Curvularia hawaiiensis (M.B. Ellis) Manamgoda, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde

Manamgoda, Dimuthu S., Rossman, Amy Y., Castlebury, Lisa A., Chukeatirote, Ekachai & Hyde, Kevin D., 2015, A taxonomic and phylogenetic re-appraisal of the genus Curvularia (Pleosporaceae): human and plant pathogens, Phytotaxa 212 (3), pp. 175-198 : 187-189

Curvularia hawaiiensis (M.B. Ellis) Manamgoda, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde , Fungal Dives. 56:141 (2012). ( Fig. 5 )

Basionym : Drechslera hawaiiensis Bugnic. ex M.B. Ellis, Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes : 415 (1971). [≡ Helminthosporium hawaiiensis Bugnic., Rev. gén. Bot. 62: 238 (1955) nom. inval. No Latin diagnosis]

[≡ Drechslera hawaiiensis Bugnic. ex Subram. & B.L. Jain [as ‘ hawaiiense ’], Curr. Sci. 35: 354 (1966) nom. Inval. No Latin diagnosis] ≡ Bipolaris hawaiiensis (M.B. Ellis) J.Y. Uchida & Aragaki, Phytopathology 69: 1115 (1979).

= Cochliobolus hawaiiensis Alcorn, Trans. Br. mycol . Soc.70: 64 (1978).

≡ Pseudocochliobolus hawaiiensis (Alcorn) Tsuda & Ueyama, Mycologia 73: 92 (1981).

Type material:— AUSTRALIA, obtained on Sach’s agar with Chloris gayana leaves, 21 March 1977, J. L Alcorn 7780 (holotype of Cochliobolus hawaiiensis IMI 213864!); ibid. (isotype of Cochliobolus hawaiiensis BRIP 12105!).

Ascomata on Chloris gayana , black, globose, (200–)223–385(–450) μm (av. = 304 SD = 81 n = 22) in diameter, with a long cylindrical ostiolar beak up to 800 μm long and (40–)76–160(–170) μm (av. = 118 SD = 42 n = 20) wide, some ascomata have two beaks where one is longer and the other one is shorter, always covered with conidia and conidiophores. Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, filamentous, septate, branched or simple. Asci (120–)139–183(–200) × (10–)12–16(–18) μm (av. = 161 SD = 22 n = 20; av. = 14 SD = 2 n = 20) bitunicate, cylindrical to cylindrical clavate, rounded at apex and slightly tapering towards base, short pedicellate. Ascospores (90–)119–185(–195) × 3–5(–6) μm (av. = 152 SD = 33 n = 23; av. = 4 SD = 1 n = 23), hyaline, filiform, tapered to acute apex, 1–8 ascospores, commonly four loosely coiled inside ascus, thin hyaline mucilaginous sheath visible in water mounts.

Asexual morph on Chloris gayana, Conidiophores 86–146(–180) × 2–6(–7) μm (av. = 116 SD = 30 n = 20; av. = 4 SD = 2 n = 20), single, flexuous, septate, geniculate, pale to mid brown. Conidiogenous nodes dark brown, verruculose. Conidia (17–)20–26(–34) × (6–)8–10(–11) μm (av. = 23 SD = 3 n = 60; av. = 9 SD = 1 n = 60), straight, ellipsoid, oblong or cylindrical, rounded at ends, pale to mid brown, 2–7-distoseptate (av. = 5), conidia often germinating by a germ tube from one end.

Hosts:— Chloris gayana , Oryza sativa , Panicum sp , also reported from Artocarpus integra , Atriplex muelleri , Bambusa sp. , Bauhinia sp. , Brachiaria ramosa , Capillipedium assimile , Cenchrus setigerus , Chloris inflata , Cleome spinosa , Cocos nucifera , Cosmos bipinnatus , Cycas circinalis , Cynodon dactylon , C. transvaalensis , Dahlia variabilis , Dalbergia sissoo , Desmostachya bipinnata , Digitaria decumbens , Echinochloa colonum , Eleusine multiflora , Eragrostiella bifaria , Eucalyptus globulus , Festuca amethystina , Gardenia florida , Glycine max , G. ussuriensis , Hordeum vulgare , Hypoestes forskaolii , Juncus roemerianus , Lens culinaris , Lupinus sp. , Lycopersicon esculentum , Marsilea minuta , Musa sapientum , Pandanus sp. , Pennisetum americanum , P. epladieum , P. glaucum , Phragmites australis , Psidium guajava , Quercus germana , Rauvolfia serpentina , Saccharum officinarum , S. munja , Setaria anceps , S. italica , S. verticillata , Sorghum vulgare , Thelepogon elegans , Tripsacum dactyloides , Trigonella foenum-graecum , Triticum aestivum , Triticum sp. , Typha angustata , Vigna sinensis , Zea mays , Zinnia elegans and on humans ( Gadallah et al. 1995).

Distribution:— Australia, Thailand, also reported from Brazil, Cuba, Egypt, India, Kenya, Mexico, Mozambique, Myanmar, Pakistan, South Africa, Uruguay, USA, Zimbabwe.

Notes:—The shape and size of the ostiolar beak is characteristic for identifying sexual states in the genus Curvularia . However, this character is not constant for Curvularia hawaiiensis as the length and the width of the ostiolar beak often varies within this species. Phylogenetically this species is closely related to Curvularia dactyloctenii ( Fig. 1 ).

Curvularia neoindica Manamgoda, Rossman & K.D. Hyde, Stud Mycol. 79: 280 (2014) non C. indica Subram. 1953 . ( Fig. 6 )

= Bipolaris indica J.N. Rai, Wadhwani & J.P. Tewari, Sydowia 23: 8. 1970. [1969].

≡ Drechslera indica (J.N. Rai, Wadhwani & J.P. Tewari) Mouch., Revue Mycol. (Paris) 38: 106. 1975. [1974].

Type material:— INDIA, Lucknow, on Brassica nigra , 26 October 1967, J. N Rai 3 (holotype of Bipolaris indica IMI 129790!).

On PDA, conidiophores (50–)105–300(–340) × 7–9 (–10) μm (av. = 203 SD = 98 n = 12; av. = 8 SD = 1 n = 12), usually arising singly, simple or rarely two to three branches, septate, geniculate, mid to dark olivaceous brown. Conidiogenous nodes dark brown, smooth. Conidia (27–)35–55(–66) × (17–)20–26(–28) μm (av. = 45 SD = 10 n = 34; av. = 23 SD = 3 n = 30), smooth-walled, straight, tapering towards rounded ends, ellipsoid or clavate, olivaceous brown to reddish brown, 5–6-distoseptate (av. = 4), germinating from both or one end. Hilum protuberant on most conidia.

Hosts:— Brassica nigra , also reported on Panicum sp. , Pennisetum americanum , P. typhoides , Trianthema portulacastrum and Trianthema sp. ( Farr & Rossman 2014).

Distribution:— India, also reported from Australia, China ( Farr & Rossman 2014).

Notes:—Based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence of ITS and GPDH sequences of an authenticated strain ( BRIP 17439) provided by Berbee et al. (1999) this species was included in the genus Curvularia ( Manamgoda et al. 2014) .

Figures

FIGURE 1. Phylogram generated for Curvularia from a maximum likelihood analysis based on the combined ITS, GPDH and TEF alignment. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values are shown above the branches. The thickened branches correspond to Bayesian posterior probability values more than 0.7. All ex-type cultures are printed in bold.

FIGURE 5. Curvularia hawaiiensis (IMI 213864) A). Ascomata covered with conidiophores B, C) Cross section of ascomata D–H) Asci I, J) Conidiophores and conidia K–M) Conidia. (Scale bars A = 100 μm B, C = 50 μm D, F, G = 20 μm E, I, J = 10 μm K–M = 5 μm).

FIGURE 6. Curvularia neoindica (IMI 129790). A) Conidia and conidiophores B) Conidia germinating from both ends C) Conidia. (Scale bars A, B = 5 μm C = 10 μm).