Geranomyia Haliday, 1833

Podenas, Sigitas, Byun, Hye-Woo & Kim, Sam-Kyu, 2015, Limoniinae crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) new to Korea, Journal of Species Research 4 (2), pp. 61-96 : 72-73

Geranomyia Haliday, 1833

Geranomyia Haliday, 1833: 154 ; Lackschewitz and Pagast, 1940: 4, 1942: 47; Savchenko and Krivolutskaya, 1976: 117; Savchenko, 1983: 109.

Limonia (Geranomyia) Edwards, 1938: 20 , 44; Ishida, 1957: 125.

Limnobiorhynchus Westwood, 1836: 683 .

Aporosa Macquart, 1839: 100 .

Pletussa Philippi, 1866: 597.

Triphana Skuse, 1890: 777 .

Tetraphana Skuse, 1890: 778 .

Monophana Edwards, 1912: 200 .

Proaporosa Alexander, 1922 (nomen nudum): 582.

Pseudaporosa Alexander, 1924: 177 .

Parageranomyia Santos Abreu, 1923: 60 .

Type species ­ Geranomyia unicolor Haliday, 1833 .

Medium sized crane flies with body length 4.5­8.5 mm, wing length 5.5­10.5 mm. General body coloration from yellow and brownish yellow to dark brown or dark grayish brown. The most distinct feature of the genus is elongated mouth parts, labrum, hypopharynx and labella, which are modified into large proboscis, that is usually longer than head and sometimes even longer than head and thorax taken together. Maxillari palpus reduced from four­segmented, that is usual for most crane flies to one­, two­ or three­segmented (sometimes basal segment is so small, that is hardly visible). Wing elongate, medium­wide, anal angle widely rounded. Many species have unpatterned translucent wings, when some have distinctly spotted wings. Details of pattern vary not only between species, but also among specimens belonging to same species, even both wings of same specimen usually have some small differences. Wing venation typical for most Limoniinae with Rs branching into two veins R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5; discal cell present. Vein Sc elongate, Sc 1 ending distinctly beyond base of Rs, usually at about two thirds of Rs length. Basal deflection of CuA 1 close to the branching point of M. Male genitalia with large oval and fleshy inner gonostylus, bearing small rostral elongation that is usually armed with two medium­sized spines, sometimes it could be one strongly elongate spine, or, in some unusual cases, even three small spines. Outer gonostylus elongate, strongly sclerotised and distinctly arched. Ninth tergite simple with wide and shallow median incision. Ovipositor with elongate, slightly arched cercus, wide and tapered hypovalve. Ninth sternite, at least in Korean species, is extended into long narrow rod­shaped structure.

Geranomyia have the curious habit of bobbing up and down while resting, the long, slender legs acting as springs. They practice this same oscilating movement while resting on a head of flowers and feeding (Alexan­ der, 1920a).

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Larva of Geranomyia is cylindrical, abruptly tapering posteriorly on the last abdominal segment, ending caudally in a rounded spiracular field. Spiracular lobes are almost reduced, respiratory disc is channeled on the median line, with sloping sides that folder together when underwater. Spiracles are large, oval shaped. Body segments II­VII each with ventral creeping welts. Tracheal gills four in number, large, constricted. Head capsule moderate in size, compact and not reduced, what is typical for most of Limoniinae . The head is wholly retracted within prothorax. Hypostoma with eleven teeth deeply split posteriorly ( Alexander, 1920a; Oosterbroek and Theowald, 1991). Pupal body large at the anterior end, tapering posteriorly with smooth surface. Pronotal breathing horns earlike, broad, laterally flattened, apically flush­ ed with each other. Abdominal segments with transverse welts of small spines, last segment of body terminating in two chitinized hooks ( Alexander, 1920a; Oosterbroek and Theowald, 1991). Larvae and pupae develop in intertidal zone of seas among deposits of algae, also can develop in fresh water in a layer of algae (fauna hygropetrica) or in saturated cushions of mosses and liverworts growing on earth or rocks ( Alexander, 1950).

A total of 341 species of Geranomyia are described. The genus has worldwide distribution with the highest diversity in Neotropical Region with 166 species and Oriental Region with 69 species. Only ten species are known from Eastern Palearctic Region ( Oosterbroek, 2015). Two fossil species are described from Miocene, one species is known from Oligocene of France ( Evenhuis, 2014).