iii.2004, P. Hutchinson ; 1 female, Gaseoyne R., Sth Branch, 146 km N Meekatharra , 14.iii.2015, P. Hutchinson ( DE). 1 male, AU. WA.TNC, 11.5 km N of Cue , 431 m, 27°20.267’S 117°56.566’E, 18.ii.2009, K. Hill & D. Marshall ; 1 female, AU. WA. CAP, ~ 3 km S of Capricorn Rdhouse. 17 km S of Marble Bar rd on Great N. Hwy, 23°31.091’S 119°46.216’E, 12.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 1 male. 7.8 km SSE of Menzies , 29.75448°S 121.05988°E, 22.ii.2016, Hand coll., D. Marshall & L. Popple ; 1 female, 94.4 km SE of Meekatharra , 27.25761°S 118.95301°E, 24.ii.2016, at light, D. Marshall & L. Popple ; 4 males, 2 females, 23.5 km SW of Kumarina, 24.8739°S 119.46872°E, 25.ii.2016, D. Marshall & L. Popple, at light ; 1 female, 94.4 km NNE. Of Newman , 22.66754°S 119.94951°E, 26.ii.2016, D. Marshall & L. Popple, at light ( LP). 1 male, 10 females, AU. WA. DEH, De Grey R xing, Shay Gap Rd , ~ 85 km NNE of Marble Bar, 20°37.279’S 120°04.226’E, 17.i.2010, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 2 males, AU. WA.GIB, Gibb River Rd, ~ 81 km E of Derby Hwy, 17°26.566’S 124°24.657’E, 19.i.2010, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 1 female, AU. WA.WWG, Muccan Shay Gap Rd , ~ 60 km NE of Marble Bar, 20°50.906’S, 120°02.635’E, 17.i.2010, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 6 females, AU. WA.HOU, House Ck , ~ 60 km E of Nanutarra roadhouse, 22°27.970’S 116°02.240’E, 13.ii.2009, Hill Marshall, Moulds ; 7 males, 1 female, AU. WA.TNC, 11.5 km N of Cue , 431 m, 27°20.267’S 117°56.566’E, 18.ii.2009, K. Hill & D. Marshall ; 1 male, AU. WA.COC, 12.5 km W of Coolgardie , 30°58.321’S 121°02.55’E, 418 m, 22.ii.2009, K. Hill & D. Marshall ; 1 male, 1 female, AU. WA. NIC, Nickol River crossing, W of Roebourne, 20°46.225’S 116°56.805’E, 16.ii.2009, K. Hill, D. Marshall ; 3 males, 2 females, AU. WA. NSF (includes Simon Lab. vouchers 06AU. WA. NSF.01, 06AU. WA. NSF.02, 06AU. WA. NSF.09, 06AU. WA. NSF.10), 5 km NE of Sandfire Roadhouse , 19º46.262’S 121º08.666’E, 15 m, 9.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 1 male, AU. WA.SFS, 18 km W of Sandfire Roadhouse , 19º49.657’S 120º56.002’E, 30 m, 9.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 1 male, 3 females, AU. WA. SFC, 74 km W of Sandfire Roadhouse on Great Northern Hwy , 19°55.828’S 120°25.082’E, 30 m, 9.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 1 male, AU. WA.WPR, 147 km ENE of Port Headland , 20º04.940’S 119º46.205’E, 14 m, 10.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 3 females, AU. WA.YAN, ~ 110 km S of Port Hedland , 21°14.911’S 118°41.795’E, 177 m, 10.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 3 males, AU. WA.PCS, Pinga Ck South , 300 km N of Newman [on Great Northern Hwy], 21°29.889’S 118°43.935’E, 222 m, 11.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 3 females, AU. WA.MUN, 261 km S of Port Hedland , 22°22.849’S 118°41.484’E, 475 m, 11.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 1 male, 2 females, AU. WA.HAM, 291 km S of Port Hedland , 22°37.771’S 118°42.106’E, 707 m, 11.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 1 male, 1 female, AU. WA.EMM, 45 km E of Mt Magnet , 28°11.328’S 118°17.020’E, 457 m, 16.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 2 males, AU. WA. OPH, 67 km NW of Newman , 23°08.264’S 119°11.021’E, 702 m, 12.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 1 male, AU. WA.OPS, 19 km NW of Newman on Great Northern Hwy , 23°15.204’S 119°36.350’E, 629 m, 12.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 5 males, 15 females, AU. WA. CAP, ~ 3 km S of Capricorn Rdhouse. 17 km S of Marble Bar rd on Great N. Hwy, 23°31.091’S 119°46.216’E, 12.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 2 males, AU. WA.KSC, ~ 210 km S of Newman , 25°01.126’S 119°24.560’E, 559 m, 13.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 1 male, AU. WA.MRN, 56 km N of Meekatharra on Great Northern Hwy , 26°07.835’S 118°41.685’E, 489 m, 14.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 2 males (one genitalia prep. EW1 ), 10 females, AU. WA.MES, 10 km S of Meekatharra on Great Northern Hwy , 26°41.008’S 118°27.202’E, 484 m, 14.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 1 male,AU. WA.TUC, 42 km NE of Cue on Great Northern Hwy , 27°06.630’S 118°06.537’E, 494 m, 15.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 5 females, AU. WA.SOC, 45 km S of Cue on Great Northern Hwy , 27°47.610’S 117°55.248’E, 436 m, 15.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 1 male, AU. WA.NWL, 9 km W of Leinster , 27°58.407’S 120°38.230’E, 527m, 17.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 1 male, AU. WA.ALL, 37 km E of Leonora , 28°53.043’S 121°40.895’E, 401 m, 18.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 3 females, AU. WA.LLC, 94 km S of turnoff to Leinster , 36.5 km N of Leonora, 28°34.856’S 121°11.941’E, 427 m, 18.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 3 males, WAU. VIC, Queen Victoria Rock , 31°17’S 120°56’E, 17.i.2003, Moulds, Hill, Marshall & Vanderpool ; 1 male, 47 km W of Yalgoo, 11.ii.2001, M. Powell & D. Knowles ; 1 male, 1 female, Ashburton Rv , Nanutarra, 7.iii.2004, P. Hutchinson ; 2 males, 10 km N of Kookynie , 10.ii.2006, M. Hanlon & M. Powell ; 1 female, 11 km W of Yellowdine , 20.x.2006, on Eremophila bush, T. M. Hanlon & M. Powell ; 1 male, 5 females, Cathedral Gorge , 18 km W Newman, 5.iii.2004, P. Hutchinson ; 2 males, 4 females, Ashburton Rv. , Nanutarra, 7.iii.2004, P. Hutchinson ; 1 male, 1 female, Milly Soak, 16 km N Cue , 28.i.2000, P. Hutchinson ; 1 female, 30 km E of Yalgoo, 11.ii.2001, M. Powell & D. Knowles ; 1 male, Fortescue , 21.ii.1985, K. & E. Carnaby ; 1 female, Marble Bar, 27.ii.1973, Gordon R. Jones ; 1 male, 1 female, 53 km S Minilya, 17.iii.1994, M. Golding ; 2 males, 2 females, Rocky Pool , 42 km E Carnarvon , 5.iii.2008, P. Hutchinson ; 1 male, 3 females, 17 km ENE of Agnew , 27°59’S 120°41’E, 17.i.1989, M.S. & B.J. Moulds ; 1 male, 3 females, 55 km ESE of Mount Magnet , 18.i.1989, M.S. & B.J. Moulds ; 8 males, 6 females, 110 km S of Mount Magnet, 19.i.1989, M.S. & B.J. Moulds ; 2 females, Lake Douglas , 12 km SW of Kalgoorlie, 13.i.1989 ; M.S. & B.J. Moulds ; 6 females, Leonora , 15.i.1989, M.S. & B.J. Moulds ; 1 male, W. Peawah River, 90 km SW of Port Hedland, K. & E. Carnaby ; 1 female, N. Sandfire Flat, 24.ii.1985, K. & E. Carnaby ; 1 female, Sherlock River, 22.ii.1985, K. & E. Carnaby ( MSM). 2 males, 1 female, Milly Soak, 16 km N Cue ; 28,29. i.2006, P. Hutchinson, to light, PMH Coll #CIC 2374, 2355, 2403 ; 8 males, 11 females, Rocky Pool , 42 km E Carnarvon, 5.iii.2008, P. Hutchinson, on Acacia, PMH Coll # Cic 2379, 2378, 2382, 2383, 2386, 2387, 2370, 2369, 2375, 2388, 2372, 2371, 2389, 2391, 2392, 2393, 2400, 2401, 2405, 2399, 2402 ; 2 females, Rocky Pool , 42 km E Carnarvon , 5.iii.2008, P. Hutchinson, to light, PMH Coll #CIC 2399, 2402. 1 female, Gascoyne Rv. Sth Br., 146 km N Meekatharra, 12.iii.2011, P. Hutchinson, on Acacia, PMH Coll #CIC 2376. 7 females, Cathedral Gorge , 18 km W Newman, 5.iii.2004, P. Hutchinson, to light, PMH Coll #CIC 2377, 2380, 2384, 2385, 2390, 2397, 2398. 3 females, Ashburton Rv., Nanutarra , 7.iii.2004, P. Hutchinson, to light, PMH Coll #CIC 2381, 2394, 2404 ; 2 females, 23 km S of Menzies , 6.ii.2006, P. Hutchinson, on Acacia, PMH Coll #CIC 2361, 2395 ; 2 males, 3 females, 10 km W of Menzies , 5.ii.2006, P. Hutchinson, to light, PMH Coll #CIC 2363, 2354, 2396, 2365, 2357 ; 2 males, 2 females, 25 km E of Pindar , 3.i.2011, M. Hanlon & M. Powell, in Acacia scrub, PMH Coll #CIC 2364, 2365, 2366, 2368 ; 1 female, 26 km E of Pindar, 23.i.2011, M. Hanlon & M. Powell, on Acacia leaves, PMH Coll #CIC 2367. 1 male, 1 female, Camel Soak , Perenjori –Rothsay Rd, 16.ii.2021, P. Kay, to mv light, PMH Coll #CIC 2362, 2373. 3 females, 10 km N of Mt Magnet , 5,7. iii.2006, P. Hutchinson, to light, PMH Coll #CIC 2358, 2359, 2360 ( PH). 1 male, 1 female, 23.5 km SW of Kumarina , 24.8739°S 119.46872°E, 25.ii.2016, D. Marshall & L. Popple, at light ( QM). 1 male, AU. WA. OPH, 67 km NW of Newman , 23°08.264’S 119°11.021’E, 702 m, 12.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 1 male, WAU. VIC, Queen Victoria Rock , 31°17’S 120°56’E, 17.i.2003, Moulds, Hill, Marshall & Vanderpool ( UCONN). 2 females, Wurarga, ii.67, A. Douglas, WAM Entomology Reg. nos 73205, 73206, 73207, 73208 ; 1 female, 37-336, Canegrass, A.M. Douglas , WAM Entomology Reg. no. 73209 ; 1 male, 7.5 km SE Banjiwarn HS, 27°42’S 121°37’E, 22–28.ii.1980, T.F. Houston et al., 316-2, ex aggregation in Acacia tree, WAM, Dept. of Biological Survey site BW Camp, WAM Collection 88/1413, WAM Entomology Reg. no. 73210 ; 1 female, 7.5 km SE Banjiwarn HS, 27°42’S 121°37’E, 22–28.ii.1980, T.F. Houston et al., 316-2, ex aggregation in Acacia tree, WAM, Dept. of Biological Survey site BW Camp, WAM Entomology Reg. no. 73211, Barcode of Life DNA voucher specimen Sample CCD-27057-E12 Bold Proc. ID WAM A630-15 ; 1 male, 1 female, 7.5 km SE Banjiwarn HS, 27°42’S 121°37’E, 22–28.ii.1980 T.F. Houston et al., 316-2, ex aggregation in Acacia tree, WAM, Dept. of Biological Survey site BW Camp, WAM Collection 88/1412 & 88/1411, WAM Entomology Reg. nos 73212 & 73215 ; 1 male, 1 female, 7.5 km SE Banjiwarn HS, 27°42’S 121°37’E, 22–28.ii.1980 T. F. Houston et al., 316-2, ex Aggregation in Acacia tree, WAM, Dept. of Biological Survey site BW Camp, WAM Entomology Reg. nos 73213, 73214 ; 1 female, 7.5 km SE Banjiwarn HS, 27°42’S 121°37’E, 22–28.ii.1980, T.F. Houston et al., 316-2, ex aggregation in Acacia tree, WAM, Dept. of Biological Survey site BW Camp, WAM Collection 88/1410, WAM Entomology Reg. no. 73215, Barcode of Life DNA voucher specimen Sample CCD-27057-E11 Bold Proc. ID WAM A629- 15 ; 1 female, 3.75 km NE of Comet Vale siding, 29°57’S 121°07’E, 7–15.iii.1979, T.F. Houston et al., 256-8, at light at night, WAM Entomology Reg. no. 73217 ; 1 male, 13.8 km ENE of Comet Vale siding, 29°57’S 121°07’E, 7– 15.iii.1979, T. F. Houston et al., 256-8 ; 1 female, Cathedral Gorge , 18 km W Newman, 5.iii.2004, to light, P. Hutchinson ( WAM). NORTHERN TERRITORY: 2 males, 1 female, Mt Ebenezer Rdhse , 250 km W Alice Springs, 25°10.774’S 132°40.632’E, 10.xii.2005, D. Freier ( DE). 1 male, 1 female, Mt Ebenezer Rdhse , 250 km W Alice Springs , 25°10.774’S 132°40.632’E, 10.xii.2005, D. Freier, flew to lights ( LP). 1 female, AU. NT. LJB, Luritja Road , 19 km N of Lasseter Hwy, 25°02.849’S 132°15.634’E, 1.ii.2010, Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 2 males, AU. NT.ERL, ~ 5 km S of Erldunda Roadhouse, 69.5 km N of Kulgera on Stuart Hwy , 25º14.026’S 133º12.231’E, 403 m, 29.i.2007, D. Marshall, K. Hill ; 1 male, 1 female, AU. NT.MKG, 84.4 km S of Stuart Well on Stuart Hwy , 24º58.744’S 133º11.743’E, 410 m, 1.ii.2007, K. Hill, D. Marshall ; 2 males, (1 Simon Lab. voucher 07.AU. NT. SAB.04), just N of the SA / NT border, on Stuart Hwy, 25º59.835’S 133º11.811’E, 527 m, 29.i.2007, K. Hill & D. Marshall, 1 female, Ayers Rock, 3.ii.1984, M.S. & B.J. Moulds ; 1 female, Henbury Meteorite Craters, 140 km SW of Alice Springs , 30.i.1984, M.S. & B.J. Moulds ( MSM). SOUTH AUSTRALIA: 1 male, AU. SA.SUN, 27 km [S] of NT border on Stuart Hwy, 461 m, 26°13.963’S 133°11.228’E, 28.i.2015, D. Marshall ; 2 males, 1 female, 17 km S of Chandler railway siding, 5.ii.1984, M.S. & B.J. Moulds ; 1 male, 1 female, 6 km S of Wintinna Hsd , 5.ii.1984, M.S. & B.J. Moulds ( MSM). QUEENSLAND: 1 male, 1 female, 3 km E of Charleville , 26°24’S 146°16’E, 15.iii.1990, Edwards & Fisk ( ANIC). 1 male, AU.QL.MVN, ~ 13 km NNW of Morven , 26º20.611’S 147º00.535’E, 400 m, 9. ii.2008, K. Hill, D. Marshall, M. Moulds, C. Owen, M. Humphrey, Simon Lab. voucher 08.AU.QL.MVN.06 ( MSM).

Aural and audio records (without vouchers). WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 09.AU.WA.PBB, 148.7 km E of Northwest Coastal Hwy on road to Tom Price, 22º50.976’S 116º43.837’E, 253 m, 14.ii.2009, K. Hill, D. Marshall, audio only; 06.AU.WA.GOL, 1 km NE of the Pardoo River, 40.8 km SW of Pardoo Roadhouse on Great Northern Hwy. NE of Goldsworthy (abandoned town), 20º16.770’S 119º31.278’E, 38 m, 10.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds, aural only; 06.AU.WA.PHJ, Port Hedland, N of town centre on side of main road in unused, junky weedy land, 20º19.033’S 118º37.334’E, 9 m, 10.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds, aural only; 06.AU.WA.PHT, ~ 20 km S of Port Hedland, 13 km N of the Turner River on Great Northern Hwy, 20º26.008’S 118º33.317’E, 16 m, 10.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds, aural only; 06.AU.WA.MJN, ~ 221 km N of Newman, 31 km N of Munjina Roadhouse on Great Northern Hwy, 22º08.097’S 118º47.270’E, 464 m, 11.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds, aural only; 06.AU.WA.ROB, Rest area at Mt Robinson on Great Northern Hwy, 108 km NW of Newman, 23º02.691’S 118º51.004’E, 752 m, 12.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds, aural only; 06.AU.WA.MRS, Near Mt Robinson on Great Northern Hwy, 112 km NW of Newman, 23º03.386’S 118º51.977’E, 744 m, 12.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds, aural only; 06.AU. WA.LAV, 1.7 km W of Laverton on road to Leonora, 28º36.644’S 122º23.890’E, 454 m, 18.ii.2006, Hill, Marshall, Moulds, aural only; 09.AU.WA.NTE, 3.4 km E of Northwest Coastal Hwy on road to Tom Price, 22º30.038’S 115º32.792’E, 91 m, 13.ii.2009, K. Hill, D. Marshall, aural only; 09.AU.WA.NEN, 34 km N of Newman, 23º13.758’S 119º29.423’E, 708 m, 17.ii.2009, K. Hill, D. Marshall, aural only; 10.AU.WA.SHY, Shay Gap, jct with railway line, ~ 43 km N of Warrawagine Rd on Shay Gap Rd. ~ 103 km NNE of Marble Bar, 20º32.123’S 120º10.367’E, 147 m, 18.i.2010, Hill, Marshall, Moulds, aural only. NORTHERN TERRITORY: 10.AU.NT.MLE, Gintys Lookout, 27 km NE of Kings Canyon Resort on Mereenie Loop Road, 24º03.658’S 131º24.505’E, 772 m, 31.i.2010, Hill, Marshall, Moulds, audio only; 10.AU.NT.ULH, NW side of Uluru/Ayers Rock, 25º20.454’S, 131º01.393’E, 518 m, 1.ii.2010, Hill, Marshall, Moulds, audio only. SOUTH AUSTRALIA: 07.AU.SA.MRA, Marryat Rest Area at Agnes Ck, Stuart Hwy. ~ 75 km S of SA/NT border, 26º38.308’S 133º16.713’E, 400 m, 1.ii.2007, D. Marshall & K. Hill, aural only. QUEENSLAND: 08.AU.QL.SAB, 9.7 km S of Barcaldine on the Landsborough Hwy, 23º38.958’S 145º16.915’E, 265 m, 7.ii.2008, K. Hill, D. Marshall, C. Owen, M. Moulds, M. Humphrey, aural only.

Distribution and habitat ( Figs 18b , 39 ). Throughout much of the western half of Western Australia south from near Derby to the Perth and Coolgardie districts, in the Northern Territory south of the Western McDonnell Ranges to just over the border into South Australia, and in Queensland from near Barcaldine, Charleville and Morven. There are many records from Western Australia south from Sandfire, the most southern records being Queen Victoria Rock some 45 km south-west of Coolgardie, while the most inland records are Agnew and Laverton. Records from the Northern Territory are clustered together in the south-western corner of the state including Uluru (Ayers Rock) and Gintys Lookout near Kings Canyon and Henbury Meteorite Crater. From South Australia there are records from along the Stuart Highway south to Wintinna. The distribution of the species is probably continuous across inland central Australia but lacks records from the Gibson and Great Victoria Deserts. Adults are mostly found in Acacia trees and have been recorded from late October to mid March but their appearance largely follows good rainfall.

Adult description. Male ( Figs 18a , 40 ). Head black, usually with supra-antennal plates partly or entirely yellowish or orange brown and often a spot of similar colour on posterior midline; eyes red in life. Postclypeus black with yellowish or orange brown margin ventrally; sometimes with an anterior spot of similar colour that occasionally extends to dorsal surface. Anteclypeus black. Rostrum black sometimes with brown basally; reaching apices of mid coxae. Thorax with pronotum orange brown, rarely tending black, with a black fascia either side of an orange brown dorsal midline expanded laterally at anterior end and at posterior end tending circular with an angular projection either side; pronotal collar orange brown with a black anterior margin dorsally. Mesonotum yellowish or orange brown but dominated by black submedian and lateral sigilla and a black dorsal midline outwardly angled to incorporate scutal depressions; cruciform elevation dark brown to black except for yellowish or orange brown arms. Metanotum yellowish or orange brown. Wings hyaline. Forewing venation black; a bold zigzag subapical infuscation overlying crossveins r and r-m and that part of vein RP joining them; lesser infuscation along vein RA 2 and along ambient vein and distal ends of veins forming apical cells 1–7; basal cell hyaline; basal membrane orange. Hindwing venation pale brown; without infuscations; plaga white, inconspicuous. Legs orange brown; fore coxae black on outer face; fore and mid femora blackish on inner lateral surface; meracantha pale yellow, long, reaching to mid length of opercula. Opercula pale yellow with blackish base; reaching distal margin of tympanal cavity but far from meeting each other; raised along outer lateral margin leaving a wide opening between operculum and tympanal cavity on outer half. Abdomen with tergites black with orange or yellowish markings; tergite 2 with a broad orange posterior margin confined to dorsal and subdorsal region and usually interrupted at dorsal midline; tergites 3–7 with narrow orange posterior margins usually extending to sternite but usually interrupted at dorsal midline; tergite 8 similarly marked but the orange variable in width from narrow to very broad. Sternites orange or yellowish with a broad black midline usually reaching to sternite VII where it contracts distally and fails to reach the distal margin; sternite VIII orange or yellowish usually with a diffused black parch on basal midline. Timbal cavity rounded along posterior margin. Timbals with four long ribs spanning the the timbal membrane, the posterior three fused dorsally; spaced with short intermediate ribs; anterior of timbal membrane mostly occupied by ribs.

Male genitalia ( Figs 40a–b ). Pygofer black to dark brown with dull orange or brownish on basal and upper lobes and a diffused patch of similar colour against margin between upper lobe and dorsal beak; basal lobes large, in lateral view broadly rounded; upper lobes similar in size to basal lobes but narrower, tapering; claspers with apices bluntly rounded (not bi-lobed). Aedeagus with pseudoparameres barely curved in lateral view, curved inwards subapically in dorsal view.

Female ( Fig. 5 ). Similar to male.Abdominal segment 9 short, in dorsal view only a little longer than wide; black with a broad orange ventral margin and an orange patch below a black dorsal beak. Ovipositor sheath black, not projecting beyond dorsal beak.

Measurements. Range and mean (in mm) for 10 males, 10 females (includes smallest and largest specimens). Length of body (including head): male 14.4–18.0 (16.0); female (including ovipositor) 15.0–19.4 (17.7). Length of forewing: male 17.0–21.2 (18.9); female 18.8–24.3 (20.8). Width of head (including eyes): male 4.8–6.0 (5.2); female 5.1–6.1 (5.7). Width of pronotum (across lateral angles): male 5.0–6.1 (5.4); female 5.2–6.4 (5.9).

Distinguishing features. Distinguished from all other species by having, in combination, forewing veins M and CuA fused for a length equal to at least the length of the basal cell, the forewings infuscated on crossveins r and r-m, and in having dominating black sigilla on the mesonotum with the black extending to the cruciform elevation. The male genitalia are closely similar to other Ewartia species and not particularly useful for separating closely allied species.

Song ( Figs 41a–f ). Recordings were examined from the WA.LAV, WA.MRS, WA.NSF, WA.PBB, WA.SHY, WA.VIC, NT.LJB, and NT.ULH paratype locations, along with additional sites in Western Australia and Northern Territory.

Ewartia males exhibit two calling song modes, a complex song and a simple song (see Popple 2017b). Each mode can be continued for extended periods. Two song modes are also produced in Ewartia adusta sp. n. Both vary considerably in form within a single male’s song. Most of the recordings obtained here contained only the simple song mode. Based on the limited available sample, the main section of the complex song ( Figs 41a–c ) consists of a phrase lasting approximately 1.5–3 s that contains approximately 2–5 repeated echemes and concludes with a modified echeme that ends with a short isolated syllable that probably serves as a cue for a receptive female to reply (the “accentuated” syllable of Popple 2017b). Each echeme other than the final one consists of a long (0.2– 0.5 s) syllable followed by a series of short syllables that gradually decrease and then increase in repetition rate (from about 25–50 syllables/s). Near the end of these echemes, the short syllables begin to coalesce and may form an intermediate-length syllable. In the final echeme, the short syllables do not increase in rate at the end, and instead the isolated cueing syllable is produced. The final echeme is sometimes considerably shortened, and the whole phrase can be preceded by a series of short syllables that vary in rate. The cueing syllable is 0.04– 0.05 s in duration and is preceded and followed by silent gaps of about 0.15 and 0.1 s, respectively.

The simple song mode ( Figs 41d–f ) consists of long syllables of about 0.15– 0.2 s duration (or, in some cases, macrosyllables formed by coalesced syllables) repeated at about 2.5–3 per s. Often these syllables become broken to varying degrees into composite syllable pairs or threes. The underlying pulse rate of both song modes varies from around 500–1250/s and is difficult to discern apparently due to shifting relationships of the timbal contractions. Both modes have sound energy focused in the range 11.5–18.5 kHz, with a peak of about 14.5 kHz. There is little frequency modulation.

Certain other Ewartia species have songs that are similar to that of E. adusta sp. n., but none exhibit a pattern in which long syllables are normally following by steadily decreasing-rate short syllables in the complex song ( Popple 2017b). Ewartia etesia and E. thamna , for example, have the pattern reversed, with short syllables increasing in rate towards a final long syllable that may precede the song cue.

Discussion and phylogenetic relationships. Of all the Ewartia species Ewartia adusta sp. n. has been the most successful at exploiting an arid environment, inhabiting some of the driest and harshest regions across a very wide area of Central Australia. All other species inhabit high rainfall regions except for E. cuensis that has a very restricted distribution in a semi arid area around Cue in Western Australia and E. lapidosa whose distribution extends into lesser rainfall areas through the eastern half of Queensland and New South Wales. In a molecular study of Cicadettini, Marshall et al. (2016) found Ewartia adusta sp. n. was sister to three other species of Ewartia in their study, E. brevis , E. cuensis and E. oldfieldi (as E. nr. oldfieldi ). As E. oldfieldi represents a complex of closely related species ( Popple 2017b) the molecular tree is a reasonable representation of all species in the genus. This suggests that E. adusta has been the only extant Ewartia species to successfully adapt to an arid environment when Australia dried during the early to mid Miocene.

Figures

FIGURE 41. Ewartia adusta sp. n., male song modes. (41a, b) oscillogram and spectrogram of the complex calling song mode showing the final two echemes of a song phrase, the second echeme ending with a probable song cue; (41c) oscillogram showing further detail of the transition between echemes; (41d–f) two examples of the simple song mode. Air temperature: (41a–e) 31–36°C; (41f) not recorded.

FIGURES 1–7. (1a) Illyria viridis sp. n., male; (1b) Illyria viridis sp. n., female; (2) Pedana hesperia gen. et sp. n., male; (3a) Chrysocicada trophis sp. n., male; (3b) Chrysocicada trophis sp. n., female; (4) Parvopsalta victoriae gen. et sp. n., male; (5) Ewartia adusta sp. n., female; (6) Pegapsaltria lutea gen. et sp. n., male; (7a) Kalarko ferruginosus gen. et sp. n., male; (7b) Kalarko ferruginosus gen. et sp. n., female.

FIGURES 15–20. Live adults and their habitats. (15a) Illyria viridis sp. n., male singing; (15b) same species, type locality; (16a) Chrysocicada trophis sp. n., mating pair; (16b) same species, type locality; (17a) Pedana hesperia gen. et sp. n., male calling; (17b) same species, type locality; (18a) Ewartia adusta sp. n., male; (18b) same species, type locality; (19a) Erempsalta hermannsburgensis (Distant, 1907), male calling in its usual upside-down position; (19b) same species, favoured adult host plant; (20a) Calipsalta brunnea gen. et sp. n., male; (20b) same species, habitat near Wolfe Creek Meteorite Crater, close to type locality. Not to scale.

FIGURES 39–40. Ewartia adusta sp. n. (39) distribution; (40a) male genitalia in lateral view; (40b) same in ventral view.