Chilecicada culenesensis, Sanborn & Cole & Stukel & Łukasik & Veloso & Gonzalez & Karkar & Simon, 2021

Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, Łukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, Zootaxa 5078 (1), pp. 1-70 : 8-12

Chilecicada culenesensis n. sp. Sanborn and Cole

Fig. 2 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 2 (song), Plate 5 (distribution)

Type material. Holotype. “15.CL. RM.LCN.716.4 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” ♂ ( UCMS) . Paratypes. “15.CL. RM.LCN.713 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” 1♂ ( MNNC); “15.CL. RM. LCN.716.3 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” 1♂ ( AFSC); “15.CL. RM.LCN.714.1 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” 1♀ ( AFSC); “15.CL. RM.LCN.714.2 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” 1♂ ( UCMS); “15.CL. RM.LCN.715 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L. // Seq.” 1♀ ( UCMS). The code 15.CL. RM . LCN refers to a hill near the village of Los Culenes, Region Metropolitana, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso, Katherine Nazario and Piotr Łukasik.

Etymology. The name is a combination of culenes - and - ensis (L. suffix denoting place) in reference to the type locality of the species.

Description. Ground color dark testaceous marked with piceous and castaneous, greenish costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing, faded to ochraceous in most paratypes due to ethanol exposure. Body covered with silvery pile.

Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color anterior margin of supraantennal plate, and anteromedial corner of vertex and posterior epicranial suture, short silvery pile on dorsal head, denser longer pile posterior to eye. Ocelli red, ochraceous in some paratypes, eyes dark castaneous lightly margined proximally with ground color. Gena piceous margined with ground color medial margin, anteriorly along supraantennal plate, and posteromedial margin along lorum, lorum piceous with ground color lateral margin, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous posterior to transverse grooves with castaneous posterior margin, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short silvery pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus piceous with ground color carina and anterior and posterior margins, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum ground color with lateral castaneous mark, expanding to cover most of mentum in one paratype, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to posterior of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous.

Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline fusing medially in anterior fissure and in posterior ambient fissure, fissures piceous, mark in lateral fissure expanding onto lateral disk, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure and just posterior to central paramedian fissure. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous anterior margin along ambient fissure, mark on anterolateral margin of lateral angle expanded medially forming fascia connecting to lateral ambient fissure. Pronotum with sparse, short silvery pile in fissures. Mesonotum piceous with ground color outlining sigilla but not reaching anterior margin, on anterolateral corner, cruciform elevation and wing groove, mark on central disk extends along anterior half of cruciform elevation midline, anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected by transverse fascia anteriorly in some paratypes. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline, anterolateral region, and posterolateral fascia. Dorsum covered with sparse silvery pile, denser and longer between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments piceous margined with ground color. Ventral segments covered with short silvery pile.

Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively, one paratype fore wing and one paratype hind wing with modified venation pattern in apical cells but same number of apical cells. Venation greenish proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein greenish separated by piceous fascia proximally, piceous extending to node in some paratypes, cubitus posterior and anal vein 2 + 3 piceous. Basal cell about 3.5 times longer than broad with piceous mark proximally on cubitus posterior + anal vein 1. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing grayish mottled with red with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein, anal vein 2, anal vein 3 and proximal cubitus posterior, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, posterior to cubitus posterior, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with gray mottled with red, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering gray and red area and in base of cubital cell 1, cubital cell 2 and anal cell 1.

Legs. Legs ground color, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, fore tibiae striped with piceous anteriorly and piceous distally, middle tibiae with thinner and shorter fasciae and lesser amount of terminus piceous, hind tibiae lacking distal fascia and terminal mark, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi piceous except ground color majority of mesotari and majority of pretarsus in hind tarsi, piceous expanding or hind tarsi metatarsi also ground color in some paratypes, pretarsal claws castaneous with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, secondary spine upright, sinuate with broad proximal base, longest, and small tertiary spine, all spines piceous. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, an elongated triangle distally curving mediad, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin to posterior of sternite I. Female meracanthus similarly colored but not curving distally, reaching to anterior of sternite III.

Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base and piceous medial and posterior margins, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin curved to base, reaching to about middle of tympanal cavity posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly shaped and colored with lateral margin also piceous, reaching to middle of sternite II.

Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior margin, anterolateral and posterolateral corners, lateral margin in some paratypes, with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally and castaneous posterior margin, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally between timbal cavities, piceous within timbal cavity and on lateral margin, castaneous posterior to piceous and dorsolateral timbal cavities with ground color laterally and on posterior margin, tergites 3–8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with castaneous, small amount of ground color on dorsolateral posterior margin of tergite 3 in holotype, tergites covered with sparse, short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 5–8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color marked with piceous near anterior and posterior margins, sternite II testaceous with ground color anterolateral margin, transverse piceous fascia on anterior margin almost reaching piceous auditory capsule, sternite III with transverse piceous fascia on anterior margin, castaneous with testaceous posterior margin, sternites IV–VII testaceous with transverse castaneous mark in center, reducing in size in posterior sternites becoming a spot on central sternite VII. Epipleurites testaceous with central castaneous spot. Sternite VIII ground color with piceous anterior margin and piceous spots posterior to dorsal margin curve, spots expanded or absent in various paratypes, dorsal margin smoothly curved near base, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, large V-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch curved anterolaterad to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally and posteriorly surrounding piceous stigma, piceous anteriorly, dorsolaterally, dorsally, and on dorsal beak, margined with castaneous laterally, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as piceous anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight.

Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color ventrally and on posterior margin, piceous dorsally and posterolaterally, separated from ground color by castaneous laterally, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, slightly angled dorsally at oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, semicircular terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous margined with ground color at base, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous. Median uncus lobe piceous with ground color spot on either side of dorsal carina at base and ground color on middle of lateral margin proximal to terminal bend, all but lateral margin base ground color in most paratypes, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, sinuate when viewed from the side, distal terminus angled toward sternite VIII, widening laterally from base before tapering to pointed posterior margin, small ground color ridge on dorsal surface midline, ventral surface dark ground color with piceous base, ventral surfaces recurved, almost meeting along midline expanding to small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating golden pile. Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous, terminus not visible in type series.

Female gonocoxite IX piceous with ground color ventral margin, gonapophysis IX castaneous with piceous tips, gonapophysis X piceous. Ovipositor sheath not reaching to tip of dorsal beak. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath.

Measurements (mm). n= 4♂, 2♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 19.48 (17.90–21.10), ♀ 18.08 (17.55– 18.60); length of fore wing: ♂ 21.50 (20.75–22.50), ♀ 21.33 (20.85–21.80); width of fore wing: ♂ 7.86 (7.50–8.30), ♀ 8.03 (7.95–8.10); length of head: ♂ 3.06 (2.95–3.20), ♀ 3.10 (3.00–3.20); width of head including eyes: ♂ 6.15 (5.95–6.40), ♀ 6.13 (6.00–6.25); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 7.05 (6.80–7.35), ♀ 6.98 (6.85–7.10); width of mesonotum: ♂ 5.80 (5.65–6.05), ♀ 5.85 (5.80–5.90).

Song. (n=1 paratopotype song recording of 21 s duration) The 0.62 s long echemes of C. culenesensis occur at a rate of 1.47 s- 1. The C. culenesensis echeme duration is significantly longer than that of C. oraria (1-sample t -test, P =8.07×10 -9) and similar to the durations of C. curacaviensis , C. partemporaria , and C. trifasciunca (1-sample t -test, P =5.59×10 -2). The C. culenesensis echeme rate is indistinguishable from those of C. curacaviensis and C. oraria (1-sample t -test, P =9.69×10 -1), but is faster than those of C. partemporaria and C. trifasciunca (1-sample t -test, P =5.60×10 -7) owing to a short interecheme interval of 0.058 s. The dominant frequency band is 9.03–10.89 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.16 kHz).

Diagnosis. Another of the smaller of the Chilecicada species. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 17.55–21.10 mm, fore wing length between 20.75–22.50 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.50 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, a piceous fascia separating the proximal fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins, an elongated, triangular meracanthus, piceous marking on the medial opercular margin, a semicircular posteromedial operculum, abdominal epipleurites with a large central spot, and an uncus that is piceous with ground color lateral and dorsal fasciae curving slightly to terminus. It is most similar morphologically to C. curvacaviensis n. sp. but differs in the ambient vein of the fore wing being obtusely angled posteriorly rather than being smoothly curved and the dorsal uncus is smoothly curved in that species.

This species shares a common song type with C. curacaviensis , C. magna , C. oraria , C. partemporaria , C. pehuenchesensis , and C. trifasciunca : a continuous song with one approximately 0.5 s echeme produced roughly every s. Based on the single recorded male, the combination of long echemes produced at a fast rate may separate C. culenesensis from all species but C. curacaviensis : C. partemporaria and C. trifasciunca , and probably also C. magna and C. pehuenchesensis sing with slow echeme rates; C. oraria songs have a similar fast echeme rate but with short echemes.

Distribution. The species is known from the type locality near the village of Los Culenes, Región Metropolitana, Chile.

Figures

PLATE 1. Living habitus of Chilecicada species. A. C. citatatemporaria PARATOPOTYPE, Región de Valparaíso, Provincia de Petorca; B. C. culenesensis PARATOPOTYPE specimen PL714, Región Metropolitana; C. C. impartemporaria PARATYPE, Región de Valparaíso, Provincia de Petorca; D. C. magna HOLOTYPE specimen JM037, Región del Maule; E. C. mapuchensis HOLOTYPE specimen PL518, Región Metropolitana; F. C. occidentis Región Metropolitana, Provincia de Santiago; G. C. oraria PARATOPOTYPE, Región del Maule, Provincia de Cauquenes; H. C. parrajaraorum HOLOTYPE specimen PL722, Región O’Higgins; I. C. partemporaria; J. C. pehuenchesensis PARATYPE specimen PL516, Región Metropolitana; K. C. trifascia HOLOTYPE specimen PL430, Región O’Higgins; L. C. trifasciunca PARATOPOTYPE specimen PL515, Región Metropolitana; M. C. viridicitata PARATOPOTYPE, Región O’Higgins, Provincia de Cochagüa.

FIGURE 2. Chilecicada culenesensis n. sp.: A, Holotype male and paratype female habitus; B, holotype male dorsum; C, holotype male timbal; D, paratype male operculum; E, paratype female operculum; F, paratype male lateral view of genitalia; G, paratype male posterior view of genitalia; H, paratype female lateral view of genitalia; I, paratype f female ventral view of genitalia. Scale bar: A, 2 cm; B, 2 mm; C–G, 1 mm; H–I, 2 mm.

PLATE 2. Waveforms of Chilecicada songs. Left column 5 s oscillogram windows show echemes and echeme sequences, right column 0.5 s windows show pulses and syllables within echemes.

PLATE 5. Distribution of Chilecicada from records reported in this work.