Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis, Foury & Moullade, Barremian, 1966

Bucur, Ioan I. & Schlagintweit, Felix, 2018, Moulladella Jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade, 1966) N. Gen., N. Comb.: Valanginian-Early Late Barremian Larger Benthic Foraminifera From The Northern Neotethyan Margin, Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 14 (2), pp. 45-59 : 50-56

Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis Conicopfenderina? balkanica

Barreme France Valanginian Bulgaria Foury & Moullade (1966) Peybernès (2004) Diameter test (D) up to 1.175 up to 0.87, plate 1, fig. 9 in Peybernès Height test (H) 0.95-1.45 up to 1.8 H/D 1.5-2 1.5-2 Number chambers 12-16 up to 23 uniserial part Number of chambers medium 12 14-18 measured from Peybernès per mm

fig. 1, holotype) and microspheric forms (ibidem, pl. 1, fig. 4). Microspheric specimens with large initial spire are here also reported from the Barremian of Romania ( Fig. 4g ). For comparison purposes type-specimens of both “ P.” jourdanensis and “ C.” balkanica are displayed in Figure 3 . Summarizing, Conicopfenderina? balkanica Peybernès, 2004 is therefore treated here as a junior synonym of Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis Foury & Moullade, 1966 . The presence of an exoskeleton (= subdivided marginal zone) however excludes its belonging to the genus Conicopfenderina (see diagnosis of Septfontaine in Kaminski 2000, p. 215). It is worth mentioning that the presence/absence of architectural elements (here: exoskeleton) is generally considered a criteria of generic rank (e.g., Hottinger and Drobne, 1980; Vicedo et al., 2014). Apart from the presence of a marginal zone lacking an exoskeleton (= "undivided marginal ring" Maync, 1972, p. 262), the Lower Cretaceous Moulladella n. gen. shows striking similarities to the Middle Jurassic Conicopfenderina mesojurassica (Maync) . Other genera that can be compared to the new genus include the Lower Cretaceous genera Cantabriconus Schlagintweit & Rosales, 2017 (Upper Aptian of Spain) and Banatia Schlagintweit & Bucur, 2017 (Upper Barremian of Romania). Cantabriconus differs from Moulladella n. gen. by its undivided marginal zone and the loose aspect of the endoskeleton with just a few and comparably thick pillars; hemi-pillars are also absent. Banatia differs from Moulladella n. gen. above all by its low to medium trochospiral test, marginally undivided chambers and a wide axial part. The latter is made up of pillars continuous between successive chambers and a labyrinthic endoskeleton (plates and pillars) and a fine canal system between.

Last but not least, Moulladella n. gen. differs from Paracoskinolina Moullade in several characteristics. Paracoskinolina belongs to the Orbitolinidae , subfamily Dictyorbitolininae , which includes genera displaying marginal foramina, and primary septules (beams) that are arranged along vertical lines from the apex to the base (Schroeder, in Schroeder et al., 1990, p. 196). The pillars are also aligned along the test and the simple embryonic apparatus of Paracoskinolina is located at the top of the test or within a slightly eccentric trochospire ( Maync, 1955; Moullade, 1965; Arnaud-Vanneau 1980). Moreover the marginal zone is divided by vertical (beams) and sometimes also horizontal plates (rafters). Shallow tangential sections of Moulladella n. gen. can be mistaken with various sections of Orbitolinopsis Henson. These sections show alternating triangular-rounded chamberlets displaying a cross-wise foraminal system. Orbitolinopsis however differs by its embryo positioned at a slightly eccentric spire, a central zone with cupules, and a thin homogeneous wall (e.g., Arnaud-Vanneau, 1980; Clavel in Granier et al., 2013). Compared to the orbitolinids generally, the vertical radial partitions in the adult stage of Moulladella n. gen. are distinctly thicker. This is due to their development from septa of the spiral stage. In the same way the single basal foramina of the coiled stage were replaced by a system of oblique cross-wise stolon system in the adult uncoiled stage. Last but not least, the wall thickness in Moulladella n. gen. is greater than the orbitolinid epiderm (e.g., Douglass, 1960).

Moulladella jourdanensis ( Foury & Moullade, 1966) nov. comb.

Figs. 2 , 4–6

*1966 Meyendorffina (Paracoskinolina) jourdanensis n. sp. – Foury & Moullade, p. 249, pl. 1, figs. 1–6.

1976 " Paracoskinolina " jourdanensis Foury & Moullade – Masse, pl. 11, fig. 14.

1977 Orbitolinopsis aff. kiliani (Prever) – Bucur, p. 52, pl. 2, fig. 9.

1978 „ Valdanchella miliani “ – Dragastan, pl. 8, figs. 6– 10.

1978 Orbitolinopsis capuensis (De Castro) – Dragastan et al., pl. 6, fig. 2.

? 1979 Pfenderina globosa Foury – Cherchi, p. 627, pl. 2, fig. 11.

? 1980 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis Foury & Moullade – Arnaud-Vanneau, p. 702, pl. 102, figs. 1, 2-4 (?).

? 1982 Orbitolinopsis buccifer Arnaud-Vanneau & Thieuloy – Bucur et al., p., pl. 9, figs. 1, 3.

1982 " Paracoskinolina " jourdanensis Foury & Moullade – Schroeder et al., pl. 1, fig. 6.

? 1982 Pfenderina globosa Foury – Schroeder et al., p. 919–920, pl. 2, figs. 6, 8.

1988 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) – Bucur and Cociuba, p. 90, pl. 1, figs. 10–14, 18–19.

1991 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis Foury & Moullade – Schlagintweit, pl. 2, figs. 5, 7.

1993 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) – Bucur et al., p. 37, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2, 7.

1994 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis – Bucur, p. 17, fig.A.

1995 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis Foury & Moullade – Bucur et al., p. 358, pl. 7, figs. 1–6, 9.

1996 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis Foury & Moullade – Bucur and Cociuba, p. 40, pl. 2, figs. 4, 5.

1997 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) – Bucur, p. 78, pl. 16, figs. 2–4.

1997 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis – Hosu and Bucur, p. 90, pl. 3, figs. 9, 13–15, 17–19.

1999 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis Foury & Moullade – Becker, p. 426, pl. 23, figs. 10–12 (9 = cf.).

1999 Meyendorffina jourdanensis – Dragastan, p. 127, not figured.

2004 Conicopfenderina? balkanica n. sp. – Peybernès, p. 23, pl. 1, figs. 1–11.

2004 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis Foury & Moullade – Daoud et al., pl. 2, figs. 7–8.

2004 Pfenderina neocomiensis (Pfender) – Ivanova and Koleva-Rekalova, pl. 3, figs. 1–2.

2004 Pfenderina trochoidea Smout & Sugden – Ivanova and Koleva-Rekalova, pl. 3, figs. 5–7.

2004 Paracoskinolina jourdanensis Foury & Moullade – Ivanova and Koleva-Rekalova, pl. 4 figs. 1-3.

2004 Paracoskinolina tunesiana Peybernes – Ivanova and Koleva-Rekalova, pl. 4, figs. 4–6, non 7.

2005 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis Foury & Moullade – Polavder and Radulović, pl. 1, fig. 3, fig. 8 [figured as Pfenderina globosa (Foury) ].

2007 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis Foury & Moullade – Clavel et al., pl. 4k–l.

2008 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) – Michetiuc et al., p. 220, pl. 3, fig. 3.

Non 2009 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) – Clavel et al., pl. 2, specimens illustrated in the first two rows above (without numbers).

2010 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis Foury & Moullade – Clavel et al., pl. 2 (two sections).

2012 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) – Michetiuc et al., p.35, fig. 4(10).

2013 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) – Granier et al., p. 153, pl. 4, figs. 6–7.

2014 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis Foury & Moullade – Polavder, pl. 6a–f.

2014 Parakoscinolina? jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) – Bruchental et al., p. 34, fig. 3a.

2014 Conicopfenderina? balkanica Peybernes – Mircescu et al., p. 8, pl. 1, fig.7.

2015 Paracoskinolina jourdanensis – Pleş, p.59, Fig. 29G, H.

2016 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis Foury & Moullade – Grădinaru et al., p. 31, Fig. 14A

2016 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis Foury & Moullade – Mircescu et al., p. 504, Fig. 6K, L .

2016 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis – Pleş et al., p. 168, fig. 5G.

2017 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis – Ungureanu et al., p. 30, Fig. 10c.

2017 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) – Săsăran et al., p. 40, figs. 18n, o.

2018 Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) – Bucur et al., pl. 3B.

Description: Specimens display mostly high, more rarely medium conical tests reaching a height of up to 2.0 mm and a diameter of up to 1.25 mm. The ratio between the diameter and height ranges from 0.5 to 1.2 (mostly 0.6 to 0.8). Chamber base convex in the juvenile stage becoming flatter during ontogeny. The inner part of the cone base (about 80 % of its total diameter) displays a slight convex bulge marking externally the transition from the marginal to central zones. The dimorphism of the species is restricted to the early spiral stages. The test of megalospheric specimens start with an ovoidal proloculus (diameter 0.08–0.2 mm) located eccentrically below the apex ( Fig. 4p ). The specimen illustrated in Figure 6a suggests the presence of a biconch (protoconch and hemispherical deuteroconch) separated by a thin septum. The embryo is followed by a trochospire (0.5–1 whorls) composed of about 5–15 chambers. By contrast, the test of microspheric specimens shows a more voluminous trochospire (up to 2.5 whorls and> 30 chambers) that usually is considerably inclined to the adult cone axis ( Fig. 4a ). A tiny microspheric proloculus has not been identified with certainty. The chambers of the trochospire are connected by a single basal foramen ( Fig. 5k ). The spiral stage is followed by series of up to 25 uniserial chambers. There are 13–14 chambers per 1 mm axial length in the adult part of the cone. The septa of the spiral stage, connected by single basal foramina, give rise to the exoskeleton of the marginal zone in the uncoiled adult part. The exoskeleton consists of few radial partitions (beams) broadening distally and alternating from one chamber to the next. In transverse sections there are about twenty beams in adult stages of 1.0 mm test diameter. In tangential sections the chamberlets of the marginal zone have a triangular-rounded shape and display a cross-wise foraminal system arranged in diagonal lines ( Figs. 4k , 6i ). The distally mostly widening beams may fuse with the irregular arranged pillars of the central zone. The endoskeleton of the central zone consists of irregular distributed, variously shaped (mostly thin) pillars and hemi-pillars, thickened at their bases. They may anastomose forming a labyrinthic network and together with secondary microcrystalline (micritic) fillings mask the inner structure giving rise to a columella. Then “ the structure...becomes indistinguishable ” (Clavel in Granier et al. 2013). Mostly the columella may be developed in the adult uncoiled part ( Fig. 5o–p ), but sometimes occurs in the initial coiled stage ( Fig. 5a ). Irregular arranged foramina in the central zone between the endoskeletal elements, mostly straight. The chamber bases in the central zone are shifted downwards with respect to their marginal counterparts, resulting in a clear separation of both zones. Chamber wall comparatively thick, microgranular-finely agglutinating and with pseudo-keriothecal texture. The rarely discernible, most likely unbranching canaliculi have a diameter of about 5 µm (see Fig. 3 ).

Remarks: Analyzing the dimensions, Foury and Moullade (1966) recognized two populations (" hétérogénéité relative des dimensions d´une population ", p. 250), one with a more acute cone angle and larger dimensions, the other being smaller and exhibiting a wider cone angle. Foury and Moullade (1966) however communicated that they had no explication for this observation.

A pronounced dimorphism was stressed by Peybernès (2004) in his description of Conicopfenderina? balkanica (= Moulladella jourdanensis ), not directly related to dimensions but to the size of both the proloculus and the initial spire. In doing so, Peybernès distinguished megalospheric specimens with clearly discernible proloculus and a rather short initial spire and microspheric specimens with tiny (or not discernible) proloculus and a voluminous trochospire.

Comparisons: (Sub)axial sections of M. jourdanensis , not displaying the subdivision of the marginal zone, show some similarities with the Middle Jurassic Conicorbitolina mesojurassica (Maync) (e.g., Maync, 1972, plate 1). C. mesojurassica has larger test dimensions (D: up to 1.8 mm, H: up to 4.0 mm), the separation marginal to central zone is less marked, and the chambers of the uniserial part are saucer-shaped throughout.

Clavel et al. (2009) reported specimens of “ Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis ” from the early Barremian of southern France (see synonymy). This taxon is clearly different from Moulladella jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) by its high number of beams (about 40) per 1 mm cone diameter (up to 25 in M. jourdanensis ), distinctly thinner wall (lacking a pseudo-keriotheca?), and a much more delicate central zone. This form might represent a new taxon.

Stratigraphy: From the Spanish Pyrenes, M. jourdanensis was described by Becker (1999) from the Late Hauterivian (balearis ammonite zone). For the Urgonian-type limestones of southeastern France and the French-Suisse Jura Clavel et al. (2010) indicate a range for M. jourdanensis from the latest Hauterivian (upper part of ligatus ammonite zone) to the early late Barremian (lower part of vandenheckii ammonite zone). The upper limit indicated by Clavel et al. (2010) seems to correspond of the upper limit of the taxon range as shallow-water facies continued in this area into the early Aptian. Peybernès (2004) described M. jourdanensis (as Conicopfenderina? balkanica ) from the Late Valanginian of Bulgaria. Peybernès considers “ C.? balkanica ” “as a good index of the Valdanchella miliani zone” of the Late Valanginian. Schroeder et al. (2000) however concludes that the “biozone à Valdanchella miliani ” corresponds to the Early Valanginian. From the Jerma River canyon (Eastern Serbia) Bucur et al. (1995) reported Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis in carbonate deposits assigned to the Valangini- an. In Romania, M. jourdanensis was frequently mentioned (as Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis ) in limestones dated as early Barremian in Pădurea Craiului (Northern Apuseni Mountains) associated with Salpingoporella genevensis ( Bucur and Cociuba, 1988, 1996; Bucur et al., 1993; Daoud et al., 2004; Bruchental et al., 2014), the Reşiţa- Moldova Nouă zone (South Carpathians) ( Bucur, 1994, 1997; Hosu and Bucur, 1997), Vânturariţa Massif (South Carpathians) ( Pleş, 2015; Pleş et al., 2016), and Vâlcan Mountains (South Carpathians) ( Michetiuc et al., 2008, 2012). M. jourdanensis was also mentioned and illustrated (as Conicopfenderina? jourdanensis , or as Paracoskinolina? jourdanensis ) from lowermost Valanginian limestones in Piatra Craiului Massif ( Mircescu et al., 2014, 2016) and Dâmbovicioara area ( Grădinaru et al., 2016; Săsăran et al., 2017; Ungureanu et al., 2017). Within the lower Valanginian from Piatra Craiului- Dâmbovicioara area, M. jourdanenis is associated with Paracoskinolina? pfenderae , Montsalevia salevensis , Haplophragmoides joukowskyi , Coscinoconus cherchiae , C. campanellus , Danubiella gracilima , Protopeneroplis ultragranulata ( Fig. 7 ), an assemblage pointing to late Berriasian-early Valanginian age ( Neagu, 1985; Husinec and Sokac, 2006; Schlagintweit and Gawlick, 2006; Masse et al., 2009; Bucur et al., 2014). Considering that the levels with M. jourdanensis are situated in the uppermost part of the Berriasian-lower Valanginian sequence ended by a hardground surface covered by deep-water deposits with Neohoploceras submartini (Mallada) of Verrucosum ammonite zone ( Grădinaru et al., 2016, 2017), we can assign to these levels an early Valanginian age. Summarizing, the stratigraphic range of M. jour danensis can be assigned to the Valanginian-early late Barremian interval. We may note a gap in the record referred to the early Hauterivian that might be closed by new future finds.

Occurrences and paleobiogeography: M. jourdanensis is palaeobiogeographically restricted to a stripe along the northern Neotethyan margin, with occurrences stretching from the Spanish Pyrenees, southern France, Austria, Romania, Serbia, to Bulgaria. The latter three occurrences refer to the so-called Carpatho-Balkanides (e.g., Kovács et al., 2010, Fig. 1B ). Such a provincialism is reported from several taxa of primitive orbitolinids (Dictyoconidae) with restriction either to the Northern (= European) or Southern (= African) Neotethyan margin (e.g., Cherchi et al., 1981). With this respect, M. jourdanensis represents a typical “European” taxon ( Fig. 8 ). Such a distributional pattern was already assumed by Schlagintweit (1991, p. 89, fig. 4), now substantiated by more detailed data. Therefore M. jourdanensis has not been reported from the well investigated Lower Cretaceous platform carbonates of the Italian Apennine mountains (Chiocchini et al., 2012) or the Dinarides (e.g. Croatia, see Velić, 2007).

Figures

Fig. 4 Moulladella jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) n. gen., n. comb. (a, g) Tangential-oblique sections of microspheric specimens exhibiting voluminous initial spire. (b) Axial section of a macrospheric specimen. (c, k) Tangential sections showing alternating chamberlets of the marginal zone connected by oblique foramina. (d) Oblique-tangential section. (e, j, m) Axial sections. (h, l) Oblique sections. (f, i) Juvenile specimens in tangential sections. (n) Oblique section of the initial spire of a macrospheric specimen. b, beam; f, foramen; p, protoconch; pi, pillar, s, septum. Thin-sections: 14729 (a), 12563-5 (b), 14099-2 (c), 12561-2 (d, f), 12558A (e), 42-Irimieş (g), 12562-5 (h), 12563-4 (i), 12563-6 (j), 14098-2 (k), 12563 (l), 12563-2 (m), 12563-4 (n). Location and age: (a) Jerma River Canyon, Eastern Serbia, Early Valanginian; (b–f, h–n) Dâmbovicioara area, Southern Carpathians, Romania (Early Valanginian); (g) Reşiţa-Moldova Nouă zone, Southern Carpathians, Romania (Early Barremian).

Fig. 3 Paracoskinolina (Meyendorffina) jourdanensis Foury & Moullade, Barremian of France (a–d); holotype specimen in (a) (from Foury and Moullade, 1966, pl. 1, figs. 2–3, 5–6). e–h Conicopfenderina? balkanica Peybernès, Valanginian of Bulgaria; holotype specimen in (f) (from Peybernès, 2004, pl. 1, figs. 7, 1, 8–9).

Fig. 2 Schematic test reconstruction of Moulladella jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) n. gen., n. comb. modified from Peybernès (2004, fig. 3, for Conicopfenderina? balkanica). Pseudo-kerioteka refers to the thin section 14731 Jerma river, Serbia (above), and RR4027 Kurilovo, Serbia (scale bar = 0.2 mm).

Fig. 5 (a–p) Moulladella jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) n. gen., n. comb.: (a, e) (sub)axial sections, note the densely filled central zone ("secondary deposits") in the upper part of (a). (b, p) tangential sections. (c–d, f–g, i–l, m) oblique sections. (h, n) slightly oblique transverse sections. Note anastomizing pillars in (h). (o) slightly oblique transverse section displaying densely filled central zone. b, beam; col, columella; f, foramen; p, protoconch; pi, pillar, s, septum. Thin-sections: 12562-5 (a), 12563-6 (b), 12564-1 (c), 12563-3 (d), 3779-PdC (e), 12570 (f), 12569-5 (g), 13679 (h), 14099 (i), 14095A (j), 14098-2 (k), 12563-6 (l), 14097 (m), 12562-6 (n), 14734 (o), 14099-2 (p). Location and age: (a-n, p) Dâmbovicioara area, Southern Carpathians, Romania (Early Valanginian); (e) Pădurea Craiului, Apuseni Mountains, Romania (Early Barremian). (o) Jerma River Canyon, Estern Serbia (Early Valanginian).

Fig. 6 Moulladella jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) n. gen., n. comb. (a) Axial section of a megalospheric specimen. (b, f) Subaxial sections. (c–d, g, l) Oblique sections. (e, k, m–n, p) Slightly oblique transverse sections. (h, o) Tangential sections. (i–j) Tangential-oblique sections. Central zone highlighted in grey. b, beam; d,?deuteroconch; f, foramen; is, initial spire; p, proloculus; s, septum. Thin-sections: 14098-4 (a, c), 12568-4 (b), 12562-2 (d), 9-Mandrisag (e), 272-Ciclova (f), 4222- Ilidia (g), M10-Crivina (h), 14729 (i, l), 14734 (j–k), Lo 11 (m–n), 14733 (o). Location and age: (a-d) Dâmbovicioara area, Southern Carpathian, Romania (Early Valanginian); (e-h) Reşiţa-Moldova Nouă zone, Southern Carpathians, Romania (Early Barremian); (i-l, o) Jerma River Canyon, Eastern Serbia (Early Valanginian); (m-n) Losenstein, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Early Barremian, cobbles in Albian-Cenomanian conglomerates).

Fig. 7 Benthic foraminifera associated with Moulladella jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) n. gen., n. comb. from the Dâmbovicioara area, Romania. (a) Coscinoconus campanellus (Arnaud-Vanneau, Boisseau & Darsac), slightly oblique axial section. (b) Coscinoconus cherchiae (Arnaud-Vannaeu, Boisseau & Darsac), axial section. (c) Danubiella gracillima Neagu, subaxal section. (d) Protopeneroplis ultragranulata (Gorbatchik), oblique section. (e, h) Paracoskinolina? pfenderae Canerot & Moullade, axial and slightly oblique transverse sections. (f, g) Montsalevia salevensis (Charollais, Brönnimann & Zaninetti), slightly oblique axial section, and transverse section together with Haplophragmoides joukowsky Charollais, Brönnimann & Zaninetti (axial section) (H). Thin-sections: 14096 (a), 12562 (b), 12569 (c), 13697 (d), 12568- 2 (e), 12563 (f), 12564 (g) and 11867-6 (h). Scale bars 0.3 mm.

Fig. 1 Location of the studied sections on the Romanian (A) and Serbian (B) territory showing the occurrence intervals (red lines) of Moulladella jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) n. gen., nov. comb. A1 – location of the two studied sections in Romania; 1, Reşiţa-Moldova Nouă zone; 2, Dâmbovicioara zone, A2 – Succession of the Lower Cretaceous deposits from the Reşiţa- Moldova Nouă zone (modified from Bucur, 1997): 1, conglomerates and sandstones; 2, alternating sandstones and shales; 3, bedded bioclastic limestones; 4, massive bioclastic limestones; 5, chert-bearing limestones; 6, marly-limestones and marls; 7, micritic limestones; 8, micritic limestones with chert intercalations. A3 – Succession of the Lower Cretaceous deposits from Dâmbovicioara zone (modified from Bucur et al., 2011): 1, alternating marls and limestones; 2, marls with patch-reef limestone intercalations; 3, marly-limestones and marls; 4, glauconite-bearing limestones; 5, bedded limestones; CNM = Cetatea Neamţului Member. B1 – Location of the studied section in Serbia. JRA = Jerma River Area. B2 – Succession of the Lower Cretaceous deposits from the Jerma River Canyon (modified from Bucur et al., 1995): 1, conglomerates, sandstones and shales; 2, bedded limestones.

Fig. 8 Geographic distribution of occurrences of Moulladella jourdanensis (Foury & Moullade) n. gen., n. comb. 1: Organya, Pyrenees, Spain 2: Alpilles, Southern France 3: Provence, Southern France 4: Alpes occidentales and Jura, South- Eastern France and Switzerland 5: Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria 6: Pădurea Craiului, Apuseni Mountains, Romania 7: Reşiţa-Moldova Nouă zone, Southern Carpathians, Romania 8: Vâlcan and Vânturariţa Mountains, Southern Carpathians, Romania 9: Dâmbovicioara zone, Southern Carpathians, Romania 10: Dobrogea, South-East Romania 11: Jerma River canyon, Eastern Serbia 12: Western Bulgaria.