Phanacis Foerster , 1860 (Phanacidini)

Nastasi, Louis F., Buffington, Matthew L., Davis, Charles K. & Deans, Andrew R., 2024, Key to the North American tribes and genera of herb, rose, bramble, and inquiline gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Cynipidae sensu lato), ZooKeys 1196, pp. 177-207 : 177

Phanacis Foerster, 1860 (Phanacidini)

Figs 80-82 , 95

Type species.

Parapanteliella eugeniae Diakontschuk, 1981.

Diagnosis.

Pronotum tall and broad dorsomedially. Pronotal submedial pits rather indistinct and poorly impressed, appearing as a narrow linear impression rather than distinct ovular pits. Pronotal plate present, usually only distinct in anterior half of pronotum. Mesopleuron sculpture reticulate. Mesoscutellar foveae distinct. Fore wing with marginal cell partially open, with vein R1 reaching anterior margin of fore wing and continuing along wing margin but not meeting vein Rs. Wings always hyaline, never tinted or with darkened areas. Metatarsal claws without basal lobe. Metasomal tergites 2 and 3 free and articulate, never with a syntergite.

Note.

Phanacidini includes two North American species, both in Phanacis Förster, which have been introduced along with their host plants ( Nastasi and Deans 2021). Phanacis hypochoeridis (Kieffer, 1887) induces galls on Hypochaeris radicata L. and is apparently restricted to the western United States ( Nastasi and Deans 2021). The other species, P. taraxaci (Ashmead, 1897), induces galls on Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. (Fig. 95 ) and is widespread in eastern North America ( Nastasi and Deans 2021).

North American species (Nastasi and Deans 2021):

1. Phanacis hypochoeridis (Kieffer, 1887)

2. Phanacis taraxaci (Ashmead, 1897)

Figures

Figures 80 - 82. 80 Phanacis sp., anterodorsal view (USNMENT 01448498) 81 Phanacis sp., wings (USNMENT 01231855) 82 Phanacis sp., lateral view (USNMENT 01231855).

Figures 87 - 95. 87 galls of Antistrophus pisum on stem of Lygodesmia juncea (Asteraceae: Cichorieae), photographed by Chris Friesen (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 95588437) 88 galls of Antistrophus rufus in dissected stem of Silphium laciniatum (Asteraceae: Heliantheae), photographed by Andy Deans (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 64708490) 89 gall of Antistrophus silphii on apical stem of Silphium integrifolium (Asteraceae: Heliantheae), photographed by Andy Deans (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 64708191) 90 galls of Diplolepis polita on leaves of Rosa sp. (Rosaceae: Roseae), photographed by Garth Harwood (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 165442438) 91 gall of Diplolepis californica on Rosa sp. (Rosaceae: Roseae), photographed by Mary K. Hanson (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 115655737) 92 gall of Diastrophus potentillae on Potentilla simplex (Rosaceae: Potentilleae), photographed by Tom Murray (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 134669544) 93 gall of Diastrophus nebulosus on stem of Rubus sp. (Rosaceae: Rubeae), photographed by Pam Curtin (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 174007397) 94 galls of Diastrophus kincaidii on stems of Rubus parviflorus (Rosaceae: Rubeae), photographed by Adam Heikkila (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 173314109) 95 galls of Phanacis taraxaci on petiole of Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae: Cichorieae), photographed by Nathan Earley (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 174118397).