Callospiriferina kawhiana ( Trechmann, 1918 )

Macfarlan, Donald Alexander Bankier, 2023, Latest Triassic and Early Jurassic Spiriferinida (Brachiopoda) of Zealandia (New Zealand and New Caledonia), Zootaxa 5277 (1), pp. 1-58 : 19-23

Callospiriferina kawhiana ( Trechmann, 1918)

Fig. 8D , Fig. 13 : 1–12, Fig. 14 : 1–7.

1918 Mentzelia kawhiana Trechmann , p. 228, pl XXIII 10a, 10b.

1945 Mentzelia kawhiana Trechmann,1918 ; Allan, p. 16.

1953 Mentzelia kawhiana Trechmann ; Marwick, p. 34, pl. 1.10, 11.

1978 Mentzelia kawhiana Trechmann ; Suggate et al. p. 192, fig. 4.37 12, 14.

1981 Mentzelia kawhiana Trechmann ; Speden & Keyes, p. 32, pl. 11.12, 14.

2009 Mentzelia kawhiana Trechmann, 1918 ; MacFarlan et al. p. 266.

2013 Mentzelia kawhiana Trechmann, 1918 ; Campbell et al. p. 41.

Holotype. Trechmann collection, Natural History Museum, London ( NHM B50433) “in the Arcestes and Hectoria Beds , in the cliff section south of Kawhia Harbour. Rhaetic.” ( Trechmann 1918, p. 228). Subsequent collections with better locality data show that the species is relatively common in the north-eastern 680m of the rather featureless coast backed by cliffs ( Fig. 5A ) south of Arataura Point ( Martin 1975 and FRED data).

Material. A total of 233 specimens from 79 localities were catalogued, of which 151 specimens yielded valid measurements. 108 of the collections examined contained definite or probable C. kawhiana . These are listed below.

New Caledonia. île Ducos: NC/f0018A ( AU 6074), NC/f0020 ( GS 12733, AU 7175), NC/f0023 ( GS 12326, AU 7179), NC/f050 ( GS 12673), NC/f0060 ( AU 7214), NC/f0082A (? AU 7799), NC/f518 (? AU 7773), NC/f0564 (? AU 7798). île Hugon: NC/f0005 (? AU 7146), NC/f0007A (/ AU 7149).

Kawhia Syncline. Kawhia Coast: Unregistered: Trechmann coll (holotype, M. cf. ampla NHM B50492, AU 21755, Kawhia Museum coll.). R15 /f0024 (McF B13), R15 /f0026 (McF B15), R15 / f8578 ( JDC 1157 ) , R15 / f8580A ( GS 12306 ) , R15 / f8585 ( GS 6754 ) , R15 / f8833 ( GS 11802 ) , R15 / f8834 ( AU 63 ) , R15 / f8835 ( AU 64 ) , R15 / f8836 ( AU 68 ) , R15 / f8837 ( AU 69 ) , R15 / f8838 ( AU 70 ) , R15 / f8839 ( AU 72 , 73 ) , R15 / f8844 ( AU 66 ) , R15 / f8848 ( AU 67 ) .

Coast north of Marokopa River: R 16/f0144 (? AU 9475), R 16/f0146 (? AU 9471), R 16/f0148 ( AU 8358), R 16/ f0151 ( AU 8362), R 16/f6896 ( GS 10007), R 16/f6898 ( GS 10009), R 16/f6899 ( GS 10010), R 16/f6903 ( GS 10041), R 16/f6907 ( GS 10045), R 16/f8645 ( GS 10006), R 16/f6850 ( GS 10037). Marokopa coast: R 16/f0003 ( GS 11772), R 16/f0004 ( GS 11773), R 16/f0005 ( GS 11774), R 16/f0050 (McF A19), R 16/f0317 ( AU 14313), R 16/f0328 ( AU 12695), R 16/f0339 ( AU 15009), R 16/f0343 ( AU 12079), R 16/f0344 ( AU 12080), R 16/f8638 ( GS 9993), R 16/f8639 ( GS 9994), R 16/f8777 ( JDC 2783, AU 8987).

Kiritehere Valley: R 16/f8919 ( AU 4300), R 16/f8928 ( AU 4309), R 16/f8931 ( AU 4312), R 16/f8932 ( AU 4313). Pomarangai Road Moeatoa: R 17/f8877A ( AU 8987). Awakino Gorge: R 17/f0559 ( AU 12167), R 17/f8574 ( AU 7857), R 17/f8612 ( GS 7587). R 18/f0092 ( AU 12141), R 18/f0094 ( AU 14388), R 16/f0098 ( AU 12170), R 18/f0107 ( AU 12166), R 18/f6562 ( MAG 2/1), R 18/f6564 ( AU 12135).

Nelson. N27/f0056 ( GS 12916), N28/f9454 ( GS 196), N28/f9455 ( GS 197), N28/f7514 ( GS 4551).

Southland Syncline. Dipton Stream: E44/f0450 ( JDC 836) E44/f8632 ( JDC 837). Benmore: E45/f9608 ( JDC 1282). Otapiri Valley: E45/f 9462 ( GS 359), E45/f9463 ( GS 360), E45/f9465 ( GS 362), E45/f9469 ( GS 366), E45/ f9611 ( OU 3748, JDC 1285), E45/f9902 ( JDC 2088), E45/f ( RBH 17, Maling T 13.9). Lora–Otamita Divide: E45/ f9714 ( GS 6751). Otamita Valley: F45/f8680 ( GS 6606), F45/f ( EW 319). Otamita–Waimumu Road: F45/f0281 ( JDC 4126), F45/f0329 ( JDC 4216), F45/f0330 ( JDC 4654), F45/f0331 ( JDC 4655). F45/f8523 ( GS 5188), F45/ f8589 ( JDC 864), F45/f8733 ( GS 7601). East of Gore, Diamond Peak: F45/f0360 ( JDC 4726), F45/f0363 ( JDC 4726), F45/f0365 ( JDC 4728), F45/f0414 ( JDC 4762), F45/f9507 ( GS 4408), F45/f ( AU 1557). Mataura: F46/f9488 ( GS 470). Waipahi: G45/f8624 ( GS 5145).

Glenomaru: H46/f0188 ( JDC 4105), H46/f8633 ( GS 7157). Nugget Point: H46/f8559 ( JDC 960), H46/f8627 ( GS 7128), H46/f8664 ( JDC 1426), H46/f8772 ( JDC 2396).

Description. Spiriferinide of moderately large size (length of ventral valve generally 15–30 mm, width 20– 35mm). Hingeline straight, about 0.7 to 0.8 of valve width, with rounded flanks and anterior margin, shells generally robust. Dorsal valve slightly to moderately inflated, about evenly convex posteriorly, with shallow, narrow fold anteriorly. Ventral valve strongly inflated posteriorly, with highly convex beak and less convex flanks, anteriorly with narrow shallow rounded sulcus. Each valve has 4 to 8 shallow, rounded costae on each flank, becoming weaker laterally. The costae begin in the umbonal region or just anterior and are not present on the beak. They are very weak or absent on some specimens. The sulcus and fold are non-costate.

Shell material is finely punctate, but the punctae are often difficult to see and may be affected by recrystallization. A few specimens from Southland show the bases of fine, close-spaced spines arranged in irregularly concentric rows. They are tubular, as plugs of matrix can occasionally be seen within the mould of the spine. They are generally seen close to the margins ( Fig. 8D ). Most specimens show no trace of spines and spines are not mentioned by Trechmann (1918).

Internal characters The dorsal valve has a short hinge plate, close-set sockets and thick rounded inner socket ridges carrying crural bases. The cardinal process may be prominent, elliptical and rounded ( Fig. 14.6 ) or may be small and poorly defined ( Fig. 14.5 ). The spiralium in internal moulds of damaged or distorted shells is occasionally seen appressed to the surface of the valve interior ( Fig. 14.4 ).

The ventral valve has a long median septum which may extend as a shallow ridge to the anterior part of the valve. The dental plates are thick and prominent, divergent, and are not in contact with the median septum.

Dimensions. Dimensions of the holotype and Trechmann’s M. cf. ampla, and statistics for specimens from key areas are shown in Table 4.

Range and distribution. This species is widely distributed in the upper Otapirian of New Caledonia, Kawhia, Nelson and Southland Synclines. The presence of C. kawhiana and the pterioid bivalve Otapiria dissimilis indicates an informal upper Otapirian zone ( Campbell 1956, 1997, Cooper 2004, MacFarlan 1992, 1998).

Remarks. This is a relatively common and easily recognisable species in New Caledonia and throughout the Murihiku Terrane in New Zealand. It is robust, and often preserved as double valves. It reaches a larger maximum size than either of the Zealandian Jurassic species of Callospiriferina ( Fig. 10B ).

Although individual specimens vary in shape, size and the strength of costae, there seems to be little geographic variation in shape or ornament in this species ( Fig. 13 , 14 ) Nelson specimens are often more strongly costate than others.

Figures

FIGURE 5. A: sketch map of Te Maika Peninsula, Kawhia. Geology from Martin (1975). Spiriferide locality numbers are FR numbers with initial R15/ omitted. B: Otapiri Valley, Hokonui Hills, with areas of Triassic and Jurassic rocks indicated. Base: LINZ data with geology from GNS Science Q-Map. Spiriferinide locality numbers are FR numbers with initial E45/ omitted.

FIGURE 8. Spine bases. A Spiriferina arakiwa AU B728 (R15/f6811), B Spiriferina sophiaealbae OU 46816 (E45/f9860), C Cisnerospira antipoda AU B702 (R16/f6811), D Callospiriferina kawhiana C1827 (E44/f8632), E Callospiriferina ongleyi OU 46828 (E45/f9676), F Callospiriferina radiata BR 3295 (E45/f9860), note small patch of altered shell material with preserved punctae.

FIGURE 10. Length vs width plots, ventral valve, with linear trend lines. A: Spiriferina arakiwa, S. sophiaealbae and Cisnerospira antipoda. B: Callospiriferina kawhiana, C. ongleyi and C. radiata.

FIGURE 13. Callospiriferina kawhiana (x 1.2). 1 Holotype NHM B50493 (R15/f) shelly specimen (a) dorsal (b) ventral (from Trechmann 1918). 2 BR 1015 (F46/f9488) internal mould (original of Marwick (1953) pl. 1 10 and 11) (a) dorsal (b) ventral. Photos: M. Terezow. 3 AU B742 (R15/f) shelly specimen (a) dorsal (b) ventral. 4 NHM B50492 (R15/f) fibreglass mould, (a) ventral (b) lateral (Mentzelia cf. ampla of Trechmann (1918). 5 AU B741 (R15/f8636) partly shelly specimen, (a) dorsal (b) ventral. 6 AU B745 (R16/f8919) internal mould (a) ventral (b) lateral. 7 AU B785 (R16/f0317) (a) dorsal (b) ventral (c) lateral (d) anterior. 8 BR 3405 (NC/f0023) shelly specimen, ventral. 9 AU B811 (NC/f0060A) shelly specimen (a) dorsal (b) ventral (c) lateral (d) anterior. 10 BR 3317 (N28/f9454) internal mould (a) dorsal (b) ventral (c) posterior (d) anterior. 11 BR 3316 (N28/f9454) internal mould, ventral. 12 OU 47283 (E45/f9608) internal mould (a) dorsal (b) ventral (c) lateral (d) posterior (e) anterior.

FIGURE 14. Callospiriferina kawhiana (x1.2 and x 2). 1 C1827 (E44/f8632) internal mould (a) dorsal (b) ventral (x1.2). 2 C2594 (E45/f9611) internal mould (a) dorsal (b) ventral (c) lateral (x1.2). 3 C1831 (E44/f8632) internal mould (a) dorsal (b) ventral (x1.2). 4 BR 3316 (N28/f9454) internal mould, dorsal view showing imprint of spiralia on shell interior (x2). 5 BR 3398 (F45/f8680) latex of internal mould, dorsal valve (x2.). 6 BR 3397 (F45/f8680) latex of internal mould, dorsal valve showing hinge plate and cardinal process (x2). 7 OU 47208 (E45/f) latex of internal mould, ventral showing hinge plate (x2).