Oreobates lundbergi ( Lehr, 2005 ) Padial & Chaparro & Castroviejo-Fisher & Guayasamin & Lehr & Delgado & Vaira & Teixeira & Aguayo & Riva, 2012

Padial, Jose M., Chaparro, Juan C., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Guayasamin, Juan M., Lehr, Edgar, Delgado, Amanda J., Vaira, Marcos, Teixeira, Mauro, Aguayo, Rodrigo & Riva, Ignacio De La, 2012, A revision of species diversity in the Neotropical genus Oreobates (Anura: Strabomantidae), with the description of three new species from the Amazonian slopes of the Andes, American Museum Novitates 2012 (3752), pp. 1-56 : 39-42

Oreobates lundbergi ( Lehr, 2005) , new combination

Figure 5E–F

Eleutherodactylus lundbergi Lehr, 2005: 200 .

“ Eleutherodactylus ” lundbergi: Heinicke et al., 2007 : Supplementary information 4 (removed from Eleutherodactylus without providing a new generic name).

Isodactylus lundbergi: Hedges et al., 2008a: 108 .

Hypodactylus lundbergi: Hedges et al., 2008b: 67 (replacement name for Isodactylus ).

Oreobates lundbergi is only known from the type locality in the humid montane forests on the Amazonian slopes of the Cordillera Oriental in central Peru in the Departamento Pasco, 1800–2760 m elevation (map 2). In the original description this species was placed in the Eleutherodactylus nigrovittatus species group. Species in this group were placed in Isodactylus by Hedges et al. (2008a), a generic name that was later replaced with Hypodactylus ( Hedges et al., 2008b) . Phylogenetic analyses of a short fragment of the 16rRNA gene and additional analyses with larger character sampling (not shown) place this species in Oreobates ( fig. 1 ). The specimens sequenced represent the holotype and one paratype of this species.

Oreobates machiguenga , new species

Figures 3E–F, 9C, and 11

HOLOTYPE: MHNC 6809 (field number IDLR 4922 ) (fig. 3E–F, fig. 11), an adult female from Maguireni (12°34′42″ S, 73°40′21″ W, 1400 m), Río Kimbiri , Apurimac River Basin , Provincia La Convención, Departamento Cusco, Peru (map 2), collected by I. De la Riva, J.M. Padial, S. Castroviejo-Fisher, J.C. Chaparro, and C. Vilà, on 18th February 2008.

DIAGNOSIS: A moderately robust species of Oreobates (SVL of adult female 32.7) characterized as follows: (1) skin of dorsum granular, granules conspicuous, well defined, round to conical, homogeneous in size on middorsum, smaller posteriorly, decreasing in density and increasing in size toward flanks, warts and tubercles absent; occipital W-shaped fold and/or)(-shaped fold on middorsum absent; venter smooth; posterior surfaces of limbs smooth, groin smooth; discoidal fold present, weak; postrictal glands small, conical; (2) tympanic membrane and annulus distinct, both with length about half of eye length; supratympanic fold absent; (3) head slightly longer than wide; snout short, round in dorsal view, round in lateral view; canthus rostralis convex in dorsal view, round in profile; (4) cranial crests absent; upper eyelid bearing small granules; (5) dentigerous process of vomers large, triangular, posteromedial to choanae, with a single row of teeth; (6) gravid females with large, orange eggs; (7) hands with long and slender fingers, first longer than second; subarticular tubercles large and prominent, round to conical; supernumerary tubercles large, round to conical, smaller than subarticular tubercles; fingertips round, slightly enlarged, lacking circumferential grooves and ungual flap; lateral fringes and keels on fingers present between fingers II and III, basal; (8) ulnar region bearing low, round granules, one on wrist enlarged and flat; (9) no tubercles on heel or tarsus; (10) inner metatarsal tubercle ovate, very prominent; outer metatarsal tubercle equal in size, conical, inclined, prominent; subarticular tubercles, conical, prominent, supernumerary tubercles smaller than subarticular tubercles, conspicuous, small, round; (11) toes long and slender (foot length 50% SVL), lateral fringes basal between toe II and toe III, basal webbing between toe III and toe IV; toe V reaching the proximal margin of second subarticular tubercle of toe IV, and toe III reaching distal margin; tips of toes slightly enlarged, rounded, ungual flap absent; (12) axillary glands absent; (13) in life, dorsum dark brown with black and pale brown blotches, lips and extremities barred, dark brown W-shaped mark in suprascapular region, venter white, throat white with orange blotches; hidden and ventral surfaces of hind limbs, groin, and axillae orange.

Oreobates machiguenga differs from all other Oreobates by the unique combination of granular dorsal skin lacking warts and folds, the lack of occipital and middorsal tubercles, finger I longer than finger II, finger discs not enlarged, rounded, subarticular and supernumerary tubercles prominent and conical, head longer than wide, basal membrane between toe III and IV, FL/SVL = 50%, and orange blotches in axillae and on throat, chest, and hidden surfaces of limbs. Oreobates machiguenga is most similar to O. gemcare and O. lehri (characters of other species in parentheses), from which it can be distinguished by shorter feet, FL/SVL = 50% (60–70%), by having a basal membrane between toe III and IV (absent), a dorsal skin covered by conspicuous and elevated keratinized granules, and conical supernumerary tubercles on feet (absent) and by lacking a supratympanic fold. It can be distinguished from O. choristolemma , O. granulosus , O. pereger , O. quixensis , O. sanctaecrucis , O. sanderi , and O. saxatilis by lacking enlarged warts and/or folds (present), having finger I longer than finger II (shorter), basal webbing between toe III and IV present (absent), orange blotches on axillae, throat and chest, and hidden surfaces of limbs (absent). It differs from O. amarakaeri by having a granular dorsum with no enlarged warts (enlarged warts present) and by having an immaculate belly (orange and/or gray blotches). It can be distinguished from O. barituensis , O. cruralis , O. discoidalis , O. heterodactylus , O. ibischi , O. lundbergi , and O. remotus by having granular dorsal skin (shagreen), fingertips rounded and not enlarged (enlarged on finger III and IV), and basal webbing present between toes III and IV (absent). It can be distinguished from O. madidi by having granular dorsal skin (small warts), basal webbing between toes III and IV (absent), and orange blotches on axillae, throat and chest, and hidden surfaces of limbs. It can be distinguished from O. zongoensis by having conical and conspicuous supernumerary tubercles on hands (small and round), basal webbing between toes III and IV (absent), and orange blotches on axillae, throat and chest, and hidden surfaces of limbs. It differs from O. ayacucho and O. pereger by lacking conspicuous dorsolateral and tympanic folds (present).

DESCRIPTION OF THE HOLOTYPE: Head slightly longer than wide (head width/head length = 0.95); snout round in dorsal view and lateral profile; nostrils slightly protuberant, oriented laterally; canthus rostralis convex in dorsal view, round in frontal profile; loreal region slightly concave, sloping gradually to the lips; lips not flared; upper eyelid without tubercles but having small granules; cranial crests absent. Supratympanic fold indistinct; tympanic membrane and its annulus distinct; tympanic membrane nearly round, its length about half of eye length; postrictal gland single, small, conical. Choanae not concealed by palatal shelf of the maxillary arch when roof of mouth is viewed from below; choanae large, round, separated by distance equal to 5–6 times diameter of choana; dentigerous process of the vomers large, prominent, triangular in shape, situated posteromedial to choanae (posterior margin at level of choanae), width about 1.5 times diameter of choanae, bearing 7 and 9 teeth. Skin of dorsal surfaces coarsely shagreen, very granular behind tympanic region and middorsum, decreasing posteriorly, hind limbs with less granules and more disparate in size than on dorsum, forelimbs with few granules; ventral surfaces smooth; occipital folds and dorsolateral folds absent; discoidal fold weak. Ulnar region with small round warts and one white low tubercle; palmar tubercle divided in two ovate prominent subunits, inner larger than outer; thenar tubercle prominent, ovate; subarticular tubercles prominent, conical, larger than supernumerary tubercles, supernumerary tubercles round to conical, prominent; fingertips round, slightly enlarged; lateral fringes and keels between fingers II and III, basal; relative length of fingers: II = IV <I < III. Toes long and slender (foot length 50% of SVL); heel and tarsus lacking tubercles or folds; inner metatarsal tubercle oval, prominent, slightly larger than outer metatarsal tubercle; metatarsal tubercle round, conical; toes with lateral fringes basal between toes II and III, basal webbing between toes III and IV; toe tips rounded, slightly enlarged, ungual flap absent; relative length of toes IV > III > V = II > I; toe V reaching proximal margin of second subarticular tubercle of toe IV, toe III reaching distal margin.

In preservative, dorsal surfaces of head and body brown, with dark brown, black and pale brown irregular blotches, granules of dorsum grayish brown; a dark brown to black W-shaped occipital mark; canthus rostralis dark brown, almost black; lips barred with two subocular dark brown stripes; tympanic membrane dark brown, annulus dark brown anteriorly. Extremities brown, limbs with well-defined dark brown transverse bars, diffuse on shanks and arms; short cream stripe on sacrum; flanks dark brown with pale brown granules. Throat white with fine brown mottling; belly white; groin cream; posterior and anterior surfaces of hind limbs brown with cream mottling. In life, coloration has same pattern and tones; belly white; throat, axillae, chest, and hidden surfaces of limbs orange or having orange blotches; iris bronze reticulated with black, and with a narrow range ring around the pupil, which has a black ventral notch.

MEASUREMENTS OF THE HOLOTYPE: SVL, 32.7; HL, 13.4; HW, 13.2; EL, 4.9; EN, 4.1; IND, 3.1; EE, 5.9; TYH, 2.5; TYL, 2.3; FA, 8.9; TL, 17.0; TH, 16.1; FL, 17.2.

DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY: Oreobates machiguenga is known only from the type locality on the slopes of Cordillera Vilcabamba , in the Río Kimbiri Valley , which is part of the Río Apurimac Basin , Provincia La Convención , Departamento Cusco, Peru (map 2). The area supports humid montane forest (fig. 16). The frog was on the forest floor at night during the rainy season. Several large, orange ovarian eggs could be observed through the ventral skin .

ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a substantive in apposition, and refers to the Amazonian indigenous group Machiguenga. We name this species after the inhabitants of the Reserva Comunal Machiguenga, situated in the oriental versant of Cordillera Vilcabamba, who authorized our work and helped us during our expedition. Like Oreobates machiguenga, Machiguengas are intimately associated with the Amazonian forests, and the future of both depends on the same governances and decisions.

Figures

FIG. 1. Main tree (left and right pages): one of 16 equally optimal maximum parsimony trees with branch length depicting phylogenetic relationships of species of Oreobates (3936 steps; differences with the strict consensus only affect unresolved intraspecific relationships). Schematic tree (far left): maximum likelihood best tree topology for 145 terminals of Strabomantid frogs inferred from the 16S rRNA barcode fragment of amphibians (see methods). Numbers above nodes for both trees are maximum parsimony bootstrap values followed by maximum likelihood bootstrap values.