Two new species of Mycodrosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) proposed by molecular and morphological approaches, with a key to American species Junges, João Gottschalk, Marco Silva Loreto, Elgion Lucio da Silva Robe, Lizandra Jaqueline Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 2016 Rev. Bras. Entomol. 2015-12-14 60 1 30 39 Junges & Gottschalk & Loreto & Robe, 2016 Junges & Gottschalk & Loreto & Robe 2016 [85,341,1351,1370] Insecta Drosophilidae Mycodrosophila Animalia Diptera 6 36 Arthropoda species valentae sp. nov.  ( Figs. 4D–F, 5B, 6B, 9A–E) Type material.  HOLOTYPE: ♂, labeled: “ Brasil, RS. Capão do Leão. Horto Botânico Irmão TeodoroLuis – UFPel. 31 ◦46 Ɩ02.05 ƖƖS, 52 ◦26 Ɩ55.34 ƖƖW, Blauth, M.L. and Valer, F.col.  29.04.2011/  M. valentae sp. nov.Junges, Gottschalk, Loreto and Robe, ♂ Holótipo”.  PARATYPES: 3 ♂, labeled: “Brasil, RS. Capão do Leão.Horto Botânico Irmão Teodoro Luis – UFPel. 31 ◦46 Ɩ02.05 ƖƖS, 52 ◦26 Ɩ55.34 ƖƖW, Blauth, M.L.and Valer, F.col.  29.04.2011/  M. valentae sp. nov.Junges, Gottschalk, Loreto and Robe ♂ Parátipo”. Allthe specimens ( holotypeand paratypes) had their post-abdomen disarticulated and the terminalia mounted on slides with Canadabalsam.   Typelocality: Horto Botânico Irmão Teodoro Luis, Campus of Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leãocity, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil(31 ◦46 Ɩ02.05 ƖƖS, 52 ◦26 Ɩ55.34 ƖƖW). Diagnosis: Main color dark brown, notum dark brown and pleurae brownish yellow ( Fig. 4D and E). Abdomen with dark brown bands covering tergites 2–6, tergite 4 with a pale central area as in  M. projectans( Fig. 5B). Wing bearing two clouded bands below each costal vein breaks ( Fig. 6B). The aedeagus has a tubular form with tiny scales around it, being apically bifurcated and slightly serrated ( Fig. 9C–E). Male description Head ( Fig.4F):Frons dark brown with a median area light brown. Frontal length = 0.29 mm( 0.29–0.30 mm); frontal index = 0.97 (0.96–1.00), frontal tapering ratio = 1.35 (1.30–1.48), length ratios of orbital setae: or2/or1 = 0.20 (0.12–0.29), or2/or3 = 0.21 (0.12–0.38), or1/or3 = 1.05 (0.82–1.3), vt index = 0.99 (0.77–1.15), ocellar triangle dark brown about 35% (29–40%) of frontal length. Face dark brown, facial carina proeminent and nose like. Antennae dark brown, aristae with 4 or 5 dorsal, 1 ventral and 4 internal branches, plus terminal fork; flagellomere I width to length ratio = 0.44 (0.41–0.47). Palpi dark brown. Red eyes without pile. Genae brown, vibrissal index = 0.27 (0.16–0.33); cheek index = 9.00 (5.00–13.00); eye index = 1.12 (1.05–1.26). Thorax ( Fig.4D and E):Main color dark brown. Length = 0.95 mm(0.92–1.00 mm), width = 0.72 mm( 0.69–0.77 mm). Ten irregular rows of acrostichals, anterior pair of dorsocentral setae absent, distance between posterior dorsocentral = 0.34 mm( 0.28–0.36 mm), no prescutellar setae. Scutellum dark brown. Basal scutellar setae convergent. Scut index = 0.41 (0.36–0.51), scut position index = 0.63 (0.41–0.82). Two prominent katepisternal setae, sterno index = 0.54 (0.47–0.59). Pleurae brownish yellow. Halter dark brown. Legs brownish yellow. Wing ( Fig. 6B): Yellow with veins dark yellowish, bearing clouded bands below the two costal vein breaks, extending dorso-ventrally. Length = 2.26 mm( 2.17–2.33 mm). Indices: wing index = 2.39 (2.17–2.81); C = 0.84 (0.80–0.87); ac = 5.40 (5.06–5.86); 4v = 1.90 (1.81–1.97); 5x = 1.42 (1.25–1.61); 4C = 1.78 (1.64–1.86); M = 0.48 (0.45–0.50); hb = 0.76 (0.72–0.79); prox. x = 0.52 (0.47–0.54). Abdomen ( Fig. 5B): Tergites 2, 6 dark brown, only tergite 4 with an anterior and medial pale area. Body length: 2.36 mm( 2.12–2.61 mm). Terminalia ( Fig. 9): Epandrium ( Fig. 9A) highly microtrichose, with 11 upper bristles. Ventral lobe not microtrichose, with 10 large bristles. Cerci microtrichose, bearing large bristles, not fused to epandrium. Decasternum as in Fig. 9A. Surstyli with 6 peglike prensisetae, 4 inner and 3 outer setae. Hypandrium ( Fig. 9B) longer than wide, v-shaped. Gonopods fused to hypandrium, longer than wider, with one long seta. Aedeagus tubular with tiny scales in the medial half, projected anteriorly, with the tip turned to the dorsal region. Apex of aedeagus bifurcated, with marginal small spines and a jagged aspect. Aedeagal apodeme shorter than aedeagus. Ventral rod projected and fused with the posteromedian margin of the hypandrium. Paraphyses linked to the aedeagal apodeme by membranous tissue and containing three tiny setulae internally.   Fig. 9.Male terminalia of  M. valentae sp. nov.holotype. (A) Epandrium, cerci, surstyli and decasternum, posterior view; (B) hypandrium and gonopods, posterior view; (C–E) aedeagus, aedeagal apodeme and paraphyses, respectively in ventral, dorsal and lateral views. In A, arrow indicates decasternum position. Bar = 0.1 mm. Female unknown. Etymology: The epithet is a genitive patronym to honor the Brazilian drosophilist Vera Lúcia da Silva Valente, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Geographic distribution:  M. valentae sp. nov.seems to be widely distributed in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul( Fig. 8). Until now, this species was collected in the municipalities of Capão do Leão (31 ◦46 Ɩ02.05 ƖƖS; 52 ◦26 Ɩ55.34 ƖƖW), Santa Maria (29 ◦43 Ɩ02 ƖƖS; 53 ◦43 Ɩ34 ƖƖW), Rio Grande (32 ◦32 Ɩ18.28 ƖƖS; 52 ◦32 Ɩ6.74 ƖƖW) and Viamão, RS, Brazil(30 ◦05 Ɩ17 ƖƖS; 51 ◦06 Ɩ07 ƖƖW).   Ecologicalnotes: Thisspecies is common in Southern Brazil, where specimens of the typeseries were sampled flying over mushrooms of an unidentified Polyporaceae. 4598265306 2011-04-29 Valer, F. Brazil Capao do Leao. Horto Botanico Irmao Teodoro Horto Botanico Irmao Teodoro Luis 6 36 2 2 holotype 4598265307 2011-04-29 Valer, F. Canada All 6 36 4 4 paratype 4598265304 Brazil Capao do Leao Horto Botanico Irmao Teodoro Luis Campus of Universidade Federal de Pelotas 6 36 1 Rio Grande do Sul holotype 4598265303 Brazil Southern Ecological This 7 37 1