Chrysophyllum marginatum ( Hooker & Arnott 1834: 283 ) Radlkofer (1887: 170)

Völtz, Rafael R., Alves-Araújo, Anderson & Goldenberg, Renato, 2020, Native Species of Sapotaceae Juss. in Paraná, Brazil, Phytotaxa 430 (4), pp. 224-276 : 236-237

1.3 Chrysophyllum marginatum ( Hooker & Arnott 1834: 283) Radlkofer (1887: 170) . Figure 7

Shrub, treelet or canopy tree. Trunk section cylindrical or irregular, slightly buttressed; bark brownish to reddish-brown, scaly, scales papyraceous, woody or suberose, rectangular or irregular; slash ligth-reddish-brown to lightyellow-brown, tangential section with longitudinal streaks, not discoloured, with abundant white or brownish-white latex. Stems with young shoots ochre to reddish-brown, soon grayish-brown, lenticellate, slightly rough or cracked, angled at first, becoming rounded, young shoots sericeous-tomentose or rarely hispid-tomentose, soon glabrous. Leaves spirally arranged or rarely distichous at the stem apex, spaced or loosely clustered at the stem apex. Petiole 2.0–6.5(– 8.5) mm long, grooved, sericeous-tomentose or rarely hispid-tomentose at fist, soon glabrescent or glabrous, rarely pubescent. Leaf blade chartaceous, 2.0–6.5 × 0.5–2.0 cm, elliptic or narrow-elliptic, apex acute, retuse or obtuse, base acute, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface puberulent or glabrous, rarely pubescent, but sometimes with sparse hairs on the midrib, venation brochidodromous, midrib sunken on the adaxial surface, raised on the abaxial surface, secondaries 9–17 pairs, straight, flat or slightly sunken on the adaxial surface, slightly raised or rarely flat on the abaxial surface, intersecondaries long, tertiary veins ramified, flat on both sides, quaternary veins incospicuous. Inflorescences axillary and ramiflorous, 3–20-flowered. Pedicel 1.0–3.0 mm long, sericeous-tomentose or rarely pubescent. Flowers androgynous, cream or greenish-cream in vivo; sepals valvate, ca. 0.8 mm long, ovate, apex rounded, but sometimes obtuse or acute, margin entire, abaxial surface pubescent or rarely sericeous-tomentose, adaxial surface glabrous or with sparse hairs, sometimes with a broad glabrous marginal stripe; corolla campanulate, glabrous or with sparse hairs at the tube apex on the abaxial surface, 1.7–2.3 mm long, tube about equalling the lobes, 0.7–1.2 mm long, lobes ca. 1.1 mm long, wide-elliptic, apex rounded; stamens fixed at the top of the corolla tube, filaments ca. 0.5 mm long, glabrous, anthers ca. 0.5 mm long, glabrous; ovary ca. 0.5 mm long, globose, style ca. 0.3 mm long, glabrous, stigma slightly lobed. Fruit ripening black, 0.6 × 0.5 cm, suborbiculate or ellipsoid, glabrous or glabrescent, pericarp fleshy, calyx persistent, 1-seeded. Seed 0.5 × 0.4 cm, suborbiculate, not laterally compressed, testa smooth; scar basi-ventral, ca. 2.5 mm long, broad, covering up to halfway of the seed length, cordate.

Selected material: — BRAZIL. Paraná: Capitão Leônidas Marques, 21 March 1993, S.M. Silva s.n. ( UPCB 20578). Cerro Azul, 6 February 1961, G.G. Hatschbach 7723 ( MBM, UPCB). Fênix, 20 February 1999, S.B. Mikich s.n. ( UPCB 37557). Guaíra, 13 November 1979, E. Buttura 315 ( MBM). Icaraíma, 23 March 2018, R.R. Völtz 1488 ( EFC, RB, UPCB). Tijucas do Sul, 10 April 1963, G.G. Hatschbach 10141 ( MBM, UPCB).

In Paraná Chrysophyllum marginatum is widespread, occurring mainly in Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, but reaching the Araucaria Forest in the First, Second and Third Plateaus, between 180 and 1015 m elev. It can also be found in Cerrado and only one specimen (Hatschbach 7723) was collected in Submontane Atlantic Rain Forest along the Ribeira river. Its habit varies from shrubs in sandy and rocky riversides to canopy trees in the forest. Collected with flowers in January–June, in August–October, and in December, immature fruits in March and May–August and ripening fruits in September–December. It can be recognized by the brochidodromous venation, the intersecondaries long, and the ramified tertiary veins. The leaves are usually spirally arranged, but sometimes distichous at the stem apex. Chrysophyllum marginatum is vegetatively similar to Diploon cuspidatum and it can be distinguished by the leaves spirally arranged (vs. distichous in D. cuspidatum ), the lenticellate stem (vs. not lenticellate), and the acute, retuse or obtuse apex (vs. long acuminate). It is also similar to C. inornatum and the differences between them are described under the latter. The collections from Paraná belong to C. marginatum subsp. marginatum , according to Pennignton (1990), which differs from C. marginatum subsp. tomentosum ( Miquel 1863: 100) Cronquist (1946: 303) by the adaxial surface of the leaf puberulent or glabrous (vs. tomentose or pubescent), and abaxial surface of the corolla glabrous or with sparse hairs at the tube apex (vs. glabrous). However, some specimens (Hatschbach 10141, 16164 and 26620) have the abaxial surface of the leaf pubescent with stiff and spreading hairs. Pennington (1990) mentioned that specimens from Paraná with this character are more closely related to the subsp. marginatum than to the subsp. tomentosum .

Conservation Status: —This species was listed as “Not evaluated” ( NE) by CNCFlora (2018). Although widespread in Paraná, its habitat was severely lost and the most of the natural areas are small and fragmented.

Figures

FIGURE 7. Chrysophyllum marginatum. A. Habit. B. Bark. C. Slash. D. Abaxial surface of the leaf. E. Flower, longitudinal section. F. Adaxial surface of the corolla. G. Lateral and frontal view of the seed. H. Fruit. I. Stem with flower. J. Detail of the venation. K. Flower in vivo. (A–D without voucher; E–F, H, K from R.R. Völtz 1488; G from E. Buttura 163; I, J from E. M. Francisco 320) (ov: ovary; sc: seed scar; st: stamen).