Fragilaria recapitellata Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin

Delgado, Cristina, Novais, M. Helena, Blanco, Saúl & Almeida, Salomé F. P., 2015, Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae), Phytotaxa 231 (1), pp. 1-18 : 8-9

Fragilaria recapitellata Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin in Metzeltin et al. (2009: 48) ( Figs 40–75 , LM)

Homotypic synonyms: Synedra capitellata Grunow in Van Heurck (1881: 40), Fragilaria intermedia var. capitellata (Grunow) Cleve-Euler (1932: 21) , Synedra vaucheriae var. capitellata (Grunow) Hustedt (1932: 195) , Fragilaria capitellata (Grunow) Petersen (1946: 54) non Lauby (1910: 227), F. vaucheriae var. capitellata (Grunow) Ross (1947: 184) , F. vaucheriae var. capitellata (Grunow) Patrick in Patrick & Freese (1961: 121).

Type:— SWITZERLAND. Zurich. Lectotype (designated in Tuji & Williams 2008): Grunow in Van Heurck (1881: pl. 40, fig. 26a) = pl. 40, fig. 25 in the annotated copy of Van Heurck (1881) (fig. 30* in Tuji & Williams 2008). Epitype (designated in Tuji & Williams

2008): BM! 101312, individual in England finder O42-3 (fig. 31 in Tuji & Williams 2008), isoepitypes: (National Museum of Nature and Science, Japan) TNS!, W! from Kützing’s packet 861 as ‘ S. famelica var. capitata ” at BM!, sheet no. 586.

Morphology:— The valves are lanceolate and present strongly apiculate ends, rimoportulae occur near the poles (one per valve) and the apical pore fields are rectangular. The central area is unilateral, often expanded just until the sternum and the striation is alternate, parallel to slightly radiate towards the poles. Valve dimensions: Length 21.4–30.4 μm, width 2.8–4.2 μm, striae 17–19 in 10 μm in the type material analysed in this study; and length 20–39 μm, width 3–4 μm, striae 17–19 in 10 μm, 60–65 puncta in 10 μm described in type material ( Tuji & Williams 2008).

Habitat:— Periphytic in rivers and streams, also recorded in lakes.

Distribution and ecology:— A cosmopolitan species, occurring frequently in high latitudes (Siberia, Alaska, Iceland) and temperate regions. Periphytic habitat in rivers and streams, also recorded in lakes. Seldom reported from the tropics (e.g. Silva et al. 2010, Tremarin et al. 2014). Ecology fairly known, according to Van Dam et al. (1994) it inhabits alpha-mesosaprobic, eutrophic waters.

Recent illustrated references:— Gasse (1980), Granetti (1984), Makarova & Akhmetova (1987), Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991, 2000, 2004), Vyverman (1991), Lee et al. (1994), Shiono & Jordan (1995), Ohtsuka (2002), Ohtsuka et al. (2007), Tuji &Williams (2008), Hirota & Ohtsuka (2009), Metzeltin et al. (2009) and Hofmann et al. (2011).

Notes:— The slide Fragilaria recapitellata (formerly Synedra capitellata ) was examined from the Kützing collection, type material in packet 861, sheet 586, (slide – BM 101312), housed in the Natural History Museum of London (BM). This slide is from the same sample that Grunow noted in Van Heurck’s annotated book (GVHS) and on his original line drawing from the slide that was made from some of Küzing’s material, “Herbr Kützing 861 Zürich ”. Grunow’s original material has not been found in his collection. Several slides have been made from the material in Kützing’s packet 861 and examined. The photographs included in this study were made from the type slide BM 101312 from Kützing’s collection, in packet 861, sheet 586, housed in the Natural History Museum of London (BM).

Fragilaria perminuta (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (2000: 581) ( Figs 76–107 , LM) Basionym: Synedra perminuta Grunow in Van Heurck (1881: pl. 40, fig. 23)

Homotypic synonyms: Synedra vaucheriae var. perminuta (Grunow) Van Heurck (1885: 150) , Fragilaria vaucheriae var. perminuta (Grunow) Jørgensen (1948: 55) .

Type:— CANADA / USA. Lake Erie, near Niagara Falls. Lectotype (designated in Tuji & Williams 2008): Van Heurck (1881): pl. 40, fig. 23 left (fig. 1 in Tuji & Williams 2008). Epitype (designated in Tuji & Williams 2008): W!, individual from syntype slide 2592 from bottle 2592, coll. H.L. Smith (figs 2, 3 in Tuji & Williams 2008), isoepitypes: TNS!, BM!.0101322, (W! 2011-01898).

Morphology:— The valves are lanceolate, with slightly rostrate ends, the central area is strongly unilateral and striation is alternate, parallel to slightly radiate towards the apices. The lanceolate form, with slightly rostrate ends and a strongly unilateral central area, also agrees with the description in Grunow’s notes. Valve dimensions: Length 7.5–32.6 μm, breadth 3.0–3.5 μm, striae 18–20 in 10 μm in the type material analysed in this study; and length 9–24 μm, width 3.0–3.5 μm, striae 18–19 in 10 μm described in the type material ( Tuji and Williams 2008).

Habitat:— Lake periphyton. Almost absent in large rivers (Hoffmann et al. 2011).

Distribution and ecology:— Europe, China, Japan, South Africa. Found in fossil records from the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Freshwater species, prefers calcareous, meso- to eutrophic waters (Hoffmann et al. 2011) or oligoto mesotrophic according to Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991).

Recent illustrated references:— Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991, 2000, 2004), Lee et al. (1992), Kobayasi et al. (2006), Tuji & Williams (2008), Abe et al. (2009), Antoniades et al. (2009), Blanco et al. (2010), Cremer & Koolmees (2010), Poulin & Pienitz (2010), Zimmermann et al. (2010), Hofmann et al. (2011).

Notes:— The type material of this taxon is housed in Vienna in the Grunow collection with the number 2592. The type slide (W-2011-01898) is named F. perminuta (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot = Synedra ( vaucheriae var.?) perminuta Grunow in Van Heurck (1881) —collection: pl. 40, slide W 2011-01898 in Grunow’s collection, epitype which was examined under the LM. The original raw material has been retained in a small glass tube, also in Grunow’s collection. The lectotype of Fragilaria perminuta agrees with current concept, as outlined in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (2000). The photographs included in this study were made from the type slide W2011-01898, from bottle 2592, coll. H.L. Smith, housed in the Natural History Museum of Vienna (W).

Figures

FIGURES 40–122. LM micrographs of the type materials. 40–75. Fragilaria recapitellata (Grunow) J.B. Petersen, individuals from Kützing’s type material in packet 861, sheet 586 (slide – BM 101312); 76–107. Fragilaria perminuta, type material 2592 in Grunow’s collection (slide W-2011-01898). 108–122. F. capucina Desmazières type material (slide BM! 81302). Scale bar = 10 μm.