The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history Shachar, Einat Melika, George Inbar, Moshe Dorchin, Netta Zootaxa 2018 2018-11-16 4521 4 451 498 Curtis, 1838 Curtis 1838 [151,602,1767,1794] Insecta Cynipidae Neuroterus GBIF Animalia Hymenoptera 24 475 Arthropoda species anthracinus   Host plants. Israel:  Q. boissieri,  Q. ithaburensis.Elsewere: mostly on oaks from section  Quercusbut also on species from section Cerris.  Life history.Both generations are known but in Israelonly the asexual generation was found so far. It induces single-chambered leaf galls which constitute small, ovoid sturctures, 1.5–3 mmlong and up to 2 mmwide, wrapped between two thin, wing-like extensions ( Figs 31, 66). They are yellow to green and shiny when young, and develop purple or red dots as they mature and then drop from the leaf, leaving the ‘wings’ behind. The sexual generation develops in single-chambered, lateral or terminal bud galls, usually gregarious (2–6 galls in one group), rounded or slightly ovate, 2 mmlong and 1.5 mmin diameter when mature, green or yellowish, smooth, often with distorted leaves attached to the side or tip of the gall.   Phenology.Galls of the asexual generation appear in late August, mature by September, drop to the ground, and adults emerge from them the following spring. Galls of the sexual generation develop rapidly in Europe and adults emerge from them in May-June.   Distribution. Israel: Widespread and common throughout the distribution range of  Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: Common and locally abundant throughout most of Europe to Crimea, Turkeyand Iran.   Comments. Sternlicht (1968b)referred to this species as  Andricus ostreus, a name that was later synonymized under  Neuroterus anthracinus( Pujade-Villar et al.1998).