Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis d’Orbigny, 1852

Psarras, Christos, Merle, Didier & Koskeridou, Efterpi, 2022, Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 2, European Journal of Taxonomy 816, pp. 1-70 : 52-57

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.816.1747
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C150007D-80F9-4C34-9F85-BDB1211B244D
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6497992
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EE28878C-DD31-5A13-FDBA-FD5DC896CD93
treatment provided by	Felipe (2022-04-25 19:01:29, last updated 2022-04-27 15:56:27)
scientific name	Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis d’Orbigny, 1852
status

Treatment

Figs 32–36 View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig ; Table 15 View Table 15

Conus aquensis d’Orbigny, 1852: 11 .

Conus antidiluvianus – Grateloup 1847: pl. 44 fig. 6 (non Conilithes antidiluvianus Bruguière, 1792 ).

Conus (Chelyconus?) aquensis – Peyrot 1930: 103–104.

Conus (Chelyconus) aquensis – Peyrot 1931: pl. 4 figs 4, 7, 16, 19.

Conus (Chelyconus) puschi – Symeonidis & Kostantinidis 1968: pl. 7 fig. 13 (non Conus (Plagioconus) elatus Michelotti, 1847 ) (non fig. 3).

Conus (Chelyconus) sp. – Caze et al. 2010: fig. 5m 1–m2.

Plagioconus puschi – Landau et al. 2013: pl. 81 fig. 9 (non Conus (Plagioconus) elatus Michelotti, 1847 ).

Plagioconus bellissimus – Harzhauser & Landau 2016: fig. 31f1–f2 only.

non Conus aquensis – Hall 1966: pl. 22 figs 2, 8, 13, 18–19, 23, 27. – Davoli 2003: pl. 1 figs 15a–b.

Type locality

Saint-Paul-lès-Dax.

Type material

Syntypes FRANCE – Dax • 2 specs; Saint-Paul-lès-Dax; Aquitaine Basin ; Aquitanian-Burdigalian ; MNHN.F.A13061 .

Other material

GREECE – Crete • 8 specs; Achladhia; 1964; Nikolaos Symeonidis leg.; AMPG(IV) 3907 to AMPG(IV) 3914 • 4 specs; Filippi; 35.035° N, 25.250° E; 2017; Christos Psarras leg.; AMPG(IV) 3915 GoogleMaps .

Shell description

Moderately large (SL max.: 67.4 mm), elongated shell. Early spire whorls beaded, elongated, with angulated shoulder. Beads absent after the 7 th spire whorl, angulated shoulder smoother after the 5 th spire whorl ( Fig. 34 View Fig ). Delicate spiral cords on sutural ramp ( Fig. 32 View Fig ). In some specimens, up to three spiral grooves can be seen, just under shoulder ( Fig. 34 View Fig ). Maximum diameter just below shoulder. Suture incised, subsutural flexure shallow, moderately curved, strongly asymmetrical ( Fig. 40 View Fig ). Last whorl straight to slightly inflated. Surface of subadult shells decorated with spiral grooves on all of shell’s length, deeper grooves at anterior half of shell ( Fig. 34 View Fig ). Spiral nodules present along last whorl in between spiral grooves ( Fig. 32B View Fig 1 View Fig ), fading out on adult specimens ( Fig. 32A View Fig 1 View Fig ). Also, on adult specimens, spiral grooves present only along half to two thirds of anterior part of last whorl. Aperture narrow, straight, widened slightly on fasciole. Siphonal canal medium. Fasciole indistinct, slightly twisted.

Description of colour pattern

The colour pattern consists of flammulae and blotches on the spire whorls, sometimes aligned with the subsutural flexures. Flammulae continue until just below the shoulder. The colour pattern on the last whorl consists of fluorescent, densely spaced dots and dashes, organized axially and spirally. Fluorescent axial blotches also exist, uniting several dashes axially ( Fig. 35 View Fig ). These fluorescent blotches are mainly present on the upper, middle and bottom parts of the last whorl, organised as faint spiral bands.

Remarks

The Cretan specimens are very similar to the syntypes of Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis d’Orbigny, 1852 originally described from the early Miocene of Aquitaine Basin, as they share similarly beaded early spire whorls, spiral grooves along the two thirds of the anterior part of the last whorl. The subsutural flexures are shallow and the colour pattern is identical. The species is easily recognised by the prominent beaded early to middle spire whorls (see Fig. 32B View Fig 7 View Fig ), the grooved last whorl and the moderately elevated spires ( Table 15 View Table 15 ). The colour pattern of spiral dashes is also easily recognisable under UV light. Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis d’Orbigny, 1852 has been mistakenly named as Conus antidiluvianus by Grateloup (1847) from which it mainly differs in the convex spire whorls and the colour pattern ( Janssen et al. 2014). d’Orbigny (1852) noticed the error and named this species Conus aquensis . Peyrot (1930) was the first who gave a detailed description of this species and figured some examples. The type specimen of Conus burdigalensis Mayer, 1858 (from Saucats near Bordeaux, Burdigalian, Mayer-Eymar coll. N 2741, whereabouts are unknown), figured in Hall (1966: pl. 27 fig. 11) is similar in morphology to Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis , but we have not studied the specimen’s colour patterns. Landau et al. (2013: pl. 81 fig. 9) identified one of their fossils as Plagioconus puschi ( Michelotti, 1847) (RGM 777 891 (ex JvdV collection), Pınarlar Yaylası, Akpınar, Karaman Basin, Turkey). The colour pattern resembles the pattern described herein. The morphological characteristic of multiple spiral grooves on the anterior part of the shell are evident in their figure, they match those of Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis . For these reasons, we consider the Turkish specimens as Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis . Furthermore, Landau et al. (2013) compared a specimen from the Langhian of Romania attributed by Caze (2010) to Conus (Chelyconus) sp. ( Caze 2010: fig. 5m 1–2), which has a similar colour pattern. We studied this specimen (MNHN.F. A31836 View Materials ) and confirmed that the pattern is similar to Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis . The morphology of the spire is very similar to that of the type specimen, with beads on early spire whorls and a shallow subsutural flexure. The pattern is also similar to Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis , but the faint spiral and axial bands, underlying the spiral dashes, cover a larger portion of the shell. This pattern is considered here as a variation; therefore, the specimen (MNHN.F. A31836 View Materials ) is considered here as Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis . Harzhauser & Landau (2016) named a new species Conus (Plagioconus) bellissimus , but they showed the pattern of only one specimen out of four figured therein (fig. 31c–f). The shells figured ( Harzhauser & Landau 2016) have a similar morphology to each other, except for a specimen from the Langhian of Letkés in Hungary (private collection Anton Breitenberger), which is provided with its colour pattern, that has a more inflated sutural ramp and a shorter spire than the rest of the specimens shown by the authors ( Harzhauser & Landau 2016). This specimen illustrated under UV light bears an outline and a colour pattern similar to that of specimen AMPG(IV) 3909, Achladhia, Crete. Additionally, the colour pattern of this Hungarian specimen is identical to that of the Turkish and Romanian ones illustrated by Landau et al. (2013).

Stratigraphic range

Aquitanian–Burdigalian of France (Aquitaine Basin) (d’Orbigny 1852; Mayer 1858); Burdigalian of Italy ( Hall 1966); Langhian of Hungary (Pannonian Basin) ( Harzhauser & Landau 2016) and Romania ( Caze et al. 2010); Serravallian of Turkey (Karaman Basin) ( Landau et al. 2013) and Tortonian of Greece (Sitia Basin and Messara Basin, Crete).

Concluding remarks about Conus (Plagioconus) ( Tucker & Tenorio, 2009)

From the PCA graph ( Fig. 36 View Fig ), it is evident that Conus (Plagioconus) sp. ( Fig. 36 View Fig , yellow colour) forms a distinct cluster, thus verifying our hypothesis of its existence. Conus (Plagioconus) elatus Michelotti, 1847 ( Fig. 36 View Fig , black colour) and Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis d’Orbigny, 1852 ( Fig. 36 View Fig , red colour) show a slight convergence in their morphology. The result does not consider the presence of beads and spiral grooves on Conus (Plagioconus) , but overall, the species are clearly defined.

References

Caze B. 2010. Interet systematique de l'etude des motifs colores residuels chez les mollusques du Cenozoique d'Europe. PhD Thesis, MNHN, Paris.

Davoli F. 2003. I molluschi del Messiniano inferiore di Borelli (Torino). 5. Conidae e Terebridae. Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Torino 20 (2): 439 - 476.

Hall C. A. Jr. 1966. Middle Miocene Conus (Class Gastropoda) from Piedmont, Northern Italy. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 3 (2): 111 - 171.

Harzhauser M. & Landau B. 2016. A revision of the Neogene Conidae and Conorbidae (Gastropoda) of the Paratethys Sea. Zootaxa 4210 (1): 1 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4210.1.1

Janssen A. W., Janssen R., Tracey S., Vaessen L. M. B. & van der Voort J. 2014. Case 3668 Conus antidiluvianus Bruguiere, 1792 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Conidae): proposed conservation of prevailing usage of specific name by setting aside the unidentifiable lectotype and replacing it with a neotype. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 71 (4): 223 - 229. https: // doi. org / 10.21805 / bzn. v 71 i 4. a 11

Landau B., Harzhauser M., Buyukmeric Y. & Silva C. 2013. Systematics and palaeobiogeography of the gastropods of the middle Miocene (Serravallian) Karaman Basin, Turkey. Cainozoic Research 11 - 13:

Mayer M. C. 1858. Description de coquilles fossiles des etages superieurs des terrains tertiaires. Journal de Conchyliologie 7 (1): 73 - 89.

Michelotti G. 1847. Description des fossiles des terrains miocenes de l'Italie septentrionale. A. Arnz & Comp.

Peyrot A. 1930. Conchologie Neogenique de l'Aquitaine. Actes de la Societe linneenne de Bordeaux 82: 5 - 116.

Peyrot A. 1931. Conchologie neogenique de l'Aquitaine (suite). Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux 83: 5 - 491.

Symeonidis N. & Kostantinidis D. 1968. Beobachtungen zu den Neogen - Ablagerungen des Zentralgebietes der Insel Kreta. Annales geologiques des Pays helleniques 19 (A): 657 - 688.

Tucker J. K. & Tenorio M. J. 2009. Systematic Classification of Recent and Fossil Conoidean Gastropods: With Keys to the Genera of Cone Shells. ConchBooks, Harxheim.

Figures

Fig. 32. Two syntypes of Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis d’Orbigny, 1852 from Saint-Paul-lès-Dax in the Aquitaine Basin, France, in apertural, abapertural and apical views, under natural (A1–A2, A5, A7, B1–B2, B5, B7) and UV light (MNHN.F.A13061). Scale bar = 1 cm.

Fig. 33. Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis d’Orbigny, 1852 from the Tortonian of Crete (Greece) in apertural, abapertural and apical views, under natural (A2, A4, B1, B3, B5, E2, F1, F3, G2, G4) and UV light. A. Specimen AMPG(IV) 3909, Achladhia. B. Specimen AMPG(IV) 3908, Achladhia. C. Specimen AMPG(IV) 3913, Achladhia. D. Specimen AMPG(IV) 3915, Filippi. E. Specimen AMPG(IV) 3914, Achladhia. F. Specimen AMPG(IV) 3911, Achladhia. G. Specimen AMPG(IV) 3907, Achladhia. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Fig. 34. Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis d’Orbigny, 1852 from the Tortonian of Filippi, Crete (Greece) (AMPG(IV) 3915), specimen in close-up. A1. Notice the beaded spire whorls, the three spiral cords on shoulder and the spiral grooves on the rest of the shell. A2. Notice the spiral grooves on last whorl. A3. Notice the delicate spiral cords on sutural ramp, as well as shallow subsutural flexure. Scale bars: A1, A3 = 2 mm; A2 = 1 mm.

Fig. 35. Elements constituting the colour pattern of Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis d’Orbigny, 1852 from the Tortonian of Filippi, Crete (Greece). D2. Specimen AMPG(IV) 3915. Scale bar = 0.5 cm.

Fig. 36. PCA graph with three species of Conus (Plagioconus) found at late Miocene localities of Crete (Greece). Black dots = Conus (Plagioconus) elatus Michelotti, 1847; red dots = Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis d’Orbigny, 1852; yellow dots = Conus (Plagioconus) sp. Abbreviations: LW = length width ratio; PMD = position of maximum diameter; RD = relative diameter; RSH = relative height of spire.

Fig. 40. Examples of subsutural flexures. A. Conus (Lautoconus) eschewegi Pereira da Costa, 1866 (MNHN.F.A82976). B. Conus (Lautoconus) ictini sp. nov. (AMPG(IV) 3719). C. Conus (Lautoconus) sp. 1 (MNHN.F.A82982). D. Conus (Lautoconus) sp. 2 (AMPG(IV) 3756). E. Conus (Lautoconus) sp. 3 (MNHN.F.A83012). F. Conus (Lautoconus) cf. baldichieri Borson, 1820 (MNHN.F.A83013). G. Conus (Lautoconus) lauriatragei sp. nov. (MNHN.F.A83014). H. Conus (Lautoconus) damianakisi sp. nov. (AMPG(IV) 3802). I. Conus (Lautoconus) sp. 4 (MNHN.F.A83015). J. Conus (Lautoconus) sp. 5 (AMPG(IV) 3861). K. Conus (Stephanoconus) cf. taurinensis Bellardi & Michelotti, 1841 (AMPG(IV) 3808). L. Conus (Stephanoconus) moissettei sp. nov. (MNHN.F.A83071). M. Conus davolii sp. nov. (MNHN.F.A83091). N. Conus fuscocingulatus Hörnes, 1851 (AMPG(IV) 3858). O. Conus (Plagioconus) elatus Michelotti, 1847 (AMPG(IV) 3862). P. Conus (Plagioconus) sp. (AMPG(IV) 3890). Q. Conus (Plagioconus) sp. (AMPG(IV) 3898). R. Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis d’Orbigny, 1852 (AMPG(IV) 3907). Not to scale.

Fig. 1. General map Crete, showing the localities where the material was collected: 1 = Tylissos; 2 = Keramoutsi; 3 = Panassos; 4 = Apomarma; 5 = Psalidha; 6 = Adhraktia; 7 = Tefeli; 8 = Partira; 9 = Filippi; 10 = Makrilia; 11 = Achladhia; 12 = Voleones.

Fig. 35. Elements constituting the colour pattern of Conus (Plagioconus) aquensis d’Orbigny, 1852 from the Tortonian of Filippi, Crete (Greece). D2. Specimen AMPG(IV) 3915. Scale bar = 0.5 cm.

Fig. 7. Shell morphotypes ofConus (Lautoconus) sp. 2 from theTortonian of Filippi, Crete(Greece) shown in apertural view under natural (A1, A3–A4, B1, C1, D1, E1) and UV light. A. Specimen AMPG(IV) 3771, Filippi: an elongate sample with relatively high LW. B. Specimen MNHN.F.A83004, Crete: a small specimen showing vivid colour pattern under UV light. C. Specimen AMPG(IV) 3786, Filippi: a specimen with unusual pattern of spiral dashes instead of bands. D. Specimen MNHN.F.A82996, Crete: a specimen with relatively low LW. E. Specimen AMPG(IV) 2768, Crete: Symeonidis & Kostantinidis’s specimen with unclear colour pattern. Scale bar = 1 cm.