Shifting the known richness of Paramycodrosophila Duda, 1924 (Diptera: Drosophilidae): the description of nineteen new species in the Neotropical region Frech-Telles, Marcos Henrique Gottschalk, Marco Silva Valente-Gaiesky, Vera Lúcia da Silva Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 2024 e 20230105 2024-07-15 68 1 113 Frech-Telles & Gottschalk & Valente-Gaiesky 2024 [83,377,1454,1473] Insecta Drosophilidae Paramycodrosophila Animalia Diptera 41 42 Arthropoda species melana sp. nov.  ( Figs. 49, 50, 84C, 91C)   Material examined:  Holotypemale, labelled as follows: “BRA [= Brazil] – RJ [= Stateof Rio de Janeiro] – PARNA[= National Park] de Itatiaia ( 22°26’09.58”S, 44°36’28.1”W) Data:  18.i.2021-  29.i.2021 Col.: TellesMHF OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”; “ Paramycodrosophila melana n. sp.Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [ MZUSP].   Diagnosis. Flies dark with several lighter areas forming a mottled pattern; head with a very prominent ocellar triangle; scutum mostly dark brown with greyish areas fused resembling an uppercase “M”; apical scutellar setae highly divergent, legs with femora and tibiae yellow with two dark brown rings each, femora with one basal and one sub-apical and tibiae with one sub-basal and one sub-apical; wings infuscated with a black apically pointy costal lappet; abdomen with tergites mostly dark brown with some faint lighter marks. Posterior hypandrial process present.Postgonites “L”-shaped. Phallus tubular, it gets gradually wider from the base to just before the phallotrema, projected ventrally, with two antero-posterior, rounded, more membranous projections dorsally, the projections are micro-ornated with tiny structures; in lateral view the phallotrema lateral margins seem concave; phallotrema is smaller than the rest of the tube of the phallus.   Description. Holotype. Head( Figs. 49A, C): yellow with black and brown marks; eyes red, pubescent; face brown with a large prominent lighter carina; scape brown;pedicel yellow anteriorly brown;flagellomere 1 brown with yellow internal margin, basal margin yellow, large, compressed; arista with five dorsal and one ventral branch, and terminal fork, lighter anterior to the fourth dorsal branch;frons yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate brown, lighter spot between a rc frorb s andp rc frorb s; fronto-orbital setae black; right pc frorb s lateral and slightly anterior of a rc frorb s, left pc frorb s lateral to a rc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.10 mm, and between a rc frorb s andp rc frorb s = 0.10 mm; frontal vitta yellow, brown posterior of the height of the pc frorb s; frontal triangle brown, yellow near the anterior margin, large, reflecting a silvery luster; ocellar triangle black; postocellar setae black,crossing; genae light yellow, darker at the ventral margin, dark spot under the eye near the vibrissa; palps black, large; labellum dark brown to black. Thorax( Figs. 49B, C): dark brown with yellow with greyish marks; scutum dark brown with several marks; v1 greyish, fine, larger at the anterior first fifth; v2 and v3 dark brown; v4 greyish, fine; v5 dark brown; v6 greyish with a large dark brown mark in the supra alar region; v1 and v4 converges and fuse anteriorly forming a shape resembling the letter “M”; v2 converges and fuse medially; transverse suture brown; four irregular rows of acrostichal setulae, acrostichal setulae absent posterior of the height of the anterior dorsocentral setae, mid acrostichal row with larger and thicker setulae posteriorly; postpronotum light yellow; anterior dorsocentral setae convergent and smaller than posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum brown, lighter at the lateral margin not reaching the apical scutellar setae, base of basal scutellar setae with brown spot; basal scutellar setae parallel, slightly curved outwards; apical scutellar setae curved inwards; pleura yellow with dark brown marks; proepisternum dark brown, ventral half a little lighter; anepisternum dark brown lighter near the ventral margin; katepisternum dark brown; anepimeron tan with brown transversal brown band; legs yellow with dark brown marks; coxae yellow with brown marks. Wings( Fig. 49F): R 4+5and M 1very slightly convergent; R 2+3slightly curved to costal at its tip; halter light; index: C = 1.67, ac = 3.25, hb = 0.65, 4c = 1.30, 4v = 2.08, 5x = 2.17, M = 0.65, prox. x = 0.40. Length = 1.66 mm, width = 0.71 mm. Abdomen( Figs. 49D, E): T1 brown; T2 dark brown, sub-laterally faint yellow, medially lighter; T3 dark brown sub-laterally yellow, faint yellow spot at the anterior margin sub-laterally of the central brown area; T4 dark brown, anterior faint yellow mark sub-laterally, faint yellow spot in the same position as in T3; T5 brown; T6 brown; sternites brown; intersegmental membranes light.  Terminalia( Figs.50, 91C): epandrium is approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with nine upper setae (seven at the inner margin [three at the right side and four at the left side] and two further from the inner margin dorsally); ventral lobe large, glabrous, with four long setae and two short setae. Cerci projected posteriorly; not fused to the epandrium, with microtrichia, with very long setae, hypoproctal plate present, ventral cecal lobes small. Subepandrial sclerite wide. Surstylus with a row of many prensisetae, a row of long inner and a row of shorter outer setae.Hypandrium, longer than wide; larger than epandrium with a large and narrow posterior hypandrial process. Pregonites fused to the hypandrium, not fused medially, with a seta near the fusion with postgonite.Postgonites slim and long,the ventral section of the postgonite connects with the pregonite near its anterior margin; the posterior sections of postgonites are symmetrical and ornated with projections medially; the posterior section of postgonite is slightly longer than the ventral section. Phallapodeme is about the same size of the phallus and very slightly curved ventrally. Body length: 1.69 mm.   Etymology. Named in reference to the darker coloration of the fly. 2021-01-18 2021-01-29 2021-01-18 PARNA, MZUSP Col. & Telles Brazil -22.435993 National Park 1 -44.607803 State 41 42 2 1 Rio de Janeiro holotype