Crellomima sigmatifera Fernandez, Gastaldi & Hajdu, 2021

Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L. & Hajdu, Eduardo, 2021, New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges, Zootaxa 5052 (3), pp. 353-379 : 369-373

Crellomima sigmatifera Fernandez, Gastaldi & Hajdu , sp. nov.

( Table 4 ; Figures 8–9 )

Type locality. Palvitad fjord, southern Chile .

Material examined. Holotype — IZUA-POR 172 , Rada Negra , Palvitad fjord, Corcovado Gulf, Chile (- 43.02523611 S, - 72.78222222 W), 19.7 m depth, coll. N. Reiff, 15 th March 2007. Both slides of skeleton (in low viscosity epoxy) and spicules under MNRJ 19227 .

Comparative material. MNRJ 8905, 8149— Hymenanchora tenuissima ( Thiele, 1905) [= Crellomima t. sensu Willenz et al. (2009), specimens and slides].

Diagnosis. Crellomima being thin crust, with tornotes (188–255/3 – 7.2), three categories of acanthostyles (choanosomal, I. 250–285/12.5–17 µm, and II. 100–140/7.5–10 µm; ectosomal, 60–96/3.5–6.5 µm), two categories of anchorate isochelae (I. 48–60 µm and II. 12–17 µm) and sigmas (40–58 µm). So far, the only Crellomima with sigmas and two categories of anchorate isochelae.

Description. Only a small, thinly encrusting preserved fragment ( Fig. 8A ); 1.7 (L) x 1.1 (W) x 0.3 cm (H). Surface smooth, with a thin, easily detachable membrane ( Fig. 8B ). Oscules, pore sieves and subectosomal channels not observed. Consistency delicate, texture slightly rough. Color in life not recorded and light beige (internally slightly darker beige) in preserved specimen.

Skeleton. Plumoreticulate architecture ( Fig. 9A ). Ectosomal region with several tornotes in vertical arrangement ( Fig. 9B ) and in bouquets ( Fig. 9C ), which rarely protrude to the surface (up to 50 µm high); tornotes only in the ectosomal and subectosomal regions. A continuous layer of acanthostyles (ectosomal category) at the ectosome, ca. 50 µm thick. Ectosomal acanthostyles disposed in tangential to paratangential arrangement ( Fig. 9D ). Choanosomal region with acanthostyles (larger choanosomal category) in plumoreticulate tracts, quinated by smaller acanthostyles (smaller choanosomal category) ( Figs. 9E ). Both categories of choanosomal acanthostyles erect on inclusions of debris and substrate too ( Fig. 9F ). Ectosomal acanthostyles around channels at the choanosome, less usually scattered throughout the skeleton. All categories of acanthostyles (ectosomal and choanosomal) are distinguished by size (length and width) and patterns of spination. Anchorate isochelae (two categories) and sigmas (one category) scattered throughout the choanosome. In spongin, rounded subectosomal (up to 500 µm longer length) and choanosomal channels (up to 150 µm longer length). No spongin fibers throughout the skeleton. A basal spongin plate covers debris/substrates echinated by choanosomal acanthostyles ( Fig. 9F ).

Spicules. Megascleres ( Table 4 ). Tornotes or anisotornotes ( Figs. 9G–H ), straight to slightly sinuous, tips mucronate to lanceolate; juvenile forms slender:,188– 221.5 (19.4)–255/3– 5.8 (1.4) – 7.2 µm. Choanosomal acanthostyles I ( Fig. 9I ), largest category of acanthostyles, usually curved, fully spined, bases blunt to slightly swollen, tips acerate; spines small (up to 5 µm high), evenly distributed, straight to slightly bent towards the bases; juvenile forms slender, with smaller, straight spines: 250– 266.7 (12.7)–285/12.5– 15 (1.6)–17 µm. Choanosomal acanthostyles II ( Fig. 9J ), intermediate category of acanthostyles, smaller and thinner than the previuous, almost straight, fully spined; spines small (up to 3.5 µm high), evenly distributed, straight to slightly bent towards the base; juvenile forms slender, with smaller and straight spines: 100– 123.5 (13.1)–140/7. 5– 9 (0.9)–10 µm. Ectosomal acanthostyles ( Fig. 9K ), the smallest category of acanthostyles, slightly curved to slightly sinuous, isodyametric, fully spined, bases blunt (no tyle), tips conical to acerate, acanthoxea forms not observed; spines small (up to 2.8 µm high), straight, evenly distributed; juvenile forms slender, with several smaller, thinner spines: 60– 83.8 (11.5)–96/3.5– 5.8 (1)–6.5 µm. Microscleres ( Table 4 ). Anchorate isochelae I ( Fig. 9L ), larger, tridentate (usually) or polydentate (up to four teeth, less frequent); axis slightly curved, smooth and thicker on both extremities; alae (teeth) elongated, with slightly unguiferate tips; distance between opposite alae, ca. 1/3 of maximum chelae length; juvenile forms with slender, unguiferate alae (reduced alae): 48– 54.6 (4.8)–60 µm. Anchorate isochelae II ( Fig. 9M ), smaller, less frequent, spatuliferous and tridentate; axis slightly curved, smooth and thicker on both extremities; alae elongated, spatuliferous and with rounded tips; very short distance between opposite alae, ca. 1/4 of maximum chelae length; juvenile forms slender and smaller: 12– 15 (2.3)–17 µm. Sigmas ( Fig. 9N ), ‘c’ or ‘s’ shaped, smooth and sharp tips: 40– 50.5 (5.4)–58 µm.

Ecology. The specimen grew over a barnacle shell, in close association with a haplosclerid sponge; oxeas can be seen in tracts or scattered in the skeleton slide of the holotype.

Distribution. Known only from its type locality, at Palvitad fjord, southern Chile ( Fig. 1 ).

Etymology. The name ‘sigmatifera’ is derived from sigmata (= sigma microscleres) + fera (= Latin prefix for “bearer”). The possession of sigmas microscleres is the main diagnostic character for this new species.

Remarks. Until recently Crellomima was known only from three species, all them from the Arctic Ocean; viz. C. derma Hentschel, 1929 , C. imparidans Rezvoi, 1925 (type species) and C. incrustans Hentschel, 1929 . Now, Goodwin et al. (2021) has described Crellomima mehqisinpekonuta Goodwin, Dinn, Nefedova, Nijhof, Murillo & Nozères, 2021 from northwest Atlantic. Our study presents fifth Crellomima species in worldwide.

The three Arctic species are thinly encrusting (up to 0.5 mm thick) and have a hymedesmioid skeleton ( Hentschel 1929; Rezvoi 1925). Crellomima mehqisinpekonuta is thinly encrusting (viz., author have not mentioned thickness) and has ascending columns of tornotes supported by a layer of basal acanthostyles echinating the substrate ( Goodwin et al. 2021). Crellomima sigmatifera Fernandez, Gastaldi & Hajdu , sp. nov. is also encrusting (up to 3 mm thick), but has a plumoreticulate skeleton, although, acanthostyles are echinating around embedded debris or at the base of the sponge. Furthermore, the new species is the only Crellomima species with sigmas and two categories of chelae ( Table 4 ).

Hentschel (1929) described oscules in Crellomima incrustans and Goodwin et al. (2021) observed oscules and pore fields in Crellomima mehqisinpekonuta . Other species of Crellomima had no appertures reported on their surfaces, oscula and/or pore sieves ( Hentschel 1929; Rezvoi 1925; van Soest 2002a), including the new species described here (see results above).

Willenz et al. (2009) have recorded Crellomima tenuissima ( Thiele, 1905) from the Chilean fjord region. We examined the skeleton of this material and observed acanthotornotes in longitudinal tracts throughout the choanosome as well as the same acanthose megascleres fanning out at the surface and disposed (para)tangentially at the ectosomal region. This arrangement of the acanthotornotes at the surface/ectosomal region could be equated with a tangential ectosomal crust as described by Willenz et al. (2009). However, the ectosomal crust of acanthose megascleres peculiar to Crellidae ( van Soest 2002a) is clearly differentiated from the underlying choanosomal skeleton, and not a mere consequence of the apical ends of its spiculofibres fanning out in variously oblique or tangential brushes of diactinal spicules. According to our interpretation, Willenz et al. ’s (2009) materials should be classified neither in Crellomima nor in Crellidae . This is so because these specimens lack acanthose megascleres (acanthoxeas or acanthostyles) equivalent to the acanthostyles III observed in C. sigmatifera Fernandez, Gastaldi & Hajdu , sp. nov.

Goodwin et al. (2011) have re-examined the type of Hymenanchora tenuissima [ Myxillidae Dendy, 1922 ( van Soest 2002c), originally as Hymedesmia tenuissima Thiele, 1905 ] and noted it has a plumose choanosomal skeleton, which they proposed is best classified in Myxilla (Styloptilon) Cabioch, 1968 . This skeletal architecture differs from the hymedesmioid one reported by Willenz et al. (2009), thus suggesting the latter’s materials might belong to a separate species.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Map of collection points. A, southern South America and arrow pointing to 1—off Santa Cruz province, Argentina Sea. B, Desventuradas Archipelago and arrow pointing to 2—San Ambrosio Island. C, Chiloé Island and Corcovado Gulf showing zoomed out to D (arrows ponting to 3—Puñihuil, Cocotue bay, 4—Duahatao and 5—Metalqui Island) and zoomed in to E (arrow pointing to 6—Rada Negra, Palvitad fjord). Scale bars: A = 500 km; B = 10 km; C = 20 km; D–E = 5km. Map from Google Earth.

FIGURE 8. Crellomima sigmatifera Fernandez, Gastaldi & Hajdu, sp. nov.: type material preserved (A–B). A, encrusting specimen (holotype―IZUA-POR 172) over shell of a barnacle, in preservative (ethanol 70%). B, surface and part of the choanosomal region of the holotype (e. = ectosome, and c. = choanosome). Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 9. Crellomima sigmatifera Fernandez, Gastaldi & Hajdu, sp. nov.: skeleton (A–F) and spicules (G–N, in SEM) of the holotype―IZUA-POR 172. A, transverse section. B, tornotes in vertical arrangement at the subectosomal region. C, tornotes in bouquets at the ectosomal region. C, ectosomal layer of ectosomal acanthostyles.D, detail of the ectosomal layer with ectosomal acanthostyles. E, choanosomal reticulation of choanosomal acanthostyles I equinated by choanosomal acanthostyles II. F, choanosomal acanthostyles I and II echinating a basal plate of spongin, which covers debris. G, tornotes. H, extremities of the tornotes. I, choanosomal acanthostyles I. J, choanosomal acanthostyle II. K, ectosomal acanthostyles. L, anchorate isochelae I. M, anchorate isochelae II. N, sigmas. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B–D = 50 µm; E = 250 µm; F = 100 µm; G = 50 µm; H = 5 µm; I–J = 50 µm; K–L = 25 µm; M = 5 µm; N = 25 µm.