Colossochares Giron & Short, 2021

Giron, Jennifer C. & Short, Andrew Edward Z., 2021, The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species, ZooKeys 1045, pp. 1-236 : 1

Genus Colossochares Giron & Short gen. nov. Figs 1A , 2 , 4 , 11I , 26 , 27A

Helochares "Clade B", Short et al. (2021).

Gender.

Masculine.

Type species.

Helochares ellipticus d’Orchymont, 1933: 306; by present designation.

Etymology.

From the Latin word colossus, meaning extremely large, in reference to the comparatively large and robust bodies of the members of the genus, combined with the ending chares, expressing affinity with Helochares . Masculine.

Diagnosis.

Body length 8.5-14.0 mm. Body shape broadly oval in dorsal view, strongly and uniformly convex in lateral view (Fig. 26 ). Dorsal surfaces even and smooth, uniformly dark brown (nearly black) in coloration with reddish antennae, palps and tarsi; ground punctation extremely fine and shallow (Fig. 26A ); ventral surfaces rather densely covered by rather long and fine golden setae (Fig. 26C ). Eyes not emarginate, moderate in size, subquadrate in dorsal view, separated by nearly 4 × width of eye, projected from outline of head (Fig. 11I ). Frons with large (and somewhat fused together) systematic punctures along inner margin of eye. Clypeus with anterior margin broadly roundly emarginate. Labrum fully exposed, medially convex (Fig. 11I ). Antennae with nine antennomeres, with strongly asymmetric and round cupule. Maxillary palps slender, slightly longer than maximum width of head, with palpomere 4 0.7 × as long as palpomere 3 (Fig. 11I ). Mentum medially broadly depressed, laterally punctate, mesally and anteriorly striate; sculpture of mentum ranging from shallow to strong. Pronotum evenly convex, and very smooth, with ground punctation very fine and shallow; systematic punctures of pronotum reduced to paired depressions near anterior margin and at midlength of lateral margins. Elytra without sutural striae, with margins slightly flared; serial punctures either absent or only visible along outer lateral area and posterior third of elytra; systematic punctures enlarged, broadly separated longitudinally, forming five rows mostly visible along outer lateral area and posterior third of elytra (Fig. 26A, B ). Surface of prosternum flat to broadly convex, with anterior margin slightly projected anteriorly (Fig. 26C ). Posterior elevation of mesoventrite with broad longitudinal elevation; anapleural sutures concave, anteriorly converging and separated by distance nearly 1/3 of anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite uniformly densely covered by with hydrofuge pubescence, medial surface elevated as platform. Protibiae with anterior row of spines extremely reduced to tiny and scanty, appressed denticles; apical spurs of protibiae large, outer nearly as thick and reaching apex of protarsomere 2. Metafemora with tibial grooves well-developed; metafemora with hydrofuge pubescence covering basal 4/5 of anterior surface (Fig. 26C ). Metatarsomeres laterally compressed, metatarsomere 2 longer than 5, metatarsomere 5 nearly as long as 3 and 4 combined; all tarsomeres with rows spiniform setae covering ventral surface. Fifth abdominal ventrite with apex emarginate, with fringe of flat and stout setae. Aedeagus symmetrical, either trilobed ( C. satoi ; Hebauer 2003a: fig. 1) or highly modified (Fig. 27A ), with basal piece shorter than parameres; median lobe variable.

Differential diagnosis.

Colossochares groups some of the largest acidocerines. Colossochares species are strongly and uniformly convex and highly polished, with enlarged systematic punctures on the head and elytra; systematic punctures on the pronotum are reduced to a pair of anterior and a pair of lateral depressions, not forming the usual antero-lateral semicircles that are common in acidocerines. Some members of Peltochares may exhibit similar coloration and general highly polished appearance to Colossochares (e.g., compare Fig. 1A vs. 1B); those Peltochares are always dorsoventrally flattened, generally slender, and the pronotum has systematic punctures forming antero-lateral semicircles. Other than general appearance, both genera are very similar to each other in details of the external morphology, except by the sculpture of the submentum, which is smooth in Colossochares and punctate or otherwise sculptured in Peltochares . In addition, the aedeagal form in Peltochares (spiked, Fig. 16C, D ) is quite different from the forms present in Colossochares (trilobed or as in Fig. 27A ).

Distribution.

Afrotropical: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Uganda; Fig. 4 .

Natural history.

Little is known about the biology of Colossochares , and no museum specimens we examined contained any habitat or collecting information. We have seen some light trap samples from Congo in which C. ellipticus is relatively common.

Larvae.

The larvae of species of Colossochares remain unknown.

Taxonomic history.

Given how large and distinctive Colossochares species are, it is remarkable that it has not been previously recognized as a separate genus, especially given how many other genera and subgenera have been described based on less striking features. The reason may have been due in part to an original identification error: Régimbart (1907: 47) first gave a description for what is now Helochares ellipticus , but mistakenly thought they were conspecific with another already-described central African taxon, Hydrophilus ellipticus Fabricius. Régimbart (1907), based on this incorrect interpretation of his specimens, further recognized that they were not allied with Hydrophilus and instead shared similarities with Helochares , so he transferred Fabricius’ species to Helochares , creating the combination Helochares ellipticus (Fabricius). Later, d’Orchymont (1933) recognized Régimbart’s error and clarified the situation, confirming Helochares ellipticus as a valid species of Helochares , and also different from the original Hydrophilus ellipticus Fabricius.

Hebauer (2003) described Helochares satoi Hebauer and discussed its affinities with Helochares ellipticus . A specimen of Helochares ellipticus was included in the molecular phylogeny by Short et al. (2021), where it was resolved as an early-diverging and isolated member of the Helochares group of genera. Given that it is not nested within Helochares , and it is morphologically distinct, the genus Colossochares is here established to house the two species: Colossochares ellipticus ( d’Orchymont) comb. nov. and Colossochares satoi (Hebauer) comb. nov.

Remarks.

Despite the external similarity between the two known species of Colossochares , the male genitalia are quite different from each other. This particularity is quite unusual in the subfamily given that, in general, each genus has a particular aedeagal type shared by all its species (though there are some known exceptions, e.g., Chasmogenus ). The genitalia of C. satoi can be categorized as trilobed, whereas that of C. ellipticus is quite uniquely configured (Fig. 27B ). More work is needed to confirm the close relationship of these two taxa.

Species examined.

Specimens of Colossochares ellipticus ( d’Orchymont) and female paratypes of C. satoi (Hebauer) were available for study.

Selected references.

Régimbart 1907: 47: description of Helochares ellipticus attributed to Fabricius; d’Orchymont 1933: 306: clarification and reaffirmation of species name; Hebauer 2003: new species and discussion of affinities; Short et al. 2021: phylogenetic placement.

Figures

Figure 1. Variation across Acidocerinae, dorsal and lateral views A Colossochares ellipticus B Peltochares sp. C Peltochares conspicuus D Aulonochares tubulus E Helochares sp. F Helochares tristis G Novochares sp. H Helopeltarium ferrugineum I Batochares sp. J Helobata larvalis K Radicitus sp. L Nanosaphes tricolor M Agraphydrus cf. attenuatus N Tobochares luteomargo O Tobochares sulcatus P Quadriops similaris Q Crucisternum ouboteri R Primocerus neutrum S Agraphydrus coomani T Agraphydrus sp. U Globulosis flavus V Crephelochares nitescens.

Figure 2. Phylogeny of the Acidocerinae simplified from Short et al. (2021), indicating the distribution, preferred habitat, and currently described number of species for each genus. For habitat, filled black circles indicate that at least some species of the genus are commonly found in this habitat; light grey circles indicate the genus has been found in this habitat, but is rare or not typical for the group; white circles indicate no species have been recorded for the genus in this habitat.

Figure 4. Known distribution of genera of Acidocerinae: Acidocerus, Agraphydrus, Aulonochares, Batochares, Chasmogenus, Colossochares, and Crephelochares.

Figure 11. Head of miscellaneous Acidocerinae A-D anterolateral view: A Tobochares luteomargo with white arrow pointing to straight anterior margin of eye B Tobochares emarginatus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus emarginating anterior margin of eye C Quadriops politus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus fully dividing the eye in dorsal and ventral faces D Batochares sp. black arrow pointing to transverse carina on labrum E-L dorsal view of head: E Batochares sp. F Helochares tristis G Crephelochares nitescens, H Chasmogenus australis with black arrow pointing to preclypeal membrane I Colossochares ellipticus J Aulonochares tubulus K Peltochares conspicuus L Helobata larvalis.

Figure 16. Aedeagi A-E trilobed: A schematic B Chasmogenus schmits C, D spiked: C schematic D Peltochares foveicollis E, F tubular: E schematic F Helochares politus G, H divided: G schematic H Novochares pallipes.

Figure 26. Habitus of Colossochares ellipticus A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 27. Aedeagi of Colossochares and Crephelochares spp. A Colossochares ellipticus B Crephelochares szeli C Crephelochares sp. (Australia) D Crephelochares abnormalis (Thailand). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.