Fissuroderes higginsi Neuhaus & Blasche, 2006

Sørensen, Martin V., Rohal, Melissa & Thistle, David, 2018, Deep-sea Echinoderidae (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Northwest Pacific, European Journal of Taxonomy 456, pp. 1-75 : 66-67

Fissuroderes higginsi Neuhaus & Blasche, 2006

Figs 26–27 , Table 18

Material examined

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: 1 adult ♂, St. 3, mounted in Fluoromount G (NHMD-227025). See Fig. 1 for localities and Table 1 for detailed station data.

Other material

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: 1 adult ♂, St. 7, mounted for SEM and stored in the first author’s personal reference collection.

Notes on morphology and comparison with type material

A summary of the distribution of cuticular structures, i.e., sensory spots, glandular cell outlets, spines and tubes is provided in Table 18 .

Fissuroderes higginsi was described from New Zealand, from depths ranging from 40 to 885 m ( Neuhaus & Blasche 2006). The species is highly characteristic by its displacement of the lateral spine on segment 8 to a sublateral position (note that Neuhaus & Blasche (2006) refer to the spines as lateral accessory, but line art and LM images show it in a sublateral position), and glandular cell outlets type 2 arranged in a laterodorsal series on segments 5, 6, 8 and 9.

The material examined for the present study yielded two specimens ( Figs 26–27 ) that are nearly identical to F. higginsi as described by Neuhaus & Blasche (2006). The meristic data (segment and spine lengths) of the single specimen mounted for LM were all about 10–20% larger than those of the type material, but segment to spine length dimensions were the same, including the conspicuously long middorsal spine on segment 8. Morphologically, the recorded specimens were nearly identical with the type specimens. The only noted differences were 1) a pair of subdorsal sensory spots on segment 3, reported from the type material, but not visible in the specimens from the present study, and 2) the dorsal tubes on segment 2 that are laterodorsal in the type specimens, but occur in a more subdorsal position in the Californian specimens ( Fig. 26C ). These minor differences can be neglected as either uncertainties (the sensory spots) or intraspecific variation (the tubes), and we therefore feel confident that the recorded specimens are F. higginsi .

There is obviously a considerable depth range between the New Zealand (40 to 885 m depth) and the Californian populations (3675–3853 m depth), but we see a similar trend in the depth preferences of E. hakaiensis , which again stresses that depth might play a minor role for species adapted to live on the shelf and below the sublittoral zone. Again, the species has a surprisingly large distribution. It might not be as extreme as was the case for E. unispinosus , but there is still a considerable distance between the type locality in New Zealand and the Californian deep-sea. This could support that deep-sea kinorhynchs actually show greater distributional ranges than species from shallower habitats.

Figures

Fig. 26. Light micrographs showing overviews and details of Fissuroderes higginsi Neuhaus & Blasche, 2006, non-type, ♂ (NHMD-227025). A. Dorsal overview. B. Ventral overview. C. Segments 1 to 4, dorsal view. D. Segments 1 to 4, ventral view. E. Segments 4 to 7, dorsal view. F. Segments 8 to 10, dorsal view. G. Segments 7 to 10, ventral view. H. Segments 10 to 11, ventral view. Abbreviations: ldgco2 = laterodorsal glandular cell outlet type 2; lts = lateral terminal spine; lvgco1 = lateroventral glandular cell outlet type 1; lvs = lateroventral spine; mds = middorsal spine; pe = penile spine; sdt = subdorsal tube; sls = sublateral spine; te = tergal extensions; vlt = ventrolateral tube.

Fig. 27. Scanning electron micrographs showing overviews and details of Fissuroderes higginsi Neuhaus & Blasche, 2006, ♂. A. Ventrolateral overview. B. Lateral overview. C. Segments 1 to 2, ventral view. D. Detail showing left sternal plate of segment 6. E. Segments 4 to 6, laterodorsal view. F. Segments 8 to 9, dorsal view G. Segments 8 to 9, laterodorsal view. H. Segment 10, dorsal view. I. Segment 11, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ldgco2 = laterodorsal glandular cell outlet type 2; ldss = laterodorsal sensory spot; ldt = laterodorsal tube; lts = lateral terminal spine; lvs = lateroventral spine; mds = middorsal spine; pdss = paradorsal sensory spot; pe = penile spine; sdss = subdorsal sensory spot; sls = sublateral spine; te = tergal extensions; vlt = ventrolateral tube; vmss = ventromedial sensory spot.

Fig. 1. Map showing the eight sampling stations off the US West Coast. See Table 1 for further details.