Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) clavata Ridley & Dendy, 1886

Ekins, Merrick, Erpenbeck, Dirk & Hooper, John N. A., 2020, Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition, Zootaxa 4774 (1), pp. 1-159 : 89-113

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4774.1.1

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B0C4A2F8-F2AB-4147-BB12-63720EEF2516

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3846405

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D287B6-9116-3B69-FF7E-FF22FD2FFE32

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) clavata Ridley & Dendy, 1886
status

 

Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) clavata Ridley & Dendy, 1886 View in CoL

Figures 18 View FIGURE 18 & 19 View FIGURE 19 , Tables 10 View TABLE 10 & 11

Chondrocladia clavata Ridley & Dendy, 1886: 345 View in CoL ; Ridley & Dendy, 1887: 100, Pl. XX, Figs. 1, 1a View FIGURE 1 , Pl. XXI, Fig. 11 View FIGURE 11 ; Burton, 1929: 431; Koltun, 1964: 38; Lévi, 1964: 76, Fig. 26 View FIGURE 26 , Pl. IV(d); Bergquist, 1972: 125, Figs. 1–3 View FIGURE 1 View FIGURE 2 View FIGURE 3 .

Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) clavata: Dressler-Allame et al., 2017: 195 View in CoL , Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7

Material examined: Holotype: NHMUK 1887.5 About NHMUK .2.169, Kandavu , Fiji, Station 174, 19° 6’ 00” S, 178° 14’ 20” E, 256 m, Coll. H.M.S. Challenger, 2 specimens, 3/viii/1874 GoogleMaps . Other material: QM G337490 off Jervis Bay , News South Wales, Australia, 35° 19’ 58.8”– 35° 19’ 55.2” S, 151° 15’ 28.9”– 151° 12’ 50.4” E, 2650– 2636 m, Beam Trawl, Coll. Merrick Ekins on GoogleMaps RV Investigator, Cruise IN2017_ V03 , Sample 56-250, 20 specimens, 29/v/2017 . QM G337491 same collection details as QM G337490 , Sample 56-252, 4 specimens . QM G337500 off Hunter Valley , News South Wales, Australia, 32° 28’ 44.4”– 32° 30’ 25.1” S, 152° 59’ 38.4”– 152° 59’ 27.6” E, 1006–1036 m, Beam Trawl, Coll. Merrick Ekins on GoogleMaps RV Investigator, Cruise IN2017_ V03 , Sample 69-247, 2 specimens, 3/vi/2017 . QM G337508 Central Eastern Commonwealth Marine Reserve , News South Wales, Australia, 30° 5’ 51.7”– 30° 7’ 9.5” S, 153° 53’ 55.3”– 153° 52’ 28.2” E, 2429–2518 m, Beam Trawl, Coll. Merrick Ekins on GoogleMaps RV Investigator, Cruise IN2017_ V03 , Sample 86-187, 1 specimen, 5/vi/2017 . SAMA S313 About SAMA , Southern Ocean , off Enderby Land, Antarctica, BANZARE Station 41, 65° 48’ S, 53° 16’ E, 193 m, Large Monegasque Trawl, Coll. BANZARE, 24/i/1930 GoogleMaps . SAMA S3575 About SAMA , same collection details as SAMA S313 About SAMA . NHMUK 1926.10.26.152a, Off Glacier Tongue , about 8 miles north of Hut Point , McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, Terra Nova Station 316, 77° 45’ S, 166° 24’ E, 348–457 m, Agassiz Trawl, Coll GoogleMaps . RV Terra Nova , 9/ii/1911 . NHMUK 1926.10.26.153a, same collection details as NHMUK 1926.10.26.152a. NHMUK 1926.10.26.154a, 5 miles north of Inaccessible Island , McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, Terra Nova Station 314, 77° 36’ S, 166° 12’ E, 406–441 m, Agassiz Trawl, Coll GoogleMaps . RV Terra Nova , 23/i/1911 .

Distribution: This species has been recorded from many locations in the Southern hemisphere including: Fiji ( Ridley & Dendy 1886, 1887), Antarctica ( Burton 1929; Koltun 1964, Dressler-Allame et al. 2017), Madagascar ( Lévi 1964), New Zealand ( Bergquist 1972, Kelly et al. 2009), and Eastern Australia (present study), bathyal depth.

Description:

Growth form: An erect pedunculate ‘crinorhiza’ form sponge with a subspherical body bearing long tentacular processes, supported by a long thin stem, terminating in long bifurcated root-like anchor processes. The body often has an apical nipple, or tuft of mycalostyles ( Figure 18 B View FIGURE 18 ). Specimens range from 40–44 mm long, with subspherical body 6–9 mm diameter, tentacular process 9–26 mm long, 0.2–0.6 mm diameter, the stem is a tapering cone 1.5–7 mm in diameter and 3–9 mm in length, basal root processes 16–27 mm long, 0.2–0.5 mm diameter. Antarctic specimen SAMA S313 is a maximum of 56 mm long, with subspherical body 16 mm diameter, tentacular process 11 mm long, 0.3–0.5 mm diameter, the stem is 1mm in diameter and 35 mm in length, and has no basal root processes.

Another Antarctic specimen SAMA S3575 has a total length of 26 mm, with the stem 18 mm in length and 1 mm in diameter, a subspherical body of 18 mm in diameter, also with no basal root processes. The remainder of the tentacular processes are only a maximum of 1.5 mm in length. This species has been well described by previous authors and matches with previous descriptions.

Colour: Light brown with white stalk, light yellow to tan with ectosome removed.

Ectosomal skeleton: The ectosome consists of a crust of isochelae and sigmas ( Figures 19 View FIGURE 19 A–D). In the body of the sponge this is penetrated by the smaller mycalostyles from the ectosome producing the hispid surface ( Figure 19 B View FIGURE 19 ).

Endosomal skeleton: The endosome in the body consists of the radially orientated bundles of large mycalostyles that form the filaments. Subectosomally there is a confused predominantly radial assortment of the smaller mycalostyles penetrating through the ectosome to the surface. The endosome also contains the isochelae and the sigmas ( Figure 19 A View FIGURE 19 ). The endosome of the filaments consists of the parallel mycalostyles in an extremely well organised bundle ( Figure 19 View FIGURE 19 C–D). The endoosome of the stem and root processes also consist of a tightly bound longitudinally orientated mycalostyles.

Megascleres: Styles in two categories, large mycalostyles (916– 2820 x 20 –50 µm), and thinner supporting styles (387– 1190 x 5–19 µm), (see Table 11 View TABLE 11 ). The large mycalostyles occur in the stem, the body and the filaments. The smaller styles occur mainly in the body radially orientated and penetrating the ectosome producing the hispid surface of the body, but also occur in the filaments and the stem and roots. These styles could also be described as a continuous range of the one type, as was probably done in the original description.

Microscleres: Tridentate unguiferate anchorate isochelae (20–65 x 2–7 µm) in two sizes, but with intermediate sizes, and sigmas (39–75 x 1.5–3 µm) (see Table 11 View TABLE 11 ).

Molecular data: The 28S sequence of QM G337490 is provided in the Sponge Barcoding Database under accession number SBD#2307 and the molecular difference to other congenerics displayed in Figure 3 View FIGURE 3 .

Remarks: These specimens match the previous descriptions of Ch. (Ch.) clavata Ridley & Dendy (1887) , and more recently Dressler-Allame et al. (2017) who described some specimens from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Examination of the holotype confirmed the size ranges of the isochelae to be similar to the new specimens from this expedition. Our specimens are more similar to the Fijian type specimen in lacking the small mycalostyles (Styles II) described in the Antarctic specimens by Dressler-Allame et al. (2017), and are closer to the medium-small sized mycalostyles described by Lévi, (1964) from Madagascar. Unusually, published records suggest that the species has a wide bathymetric distribution, extending from the shallow mesophotic (e.g. 250m, Ridley & Dendy 1886), bathyal (1060–2650 m, present study), to abyssal depths (e.g. 4820 m, Lévi 1964). Molecular studies may reveal whether these differences are enough to warrant the separation of Ch. (Ch.) clavata into several distinct species. This species also resembles Ch. (Ch.) crinita Ridley & Dendy (1886) in external morphology, but has much smaller isochelae. It also bears some resemblance to Cladorhiza nematophora Lévi, 1964 , but lacks the tridentate unguiferate anisochelae, having instead tridentate unguiferate isochelae.

TABLE 10. Comparative morphological and distributional data for all known species of Chondrocladia.

Species Source Morphology Total height x width (mm) Skeleton Spicules of main axis (LxW μm) Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm) Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm) Chelae (L μm) Sigmancistras (L μm) Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres Locality/ depth range
Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) freycinetensus sp. nov. present work Erect peduncu- late ‘crinorhiza’ form with bal- loon-shaped subglobular body, long and very thin stem, with basal rhi- zoid root-like processes 140 x 13 Axis of thick bundles of mycalostyles arising from roots and stem, then radiating outwards through the hispid body, and terminating in spherical swellings. Mycalostyles 567-(1774)-2560 x 10-(29)-65 undifferentiated undifferentiated Tridentate unguiferate isochelae 1, 51-(62)-71 isochelae 2, 22-(30)-38 absent sigmas 1, 50-(68)-86 x 2-(3)-4 sigmas 2, 15-(21)-25 x 1-(1.5)-2 Off Freycinet Peninsula, Tasmania, bathyal
Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) callistemonex sp. nov. present work Erect stipitate unbranched stem with numerous horizontal filaments at right angles forming 4- 7 distinct columns encircling the stem, short naked stem and rhizoid basal rootless. 80–120 x 2–5 Axis with tightly bound bundles of styles forming the stem, roots and filaments. Styles 1, 1030–2970 x 19.2–53.4 Styles 2, 372–1490 x 7.0–20.0 undifferentiated undifferentiated Tridentate unguiferate isochelae 49.8–65.8 x 2.4–6.5 35.9–63.1 x 1.2–3.0 absent Off Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, abyssal

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TABLE 11. Comparisons of spicule measurements (µm) for some of the new specimens of Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) clavata along with other recorded measurements.

Specimens country Depth (m) Unguiferate isochelae Large Mycalo- styles Small Mycalostyles Sigmas S Sigma C
QM G337490 Australia 2636 24-(54)-64 x 2-(5)-6, n=54 916-(1535)-2820 x 21-(30)-47, n=55 387-(763)-981 x 5-(14)-20, n=45 53-(66)-77 x 1-(2)-3, n=16 -
QM G337491 Australia 2636 30-(57)-65 x 3-(5)-7, n=49 886-(1534)-2720 x 20-(31)-46, n=40 461-(791)-975 x 9-(15)-20, n=33 39-(60)-70 x 2-(2)-3, n=11 -
QM G337500 Australia 1036 20-(44)-58 x 2-(4)-6, n=82 1070-(1767)-2260 x 21-(30)-47, n=55 513-(804)-989 x 10-(16)-20, n=21 38-(55)-66 x 1-(2)-3, n=15 -
QM G337508 Australia 2518 23-(48)-62 x 2-(4)-6, n=56 1110-(1750)-2280 x 20-(32)-50, n=36 520-(873)-1190 x 9-(15)-19, n=24 51-(64)-74 x 1-(2)-3, n=13 -
SAMA S313 Antarctica 193 38.2-(51.4)-64.8 x 2-(4)-6, n=50 858-(1438)-2000 x 15-(25)-35, n=56 486-(892)-1590 x 4-(12)-17, n=21 - 42.3-45.0)-48.2 x 2-(2)-3, n=2
SAMA S3575 Antarctica 193 37.1-(48.0)-58.7 x 3-(4)-5, n=54 971-(1390)-1710 x 16-(26)-34, n=40 138-(732)-996 x 2-(14)-21, n=24 - 40.6 x 3, n=1
Ridley & Dendy, 1887 Fiji 256 57 1000 x 22 - 44 -
Holotype: NHMUK 1887.5.2.169 (this study) Fiji 256 27.4-(50.0)-59.3 x 2-(4)-6, n =80 1050 x 31, n=1 500-(712)-1020 x 8-(11)-14, n=11 35-(39)-40, n=4 -
Burton, 1929 Antarctica 450 24, 48 1260-2000 x 24 - 45 -
Lévi, 1964 Madagascar 4820 30-55 1800-2100 x 35 850-1100 x 15 40 75
              40-50 x 3
Koltun, 1964 Antarctica 434 24-57 1000-1260 x 22-24 present 44-45 -
Bergquist, 1972 New Zea- land 990 39-(69)-80 x 5 508-(1170)-1560 x 17-(23)-28 300-(327)-340 x 4.5 60-(78)-89 -
Dressler- Allame et al., 2017 Antarctica 840 42-70 x 4.0-8.9 520- 1975 x 16 -38 218-455 x 3.5-10.2 45-56 32-58
QM

Queensland Museum

RV

Collection of Leptospira Strains

SAMA

South Australia Museum

NHMUK

Natural History Museum, London

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Porifera

Class

Demospongiae

Order

Poecilosclerida

Family

Cladorhizidae

Genus

Chondrocladia

Loc

Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) clavata Ridley & Dendy, 1886

Ekins, Merrick, Erpenbeck, Dirk & Hooper, John N. A. 2020
2020
Loc

Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) clavata:

Dressler-Allame, M. & Gocke, C. & Kersken, D. & Plotkin, A. & Janussen, D. 2017: 195
2017
Loc

Chondrocladia clavata

Bergquist, P. R. 1972: 125
Koltun, V. M. 1964: 38
Levi, C. 1964: 76
Burton, M. 1929: 431
Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. 1887: 100
Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. 1886: 345
1886
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