Siphonaria, Sowerby I, 1823

White, Tracy R. & Dayrat, Benoît, 2012, Checklist of genus- and species-group names of the false limpets Siphonaria (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Euthyneura), Zootaxa 3538, pp. 54-78 : 60-69

Checklist of Siphonaria species-group names acervus Iredale, 1940: 439 , pl. xxxiv, figs. 22–23, Triellsiphon, Canala , New Caledonia.

acmeaodes— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo 1977: 416) of acmaeoides .

acmaeoides Pilsbry, 1894b: 16 [as acmaeoides ], Siphonaria, Prov. Boshiu [Boso Peninsula], Japan.— Pilsbry (1895: 6, pl. VI, figs. 19–22) re-published the original description with additional illustrations.

acuta Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 334–335 , pl. 25, figs. 35–37, Siphonaria , îles Célèbes et Vanikoro [Sulawesi, Indonesia, and Vanikoro, Solomon Islands].

adansoni — Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Hanley 1858b: 151; Paetel 1889: 427; Hubendick 1946: 31) of adansonii .

adansonii Blainville, 1824b: 162 , Mouretus, Gorée Island [Dakar, Senegal].—Objective synonym of grisea Gmelin, 1791 , which is based on the same type material as adansonii . Blainville introduced adansonii for a species originally described by Adanson (1757: 34–35, pl. 2, fig. 5) before January 1, 1758, and simply referred to as “Le Mouret” in the genus Lepas (see mouret ). Gmelin (1791: 3727) introduced Patella grisea with a reference to Adanson’s description of Le Mouret.

adjacens Turton, 1932: 9, pl. II, fig. 75, Siphonaria , P.A. [Port Alfred, South Africa].—Introduced by Turton before 1961 as a variety of concinna ; to be regarded as a subspecific name ( ICZN 1999: Article 45.6.4).

aequilirata Carpenter, 1857a: 184 [as aequilirata ], Siphonaria, Mazatlan , Gulf of California [ Mexico].— Carpenter (1857a: 184) described aequilirata as a new species but regarded it as a synonym of aequilorata in the same publication ( Carpenter 1857a: 550). Carpenter (1857b: 290) acknowledged that synonymy again. According to ICZN 1999: Article 11.6, aequilirata was not made available by Carpenter (1857a,b) because he treated it as a junior synonym. However, several authors ( Binney 1867: 153, fig. 255; Dall 1870: 39; Paetel 1889: 427; Fischer & Crosse 1900: 107; Santos Galindo 1977: 416) adopted aequilirata as a valid taxon name. Thus, ICZN 1999: Article 11.6.1 applies and aequilirata is available. Authorship is attributed to Carpenter, 1857 ( ICZN 1999: Article 50.7). Santos Galindo (1977: 416) attributed the authorship of aequilirata to Gray by mistake (see aequilorata ).

aequilorata Reeve, 1856 : species 15, pl. IV, figs. 15a–15b, Siphonaria, Mazatlan [ Mexico].—The plate caption indicates that Reeve found the name in a manuscript by Gray (“Gray, MS., Mus. Cuming”) but the name is attributed to Reeve in the index.

alba Hubendick, 1943: 2–4 , figs. 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, Siphonaria, Nordwachter, Javasee [near Singapore, Java Sea].

albicans— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Reeve 1856: Species 9, pl. II, figs. 9a–d; Schrenk 1867: 306; Hutton 1880: 36; Catlow &Reeve 1845: 99; Adams &Adams 1855: 271; Hanley 1858b: 151; Paetel 1873: 117; 1883: 178; 1889: 427; Santos Galindo 1977: 416) of albicante .

albicante Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 335–336 , pl. 25, figs. 38–40, Siphonaria, île de Vanikoro [ Solomon Islands] et celle de la Nouvelle-Irlande, au havre de Carteret [Carteret Harbor, New Ireland, Papua New Guinea].

albida Angas, 1878: 314 , pl. XVII, figs. 14–15, Siphonaria, St. Vincent’s Gulf, South Australia.—After examination of the type material, Jenkins (1983: 28) concluded that albida belongs to Trimusculus (with which Gadinia is synonymous) and is a synonym of T. conicus ( Angas, 1867) .

albofaciata— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Hubendick 1946: 12) of albofasciata .

albofasciata Krauss, 1848: 60 , pl. IV, fig. 4b, Siphonaria, Natalpoint [Natal, South Africa].—Introduced for a variety of variabilis ; to be regarded a subspecific name ( ICZN 1999: Article 45.6.4).

algeriae— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo 1977: 416) of algesirae .

algesira— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( MacAndrew 1857: 117, 146) of algesirae .

algesirae Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 338–339 , pl. 25, figs. 23–25 [as Algesirae], Siphonaria , détroit de Gibraltar [Strait of Gibraltar], vaste rade d’Algesiras [Algeciras Bay, Spain].

alternata Say, 1827: 215–216 , Patella , southern Coast of East Florida.—The correct date of publication is 1827, although most authors selected 1826. Say (1832: fig. xxxviii) placed alternata into Siphonaria .

alternicosta Potiez & Michaud, 1838: 55 , plate X, figs. 18–20, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated].

alternicostata — Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Hanley 1858b: 151; Paetel 1889: 427) of alternicosta .

alterniplicata Grabau & King, 1928: 237 , Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated, but in a book describing species from Peitaiho , i.e., Beidaihe, China].

amara ‘Nuttall’ Jay, 1839: 39, Siphonaria, Sandwich Isles [Hawaii].— Nomen nudum. Name attributed by Jay to Nuttall.

Catlow and Reeve (1845: 100) mentioned amara Nuttall , still with no illustration or description. amara Reeve, 1856 : species 33, pl. VII, figs. 33a–b, Siphonaria , California [but very likely Hawaii].—Reeve’s description made amara available. However, Reeve provided California as distribution. Suter (1913: 599) cited “Hutt.” as the author of amara , likely a spelling mistake for “Nutt[all].” Hubendick (1946: 66–67) included amara in a list of nomina nuda because of its seemingly doubtful type locality (California versus Hawaii) and authorship (Nuttall versus Hutton).

However, amara Reeve, 1856 is available and not a nomen nudum. amphibia Oliver, 1915: 548 , pl. XII, fig. 44, Siphonaria, Fleetwood Bluff, Sunday Island [Kermadec Islands, New Zealand]. angulata Gray, 1825: 140 , Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated]. anneae Tomlin, 1944: 92–93 , two unnumbered figures [as anneae ], Siphonaria, Umpangazi [Natal, South Africa]. anornata ‘Mke.’ Paetel, 1889: 428, Siphonaria, Valpar. [Valparaiso, Chile].—Listed as a valid species with Menke as author;

apparently the only citation of this name ( Hubendick 1946: 67). Nomen nudum. antarctica ‘Couthouy’ Gould, 1852: 362–363, figs. 464–464b, Siphonaria , Cape Horn.—No type locality is indicated within the body of the species description. However, at the end of the description of lessoni , which precedes that of antarctica ,

Gould (1852: 362) distinctly mentions that Couthouy recognized two other species ( antarctica and lateralis ), in addition to lessoni , from Cape Horn. ashgar Biggs, 1958: 249, Siphonaria , Hormuz Island, Persian Gulf. aspera Krauss, 1848: 60–61 , pl. IV, fig. 5, Siphonaria, in litore capensi et natalensi [on the shore of the Cape and of Natal,

South Africa]. aspersa— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo 1977: 416) of aspera . atra Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 337–338 , pl. 25, figs. 41–42, Siphonaria, Vanikoro [ Solomon Islands]. australis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 329–330 , pl. 25, figs. 32–34, Siphonaria , détroit de Cook, à la Nouvelle-Zélande [Cook

Strait, New Zealand]. baconi Reeve, 1856 : species 30, pl. VI, figs. 30a–30b, Siphonaria, Swan River, New Holland [Western Australia]. basseinensis Melvill, 1893: 243 , pl. 1, fig. 21, Siphonaria , Bombay [ India]. becki Turton, 1932: 10, pl. II, fig. 81, Siphonaria, Port Alfred [ South Africa]. belcheri Hanley, 1858b: 153 , Siphonaria , “probably taken in the Indian seas.” bifasciata ‘Reeve’—Likely an incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo, 1977: 416) of bifurcata . bifurcata Reeve, 1856 : species 22 [but actually Species 21 (see below)], pl. V, fig. 22, Siphonaria, Port Jackson , Australia [but actually Philippine Islands (see below)].—According to Jenkins (1983: 28), who examined the type material, the descriptions of zebra and bifurcata have been mixed up in Reeve’s Monograph so that bifurcata is actually species 21 with fig. 22 (instead of species 22 with fig. 22), and zebra is actually species 22 with fig. 21. As a result, the type locality of bifurcata is the Philippine Islands, instead of Port Jackson. Iredale (1924: 276) had also noted this possible confusion. blainvillei Hanley, 1858b: 153 , Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated]. bramnani— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo, 1977: 416) of brannani . brannani Stearns, 1873a: 249 , Siphonaria, Santa Barbara Island [California, United States]. brasiliana Reeve, 1856 : species 17, pl. IV, figs. 17a–b, Siphonaria , Rio Janeiro [ Brazil]. braziliana— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Hubendick, 1946: 31, 79) of brasiliana . brunnea Hanley, 1858a: 24 , Siphonaria , insula Bermuda. cancer Reeve, 1856 : species 7, pl. II, figs. 7a–b, Siphonaria , New Zealand. canessi— Likely an incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo, 1977: 416) of cancer . canicer— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo, 1977: 416) of cancer . capensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 331–332 , pl. 25, figs. 28–29, Siphonaria , cap de Bonne-Espérance, baie de la Table [Table

Bay, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa]. carbo Hanley, 1858a: 24 , Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated].—Recorded from Oman ( Bosch et al. 1995: 185) and South

Africa ( Hubendick, 1946: 35) although, according to Chambers and McQuaid (1994a: 264), it was originally described from the Caribbean. characteristica Reeve, 1842: 20 , plate CXXXVIII, fig. 3, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated]. cheesemani Oliver, 1915: 546–547 , pl. XII, figs. 41–41a, Siphonaria, Sunday Island [Kermadec Islands, New Zealand]. chirura Pilsbry, 1920: 380 , fig. 15, Siphonaria , north shore of Kahoolawe [Hawaii].—Introduced for a form of normalis , to be ranked as a subspecific name ( ICZN 1999: Article 45.6.4). cochleariformis Reeve, 1856 : species 28, pl. VI, figs. 28a–b, Siphonaria, Isle of Hainan, coast of China. comita Iredale, 1924: 277, Pugillaria, Twofold Bay, N.S.W. [New South Wales, Australia].—Introduced for a variety of stowae , to be ranked as a subspecific name ( ICZN 1999: Article 45.6.4). commixtus Iredale, 1940: 437, Parellsiphon, Noumea [ New Caledonia]. compressa Allanson, 1958: 173–174 , text figs. 9 and 18, pls. III–IV [unnumbered figures], Siphonaria, Langebaan Lagoon,

Saldanha Bay [ South Africa]. concinna Sowerby I, 1823 : pl. 143, fig. 2, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated].—According to Hubendick (1946: 21), the specimens from Chile referred to as concinna by Hupé (1854: 250) and Plate (1894: 222–224) were misidentifications of lessonii , because concinna is found in Gambia, eastern South Africa, Madagascar, and Mauritius. conica Blainville, 1827: 294–295 , Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated].— Blainville (1827: 295) acknowledged that conica could be a variety of radiata , which he described in the same publication. Subsequently only mentioned by Paetel (1889: 428), with no distribution given, and Santos Galindo (1977: 416) who erroneously attributed the name to Angas, with Australia as the distribution.

conica Pallary, 1900: 243 , pl. VIII, fig. 8, Siphonaria , Oran [ Algeria].—Introduced for a variety of a species Pallary referred to as Siphonaria mouret Adanson, 1757 , which he thought to be a synonym of S. algesirae . Besides the fact that mouret is not available (see that name), conica is permanently invalid because it is preoccupied by conica Blainville, 1827 ( ICZN 1999: Articles 45.6.4 and 46.1).

cookeana— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo 1977: 416) of cookiana .

cookiana Suter, 1909: 258 , pl. XI, fig. 18, Siphonaria, Lyall Bay , Cook Strait [ New Zealand].

coreensis Adams & Reeve, 1848: 69 , pl. XIII, figs. 1a–b, Siphonaria, Corean Archipelago [ Korea].

cornuta Gould, 1848: 153 , Siphonaria, Mangsi Islands [Mangsee Islands, Philippines].

corrugata Reeve, 1856 : species 31, pl. VI, figs. 31a–31b, Siphonaria, Puteao , Island of Luzon, Philippines.

costata Sowerby I, 1835: 6 , Siphonaria , ad oras Americae Centralis (Guacomayo) [uncertain locality from Central America].

costata Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841: 295 , Siphonaria , Otago (Tavaï-Pounamon, Nouvelle-Zélande) [Otago, New Zealand]. Hubendick (1946: 48) and Jenkins (1983: 12) regarded costata Hombron & Jacquinot as a nomen nudum, which is errouneous because the name was introduced accompanied by a brief description. However, costata Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841 is a junior, primary homonym of costata Sowerby I, 1835 , and is thus available but permanently invalid.

crebicostata— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo 1977: 416) of crebricostata .

crebidentata ‘Smith’ Santos Galindo, 1977: 416, Siphonaria [no locality given].—N omen nudum.

crebricostata ‘Nuttall’ Jay, 1839: 39, Siphonaria, Sandwich Isles [Hawaii].— Nomen nudum. Subsequently mentioned without description ( Catlow & Reeve 1845: 100; Paetel 1873: 117; 1883: 178; 1889: 428; Santos Galindo 1977: 416, as crebicostata) and listed as a synonym of sipho ( Reeve 1856: Species 9, pl. II, figs. 9a–d; Schrenk 1867: 306; Hutton 1880: 36) or laciniosa ( Hubendick 1946: 47) , and thus remaining unavailable.

crenata Blainville, 1827: 295 , [no type locality indicated, but likely the Red Sea].— Introduced for a species of Siphonaria illustrated by Savigny (1817: pl. 3, figs. 3.1–3.5).

currumbinensis Hubendick, 1955: 133, figs. 4–8, pl. 1, figs. 1–6, Siphonaria, Currumbin , Queensland [ Australia].

cyaneomaculata Sowerby III, 1906: 37 , unnumbered figure, Siphonaria, The Kowie [Kowie River, South Africa].

dayi Allanson, 1958: 169 , text figs. 5, 16, pls. Ib, IIb, Siphonaria, Inhaca Island, Delagoa Bay [ Mozambique].

deflecta— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo, 1977: 416) of deflexa .

deflexa ‘Helbl.’ Born, 1778: 439, Patella , [no type locality indicated].— Helbling (1779: 108–109, pl. I, figs. 9–10) published a description of deflexa in Abhandlungen einer Privatgesellschaft in Böhmen zur Aufnahme der Mathematik, der vaterländischen Geschichte und der Naturgeschichte of which Born was the editor. However, Born (1778: 439) published Patella deflexa with a brief description and a reference to Helbling’s not yet published (1779) work (cited as “Helbl. Abh. e. Priv. Ges. in Boehm, IV. I. t. 9. 10. f.”), making it available in 1778 instead of 1779. Allanson (1958: 159–163, text figs. 2, 12, pls. Ia, IIa; 1963: 70) used deflexa for specimens from western Africa (mouth of the Congo River). The locality “False Bay, Australia ” given by Santos Galindo (1977: 416, as deflecta) is erroneous as False Bay is in South Africa. Chambers and McQuaid (1994a: 264–265) regarded deflexa as a nomen dubium because they could not locate the type material.

densatus Iredale, 1940: 441, pl. xxxiv, figs. 18–19, Legosiphon, Port Douglas , North Queensland [ Australia].

denticula— Incorrect subsequent spelling (Anton, 1839: 26) of denticulata .

denticulata Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 340–341 , pl. 25, figs. 19–20, Siphonaria , partie sud de la Nouvelle-Hollande, au port Western , et probablement au port du Roi-Georges [Westernport Bay, Victoria; and probably King George Sound, Western Australia].

depressa Pease, 1862: 279–280 , Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated, but in an article describing new species from the Pacific Islands].— Pease (1868: 98–99, pl. 11, fig. 23) provided an illustration of depressa based on material collected from “Insl. Apaian,” i.e., Kiribati, central tropical Pacific Ocean. Pease’s (1862) original description was reproduced without modification by Pease (1868), but the following remark was added: “A peculiar species, almost flat. The muscular impression occupies nearly the whole of the interior.” However, it is unclear whether the specimen illustrated by Pease in 1868 was the specimen used in the original description, and Kiribati may not be the type locality. For the authorship of depressa, Hubendick gave “ Pease, 1868: pl. 2 [error for 11], fig. 23.” It is unclear whether Hubendick wanted to refer to Pease’s (1868) record of depressa from Kiribati, knowing that the species had been described earlier by Pease (1862), or if he overlooked Pease’s (1862) paper.

depressa ‘Locard’ Pallary, 1900: 243, pl. VIII, fig. 11, Siphonaria , Oran, Beni Saf [Algerian Mediterranean coast].—Introduced for a variety of “ Siphonaria mouret Adanson. ” Besides the fact that mouret is not available (see that name), depressa is permanently invalid because it is preoccupied by depressa Pease, 1862 ( ICZN 1999: Articles 45.6.4 and 46.1).

depressior Schrenck, 1867: 307–308, Siphonaria, Bai von Hakodate auf Jesso [Hakodate Bay, Hokkaido, Japan].—Introduced for a forma of sipho ; to be ranked as a subspecific name ( ICZN 1999: Article 45.6.4).

diemanensis— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Tenison-Woods, 1878: 99–100) of diemenensis .

diemenensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 327–329 , pl. 25, figs. 1–12, Siphonaria , canal de d’Entrecasteaux, île de van Diémen [d'Entrecasteaux Channel, Tasmania].

diemensis— Incorrect subsequent spelling (Anton 1839: 26; Paetel 1873: 117; 1883: 178; 1889: 428; Menke 1843: 5; Santos

Galindo 1977: 416) of diemenensis . elatior Schrenck, 1867: 306–308 , Siphonaria , Philippinen [ Philippines].—Introduced for a forma of sipho ; to be ranked as a subspecies ( ICZN 1999: Article 45.6.4). elegans Iredale, 1940: 441 , pl. xxxiv, figs. 3–4, Planesiphon, Keppel Bay , Queensland [ Australia].—Transferred to Siphonaria by Hubendick (1945: 29, 72, figs. 44 and 47; 1946: 56–57, pl. 4, figs. 32–34). eumelas Iredale, 1940: 439 , pl. xxxiv, figs. 5–6, Mestosiphon, Snapper Island, North Queensland [ Australia]. exigua ‘Martini’ Sowerby I, 1823: pl. 143, fig. 4, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated].—In the figure caption for his plate

143, Sowerby I (1823) gives “ Lepas exigua, Martini ” for the name of the shell illustrated in fig.4. To date, it is unclear to what publication and species Sowerby refers. Martini (1769) cited Lepas exigua several times, but always in the context of polynominal (non-Linnaean) combinations, e.g., Lepas exigua aurantia (p. 131), Lepas exigua cornea striata (p. 148),

Lepas exigua laevis Neritoides (p. 161). Sowerby’s (1823) mention of exigua should be regarded as the first publication of the name. exulorum— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Hanley, 1858b: 152; Paetel, 1889: 428; Iredale, 1940: 438) of exulum . exulum Hanley, 1858a: 25 , Siphonaria , Norfolk Island [ Australia]. ferruginea Reeve, 1856 : species 26, pl. V, fig. 26, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated]. feruginea— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Hanley 1858b: 152; Paetel 1873: 117; 1889: 428; Iredale 1940: 438) of ferruginea . flemingi Powell, 1955: 121–122, pl. 5, fig. 44, Kerguelenella , bay south of Crozier Point, Auckland Islands [ New Zealand]. fuliginata Reeve, 1856: species 34, pl. VII, figs. 34a–b, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated].—Regarded as a nomen nudum by Hubendick (1946: 67), who probably meant nomen dubium because fuliginata was published with a description. funiculata Reeve, 1856 : species 6, pl. II, figs. 6a–b, Siphonaria, Van Diemen’s Land [Tasmania].— Reeve (1856: Species 35,

pl. VII, figs. 35a–35b) erroneously labeled species 35 as funiculata instead of lirata according to Reeve’s erratum in the appendix. gareensis ‘Mittre’ Fulton, 1924: 7, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated].— Nomen nudum. Mentioned by Fulton as a valid species name. No publication by Mittre or any other author making this name available could be found. Hubendick (1946:

67) suggested that, because the spelling of gareensis is close to Gorée, it might refer to a species from Gorée Island,

Senegal, and thus could be a synonym of pectinata . Another possible explanation is that it is an incorrect subsequent spelling of goreensis , as in Patella goreensis Gmelin, 1791 , although the species referred to by Gmelin (1791: 3694),

which is Adanson’s (1757: pl. 2, fig. 10) Jenac, does not belong to Siphonaria but to the Calyptraeidae . gigas Sowerby I, 1825 : vi, Siphonaria , Panama [Pacific coast]. godeffroyi ‘Crosse’ Paetel, 1873: 117, Siphonaria, I. Vitii [ Fiji Islands]. Nomen nudum. Subsequently listed by Paetel (1883:

178; 1889: 428). No publication by Crosse or any other author making this name available could be found ( Hubendick

1946: 68). grisea Gmelin, 1791: 3727 , Patella , Africa.—Gmelin introduced Patella grisea with a reference (“Adans. Seneg. I., t. 2. f. 5)

to Adanson’s (1757: 34–35, pl. 2, fig. 5) description of Adanson’s “Le Mouret”. Thus, mouretus and adansonii , both introduced by Blainville (1824b) in reference to Adanson’s Le Mouret (see mouretus and adansonii ), are objective synonyms of grisea , which has precedence. Africa is the type locality given by Gmelin, but “l’isle de Gorée ” was the type locality provided by Adanson. Menke (1853: 68) transferred grisea into Siphonaria . guamensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 343 , pl. 25, figs. 15–16, Siphonaria, port d’Humata [ Guam]. gussoni — Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Dall 1879: 285–289, pl. XIII, figs. 1–2) of gussonii . gussonii Costa, 1829: 10–11 , Ancyclus ?, [no type locality indicated, but in an article describing species from Pantelleria Island,

Italy].— Dall (1879: 285–289, pl. XIII, figs. 1–2) transferred gussonii to Siphonaria . Regarded as a Williamia species since

Bucquoy et al. (1886: 481, pl. 51, figs. 14–15). Santos Galindo (1977: 416) erroneously attributed authorship to both

Sowerby and Costa. Ruthensteiner (2006: 328) designated a neotype for gussonii . henica Verrill & Bush, 1900: 524 , pl. LXV, fig. 8, Siphonaria, Bailey Bay [ Bermuda Islands]. hernica— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo, 1977: 416) of henica . hispida Smith 1890: 497 , Fernando Noronha, Rio [de] Janeiro, Bahia ( Brazil) [No specimens were cited by Smith and

Hubendick did not choose a single location as type locality. As a result, the type locality includes all localities the type series comes from ( ICZN 1999: Article 72.4.3)].— Smith (1890: 497, pl. XXX, figs. 4–4b) described a variety of picta d’Orbigny, 1839 without naming it and mentioned that “ S. hispida, Gould , also from Rio Janeiro, appears to be the same species,” i.e., a junior synonym of picta . As pointed out by Hubendick (1946: 64), Gould’s name for the species from Rio

[de] Janeiro is lepida , and hispida was an error for lepida . Since hispida was (unintentionally) introduced by Smith as a junior synonym of picta , hispida Smith, 1890 is not thereby made available ( ICZN 1999: Article 11.6). However,

Hubendick (1946: 64, pl. 5, figs. 32–34) regarded hispida as available and adopted it for a species for which he recognized several potential synonyms: picta , subrugosa , and rugosa. By this action, Hubendick made Siphonaria hispida Smith,

1890 available ( ICZN 1999: Article 11.6.1). Secondary records of picta are also regarded as part of hispida by Hubendick,

including that of Adams and Adams (1855: 270, 271, pl. LXXXIV, figs. 10–10a) and the variety of picta illustrated by

Smith (1890: 497, pl. XXX, figs. 4–4b). Hubendick decided to adopt the name hispida instead of using picta because he thought that d’Orbigny’s (1839: pl. LVI, figs. 7–11) description and original illustrations were insufficient for picta to be identified with a specific Siphonaria species. Marcus and Marcus (1960: 107–130, pl. 1, figs. 1–8, pl. 2, figs. 9–12, pl. 3,

figs. 13–17, pl. 4, 18–22) regarded hispida as valid. incerta Deshayes, 1863: 81–82 , pl. XXXIV [Conchyliologie pl. 7], figs. 16–17, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated, but in an article describing species from Reunion Island]. inculta Gould, 1848: 153 , Siphonaria , New Zealand. innocuous— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Morrison 1972: 57) of innocuus . innocuus Iredale, 1940: 439 , pl. xxxiv, figs. 9–10, Parellsiphon , Norfolk Island [ Australia]. innominata Iredale, 1915: 478 , Kerguelenia , subantarctic islands of New Zealand [Antipodes Island, Auckland Islands,

Campbell Island, and Macquarie Island, according to Suter (1913: 602)].—Iredale introduced this name for shells that

Suter (1913: 602) had originally misidentified as lateralis . Suter (1913: 602) gave the dimensions of four shells, one shell from each of the following islands: Antipodes Island, Auckland Islands, Campbell Island, and Macquarie Island. Given that Iredale did not specify, he supposedly referred to all of them as innominata . intermedia Schrenck, 1867: 307–308 , Siphonaria , Philippinen [ Philippines].—Introduced for a forma of sipho , to be ranked as a subspecies ( ICZN 1999: Article 45.6.4). intermedia Davis, 1904: 127 , pl. IV, fig. 16, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated, but in an article describing species from the

Bermuda Islands].—Introduced for a variety of alternata , to be regarded as a subspecific name ( ICZN 1999: Article

45.6.4). Siphonaria intermedia Davis, 1904 is available but permanently invalid because it is preoccupied by intermedia

Schrenck, 1867. japonica Donovan, 1824 : plate LXXIX, Patella , Japan.—Transferred to Siphonaria by Hanley (1858b: 152). javanica Lamarck, 1819: 333 , Patella , les côtes de Java [ Indonesia].—Transferred to Siphonaria by Blainville (1827: 294). jeanae Jenkins, 1984: 114–116 , text figs. 1–2, pl. 1, figs. a–j, pl. 2, figs. a–i, Siphonaria, Ceduna, S. A. [South Australia]. jonasi— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Paetel, 1873: 117; 1883: 178; 1889: 428; Morrison, 1972: 53) of jonasii . jonasii Dunker, 1846: 25 , Siphonaria , prope Loandam [near Luanda, Angola]. koreensis— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Dunker 1861: 33) of coreensis . kowiensis Turton, 1932: 10 , pl. II, fig. 84, Siphonaria , P.A. [Port Alfred, South Africa]. kraussi Hubendick, 1946: 33–34 , pl. 2, figs. 1–4, Siphonaria, Tafelbai [Table Bay, South Africa].—New replacement name for the variety name lineolata Krauss, 1848 , preoccupied by lineolata Sowerby I, 1835 . Introduced for a forma of capensis ; to be regarded as a subspecific name ( ICZN 1999: Article 45.6.4). kurracheensis Reeve, 1856 : species 20, pl. V, fig. 20, Siphonaria, Kurrachee, Scinde [Karachi, Pakistan]. kurrachensis— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( MacAndrew 1870: 445; Cooke 1886a: 133; Cooke 1886b: 383; Adcock 1893: 11;

Tomlin 1927: 291; Santos Galindo 1977: 416) of kurracheensis . laciniata ‘Dkr.’ Paetel (1873: 117, Siphonaria, I. Vitii [ Fiji Islands].— Nomen nudum. Wrongly attributed to ‘Dkr.’ = Dunker.

Subsequently listed in Paetel (1883: 178; 1889: 428). Hubendick (1946: 68) suggested that it could be an incorrect subsequent spelling of laciniosa . laciniosa Linnaeus, 1758: 781 , Patella , India.—Transferred to Siphonaria by Hubendick (1946: 47–48, pl. 3, figs. 16–19). laevis Philippi, 1846: 51 , Siphonaria , Chili [ Chile]. laeviscula— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo 1977: 416) of laeviuscula . laeviuscula Sowerby I, 1835: 7 [as l aeviuscula], Siphonaria , Valparaiso [ Chile].— Reeve (1856: species 5, pl. I, figs. 5a–5b)

listed laeviuscula as a valid species, but erroneously attributed authorship to Blainville, as pointed out by Watson (1886:

675). Following Reeve, several authors have incorrectly cited Blainville as the author of this species ( Hutton 1878; Paetel

1873, 1883, 1889; Santos Galindo 1977). lanciniosa— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Hasegawa et al. 2001: 29) of laciniosa . lateralis ‘Couthouy MS.’ Gould, 1848: 153–154, Siphonaria, Burnt Island, Orange Harbor [Tierra del Fuego, Argentina]. lecamium— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo 1977: 416) of lecanium . lecania Strong & Hanna 1930: 21.—Unjustified emendation of lecanium , because lecanium is a latinized Greek substantive,

not an adjective. According to Article 33.2.3 ( ICZN 1999), lecania is a junior objective synonym of lecanium . lecanium Philippi, 1846: 51 , Siphonaria, Mazatlan [ Mexico]. lemouret ‘Adans.’ Paetel, 1889: 429, [as Lemouret], Siphonaria , Senegal.— Nomen nudum. See under mouret . lentulus Iredale, 1940: 439, pl. xxxiv, figs. 14–15, Mestosiphon, Lord Howe Island [ Australia]. leoanium— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Paetel 1873: 117) of lecanium . lepida Gould, 1848: 154 , Siphonaria , Rio Janeiro [ Brazil]. lessoni — Incorrect subsequent spelling (multiple authors) of lessonii . lessonii Blainville, 1827: 296 , Siphonaria , îles Malouines [ Falkland Islands].—There has been a great deal of confusion in the literature about the date of publication of lessonii (i.e., 1824, multiple authors; 1825, d’Orbigny 1839: pl. LVI, figs. 12–14;

1841: 469, Rochebrune & Mabille 1889: 28–29; or 1827) as well as its spelling (i.e., lessoni or lessonii ). The correct date of publication is 1827. Blainville (1827b: 296) published a description of lessonii . In the same year, Blainville (1827 a: pl.

44, figs. 2–2a) also published an illustration of what he referred to as “Siphonaire de Lesson.” Blainville’s Manuel (1825-

1827) was published in two volumes: in the first volume (1825), which only contains text, Blainville did not mention S.

lessonii, which was only mentioned in the second volume (1827) with the plates. Thus, the correct reference for S. lessonii is Blainville’s (1827b: 296) article on Siphonaire in the Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles in which the name “ S. [for

Siphonaria ] lessonii ” clearly appears as a correct Linnean binomial. The original spelling was lessonii . Therefore,

according to ICZN 1999: Article 33.4, lessoni is an incorrect subsequent spelling. leucopleura Gmelin, 1791: 3699 , Patella , [no type locality indicated].—Transferred to Siphonaria by Blainville (1827: 293).

Hanley (1858b: 152) provided an erroneous authorship (Blainville), but Blainville (1827: 293) only mentioned leucopleura as a valid name of Siphonaria .

leviuscula — Incorrect subsequent spelling (Adams &Adams 1855: 271) of laeviuscula .

lineata— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Krebs 1864: 75) of lineolata .

lineata Lamarck, 1819: 331–332, Patella , [no type locality indicated].— Paetel (1889: 429) listed “ lineata Lm.” in a checklist of Siphonaria species names. However, to our knowledge, he is the only author who ever regarded lineata as a species of Siphonaria .

lineolata Sowerby I, 1835: 6 , Siphonaria , ad Insulam Chiloe Chilensium [Chiloé Island, Chile].

lineolata d’Orbigny, 1841: 232–233 , [1842: pl. XVII, figs. 13 and 15], Siphonaria , près de la Havane [Havana, Cuba].—The Histoire Physique, Politique et Naturelle de l’Ile de Cuba was initially printed in parts from 1841 to 1853: the written description of lineolata was published in 1841, and plate XVII in 1842. Available but permanently invalid because preoccupied by lineolata Sowerby I, 1835 .

lineolata Krauss, 1848: 58 , pl. IV, fig. 2, Siphonaria, Tafelbai [Table Bay, South Africa].—Introduced for a variety of capensis ; to be regarded as a subspecific name ( ICZN 1999: Article 45.6.4). Although available, lineolata Krauss, 1848 is permanently invalid because it is preoccupied by lineolata Sowerby I, 1835 and lineolata d’Orbigny, 1841 . Hubendick (1946: 33) introduced kraussi as a new replacement name for lineolata Krauss, 1848 .

lirata Reeve, 1856 : species 35, pl. VII, figs. 35a–35b, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated].—According to Reeve’s erratum on the same page as the appendix (no pagination), the name of Species 35 should read lirata instead of funiculata .

luzonica Reeve, 1856: species 29, pl. VI, figs. 29a–29b, Siphonaria, Puteao , Island of Luzon, Philippines.

macauleyensis Oliver, 1915: 547 , pl. XII, figs. 42–42a, Siphonaria, Macauley Island [Kermadec Islands, New Zealand].

macgillivrayi Reeve, 1856 : species 25, pl. V, figs. 25a–25b, Siphonaria , Island of St. Paul’s [Indian Ocean].

macquariensis Powell, 1939: 238 , pl. 49, figs. 9–10, Kerguelenia , Macquarie Island [ Australia].

macquerensis— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo 1977: 416) of macquariensis .

madagascariensis Odhner, 1919: 20 , pl. I, figs. 10–12, Siphonaria, Majunga [ Madagascar].

magellanica Philippi, 1856: 100 , Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated, but in an article describing shells from the Strait of Magellan].—The article including the original description of magellanica was published twice by Philippi (1856, 1857).

mamillaris— Incorrect subsequent spelling (Anton 1839: 26; Menke 1853: 68) of mammillaris .

mammillaris Linnaeus, 1758: 782 , Patella, M. Mediterraneo [Mediterranean Sea].—Transferred to Siphonaria by Anton (1839: 26, as mamillaris). Iredale (1940: 437) and Hubendick (1946: 73–74) regarded it as a species of Trimusculus (which they referred to as Gadinia ). Subsequently designated as the type species of Trimusculus by Rehder (1940: 68).

marza Iredale, 1940: 438 , pl. xxxiv, figs. 1–2, Ellsiphon, Keppel Bay [Queensland, Australia].

maura Sowerby I, 1835: 7 , Siphonaria , ad Panamam [ Panama].

melanoleuca Gmelin, 1791: 3713, Patella , [no type locality indicated].—In addition to a brief written description, Gmelin (1791: 3713) referred to previous illustrations: “Martin. Conch. I, t. 7, f. 56. 57.,” which refers to a shell illustrated by Martini (1769: 110–111, pl. VII, figs. 56–57) according to whom it is similar to Adanson’s (1757: pl. 2, fig. 5) “mouret” from Senegal.

melanozonias Gmelin, 1791: 3703, Patella , [no type locality indicated].—Transferred to Siphonaria by Mörch (1852: 148). Pilsbry (1891: 160) thought the name referred to an unidentifiable limpet, which may or may not belong to Siphonaria . Hubendick (1946: 68) argued that it should be regarded as a nomen nudum, because it was insufficiently described. It is, however, not a nomen nudum because Gmelin did provide a brief description.

milneedwardsi Locard, 1898: 99–100 , pl. IV, figs. 19–21 [as milne-edwardsi, see ICZN 1999: Article 32.5.2.4, Siphonaria, La Praja (Cap–Vert) [Praia, Cape Verde].

minor Pallary, 1900: 243 , Siphonaria , Oran [ Algeria].—Introduced for a variety of a species he referred to as Siphonaria mouret ( Adanson, 1757) which he thought was a synonym of S. algesirae . To be regarded as a subspecific name ( ICZN 1999: Article 45.6.4).

mirificus Iredale, 1940: 440–441 , pl. xxxiv, figs. 28–29, Legosiphon, Magnetic Island, near Townsville, Queensland [ Australia].

monticulus Iredale, 1940: 441 , pl. xxxiv, figs. 11,13, Hebesiphon, Lifu , Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia.

mouret Adanson, 1757: 34–35 , pl. 2, fig. 5, Lepas , isle de Gorée [ Gorée Island, Dakar, Senegal].—Several authors (e.g., Sowerby 1825: 32; Menke 1853: 68; Pallary 1900: 242–243) have treated Siphonaria mouret as an available name, with Adanson as the author. However, the specific name mouret is not available according to the current Code ( ICZN 1999) because it was published before 1758 and because Adanson was not using a consistently Latin binominal nomenclature. In fact, Adanson referred to the species discussed here with a French vernacular name, Le Mouret, which explains that Hanley (1858b: 152) referred to it as “ Le Mouret,” and why Paetel (1889: 429) selected Lemouret as a specific name instead of mouret .

mouretus Blainville, 1824a: 267–268 , Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated, but “Isle de Gorée,” Dakar, Senegal, according to Adanson].—Blainville introduced mouretus to refer to a species described as “Le Mouret” and placed in the genus Lepas by Adanson (1757: 34–35, pl. 2, fig. 5). Siphonaria mouretus also appeared a year later in Blainville (1825: 475). However, Blainville (1824b: 162) also introduced Mouretus adansonii to refer to the same species description by Adanson (see adansonii ). Later on, Blainville (1827: 295) listed “ le Mouret ” as a synonym of Siphonaria adansonii . Thus, Siphonaria mouretus Blainville, 1824a and Mouretus adansonii Blainville, 1824b are objective synonyms because they are based on the same type material (i.e., the material described and originally illustrated by Adanson). There is a third objective synonym: Patella grisea , introduced by Gmelin (1791: 3727) with a reference to Adanson’s description of Le Mouret. The name grisea has precedence over mouretus and adansonii . For the time being, they are all regarded as synonyms of pectinata (e.g., Hubendick (1946: 31; Morrison, 1972: 53, 54).

natalensis Krauss, 1848: 61 , pl. IV, fig. 6, Siphonaria, In litore natalensi [coast of Natal, South Africa].

nataliensis— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo 1977: 416) of natalensis .

naufragum Stearns, 1873b: 23–24 , Siphonaria, Amelia Island, east coast of Florida.

nereis Iredale, 1940: 441–442, Talisiphon, Port Fairy , Victoria [ Australia].—Introduced as a subspecies of Talisiphon tasmanicus .

nigerrima Smith, 1903: 356 , pl. XV, figs. 4–5, Siphonaria, Umhlali, Natal [ South Africa].

nigra Pallary, 1900: 243 , Siphonaria , Oran [ Algeria].—Introduced for a variety of a species Pallary referred to as Siphonaria mouret ( Adanson, 1757) which he thought was a synonym of S. algesirae . To be regarded as a subspecific name ( ICZN 1999: Article 45.6.4).

normalis Gould, 1848: 154 , Siphonaria, Sandwich Islands [Hawaii].

nuttali— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Paetel 1883: 178; Hubendick 1946: 17, 50, 51–52, 63, pl. 4, figs. 1–4) of nuttallii .

nuttallii Hanley, 1858b: 153 , Siphonaria, Littora Insularum Sandvicensium [coast of the Hawaiian Islands].

obliquata Sowerby I, 1825 : vii, Siphonaria, Van Diemen’s Land [Tasmania].—According to the original description, the type locality is Tasmania. However, according to Reeve (1856), it is in New Zealand, and most authors have followed him .

oblivirgulata Hubendick, 1943: 4–5 , figs. 2 and 6, Siphonaria, Port Jackson , Australien [Sydney, New South Wales, Australia].

oblonga ‘Sowerby’ Paetel,1883: 178, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated].— Nomen nudum. Subsequently listed by Paetel (1889: 429).

oblongata Yokoyama, 1926: 288 , pl. XXXIV, fig. 14, Acmaea, Sawané Formation [Sado Island, Japan Sea].—Although oblongata was originally described from the Pliocene, Habe (1958: 35–36, pl. 2, figs. 3–4) discovered an extant population he identified as oblongata . Habe (1958: 35–36, pl. 2, figs. 3–4; 1964: 144, pl. 44, fig. 15) transferred oblongata into the genus Siphonacmea .

oculus Krauss, 1848: 58–59 , pl. IV, fig. 3, Siphonaria, In sinu tabulari [Table Bay, South Africa].

opalescens Davis, 1904: 127, pl. IV, fig. 15, Siphonaria, Hungry Bay [ Bermuda Islands].—Introduced for a variety of alternata ; to be regarded as a subspecific name ( ICZN 1999: Article 45.6.4).

oppositus Iredale, 1940: 440 , Mallorisiphon, Keppel Bay [Queensland, Australia], many places in Queensland [no more detail provided], Facing Island, Port Curtis, Fiji.—Iredale mentioned several localities without specifying one of them as the type locality. As a result, all localities are regarded as the type locality. Transferred to Siphonaria by Hubendick (1946: 52).

optivus Iredale, 1940: 440 , pl. xxxiv, figs. 26–27, Legosiphon, Magnetic Island, Queensland [ Australia].—Transferred to Siphonaria by Hubendick (1946: 47; 1954: 132).

pallida Allanson, 1958: 171–173 , pls. III–IV, figs. 8 and 17, Siphonaria, Langebaan Lagoon, Saldanha Bay [ South Africa].—Introduced for a variety of aspera ; to be regarded as a subspecific name ( ICZN 1999: Article 45.6.4).

palmata Carpenter, 1857a: 183, Siphonaria, Mazatlan [ Mexico].—Introduced for a variety of lecanium ; to be regarded as a subspecific name ( ICZN 1999: Article 45.6.4).

palmula— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Pilsbry & Lowe 1932: 108; Santos Galindo 1977: 416) of palmata.

palpebra Hanley 1858b: 152.—Unjustified emendation of palpebrum, because palpebrum is a Latin noun ( ICZN 1999: Article 34.2.1), derived from the Latin palpebra (= eyelid). Thus, palpebra is a junior objective synonym of palpebrum ( ICZN 1999: Article 33.2.3).

palpebrum Reeve, 1856: species 18, pl. IV, figs. 18a–18b, Siphonaria , Lisbon [ Portugal].

palpetrum— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Paetel 1873: 117; 1883: 178; 1889: 429) of palpebrum.

palpilabrum— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Petit de la Saussaye 1869: 92) of palpebrum.

parcicostata Deshayes, 1863: 82 , pl. XXXIV [Conchyliologie pl. VII], figs. 18–19, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated, but in an article describing species from Reunion Island].

parma Hanley, 1858a: 24–25 , Siphonaria, In Africa Occidentali [West Africa].

parmelas Iredale, 1940: 437, Mestosiphon, Ponerihouen , east coast New Caledonia.—Transferred to Siphonaria by Hubendick (1946: 52).

pascua Rehder, 1980: 97 , pl. 12, figs. 4–7, Siphonaria, Easter Island.

pectinata Linnaeus, 1758: 783 , Patella, M. Mediterraneo [Mediterranean Sea].—Transferred to Siphonaria by Krauss (1848: 57).

peltoides Carpenter, 1864c: 474 , Nacella , [no type locality indicated, but from a publication describing shells from Mazatlan, western coast of Mexico].—Carpenter referred to a former description of an unnamed species, “ Nacella , sp. ind., Maz. Cat. No. 262, p. 202,” from his own Catalogue of the Reigen Collection of Mazatlan Mollusca, in the British Museum ( Carpenter, 1857a). Regarded as a valid name of Nacella by Carpenter (1864b: 545), of Siphonaria ( Dall 1870: 37; Stearns 1894: 384), of Liriola ( Dall 1878: 70; Fischer & Crosse 1900: 108), and of Williamia by Hubendick (1946: 72).

percea Iredale, 1940: 437 , Torquisiphon, Rarotonga [ Cook Islands].—Transferred to Siphonaria by Hubendick (1946: 63–64).

perplexa Oliver, 1915: 547–548, pl. XII, figs. 43–43a, Siphonaria, Sunday Island [Kermadec Islands, New Zealand].—Introduced for a variety of macauleyensis ; to be regarded as a subspecific name ( ICZN 1999: Article 45.6.4). peruviana Sowerby I, 1835: 6 , Mouretia, Peruviae (Cobija) [Cobija, Chile].—D’Orbigny (1841: 470) transferred peruviana to Siphonaria , and later (d’Orbigny, 1854: 50) to Gadinia . Hupé (1854: 250–251) and Santos Galindo (1977: 416) regarded peruviana as a Siphonaria , but Hubendick (1946: 75–76) regarded it as a Gadinia (now Trimusculus ).

pica Sowerby I, 1835: 6 , Siphonaria, Acapulco [ Mexico].

pica — Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Paetel 1889: 429) of picta , because the authorship was attributed to d’Orbigny.

picta — Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Pilsbry 1900: 505; Heilprin 1889: 176; Peile 1927: 87) of pica , because the authorship was attributed to Sowerby.

picta d’Orbigny, 1839 : pl. LVI, figs. 7–11, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated].—The Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale was printed in parts; the plate LVI (Livraison 37) was published in 1839 and the written description of picta (Livraison 52) in 1841 ( Evenhuis & Cowie 1995). The publication date for picta is 1839 because the illustrations of picta were published in association with a binomial ( ICZN 1999: Article 12.2.7).

pisangensis Hubendick, 1947: 1–4 , figs. 1–2, Siphonaria, Isle of Pisang, New Guinea [Pisang Islands, West Papua, Indonesia].

placentula Menke, 1853: 69 , Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated, but in an article describing shells from St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles ].

plana Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 345–346, pl. 25, figs. 21–22, Siphonaria , environs du port Louis, Ile-de-France [ Mauritius].— Hubendick (1946: 69) erroneously regarded plana as a nomen nudum (although he likely meant nomen dubium), due to insufficient information in the original description.

plicata Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 346–347 , pl. 25, figs. 26–27, Siphonaria, Hifo , Tonga –Tabou [Hihifo, Tonga].

promptus Iredale, 1940: 438 , pl. xxxiv, figs. 24–25, Parellsiphon , North West Island, Capricorn Group [Queensland, Australia].—Transferred to Siphonaria by Hubendick (1946: 30–31, 63).

propria Jenkins, 1983: 23–28 , figs. 5a–f, Siphonaria , S. side of Kaikoura Peninsula, E. coast, S. Island, New Zealand.

punctata Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 341–342 , pl. 25, figs. 13–14, Siphonaria, port Louis de l’Ile-de-France [ Mauritius].

punctulata — Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Paetel 1889: 429) of punctata . Paetel, 1889 cites “Rv. Ic. Siph. 35.” as the source of this name. However, Reeve (1856) did not mention punctulata which appears to be a combination of punctata and funiculata , the latter being Reeve’s (1856) species 35. Hubendick (1946: 47) listed punctulata as a synonym of laciniosa , although it is not an available name.

radians Adams & Adams, 1855: 271 , Siphonaria .—New replacement name for radiata Adams & Reeve, 1848 (available but permanently invalid because preoccupied by radiata Gray, 1824 ).

radiata Gray, 1824: 276 , Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated].—Sowerby I (1823) illustrated three species of Siphonaria ( concinna , exigua , and sipho ) which Gray believed should all be lumped into one single entity. Instead of using one of Sowerby’s specific names for it, Gray decided to create a new name, radiata . No type localities were indicated by Sowerby for concinna , exigua , or sipho . The application of radiata could be restricted by a change in typification to one of those three species, of which it would become a junior objective synonym.

radiata Blainville, 1827: 294 , Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated].—Available but permanently invalid because preoccupied by radiata Gray, 1824 . Blainville (1827b: 294) published a description of radiata in the article on the Siphonaire. In the same year, Blainville (1827 a: pl. II, figs. 4–4a) also published an illustration he referred to as “Siphonaire radiée.” Blainville’s Manuel was published in two volumes: in the first volume (1825), which only contains text, Blainville did not mention S. radiata , which was only mentioned in the second volume (1827) with the plates. Thus, the original publication for radiata is Blainville’s (1827b: 294) article on Siphonaire in which the Linnaean binomial “ S. [for Siphonaria ] radiata ” appears.

radiata Sowerby I, 1835: 6 , Siphonaria , ad littora Occidentalia Africae ( Gambia) [ Gambia, Western Africa].—Available but permanently invalid because preoccupied by radiata Gray, 1824 .

radiata Adams & Reeve, 1848: 69 , pl. XIII, figs. 2a–b, Siphonaria , China Sea.—Available but permanently invalid because preoccupied by radiata Gray, 1824 . New replacement name, radians , introduced by Adams and Adams (1855: 271).

raoulensis Oliver, 1915: 546 , pl. XII, figs. 40–40a, Siphonaria, Sunday Island [Kermadec Islands, New Zealand].

redimicula— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo 1977: 416) of redimiculum . It is not regarded as an unjustified emendation because the change of the original spelling cannot be interpreted as demonstrably intentional ( ICZN 1999: Article 33.2.1).

redimiculum Reeve, 1856 : species 24, pl. V, figs. 24a–b, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated] .

reticulata Sowerby, 1835: 6 , Mouretia , Valparaiso [ Chile].—Transferred to Siphonaria by d’Orbigny (1846: 682) and then to Gadinia (now Trimusculus ) by Hubendick (1946: 76).

rosea Hubendick, 1943: 1–2 , figs. 1 and 5, Siphonaria , Insel Kharg, Persischer Meerbusen [Kharg Island, Iran, Persian Gulf].

rucuana Pilsbry, 1904: 36 , pl. VI, figs. 60–60b, Siphonaria, Riukiu Island [Ryukyu Islands, Japan].

rugosa ‘d’Orbigny’ Paetel 1873: 117, Siphonaria , Brasil [ Brazil].— Nomen nudum. Subsequently mentioned by Paetel (1883: 178; 1889: 429). Hubendick (1946: 69) suggested that Paetel likely introduced rugosa in error for subrugosa Sowerby, 1835 , also from Brazil.

savignyi ‘Philippi’ Krauss, 1848: 61, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated, but likely the Red Sea].—Krauss introduced savignyi for a species of Siphonaria illustrated by Savigny (1817: pl. 1, figs. 1.1–1.4). Hubendick (1946: 55) cited 1826 as the year Philippi published a description of savignyi , but its first mention seems to be from Krauss (1848).

scabra Reeve, 1856 : species 2, pl. I, figs. 2a–b, Siphonaria, Port Jackson [ Sydney , New South Wales], Australia .

scutella Burch 1945: 16.—Unjustified emendation of scutellum because the latter is a Latin noun ( ICZN 1999: Article 34.2.1),

derived from the Latin noun scutella. According to ICZN 1999: Article 33.2.3, scutella is a junior objective synonym of scutellum. scutellum Deshayes, 1841: pl. 35, Siphonaria, Ile Chatam [Chatham Island, New Zealand]. sedimaculina ‘Reeve’ Santos Galindo,1977: 416.— Nomen nudum. serrata Fischer, 1807: 116 , Patella , [no type locality indicated].—Placed in the family Siphonariidae by Ivanov et al. (1993:

81, pl. 2, figs. 3–6) and later transferred to Siphonaria by Chambers and McQuaid (1994: 264–265, figs. 1B–1D, 1J) who thought that Fischer likely collected the types of serrata near the Cape of Good Hope. sinus— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo 1977: 416) of sirius . sipho Sowerby, 1823 : pl. 143, fig. 1, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated]. siquijorensis Reeve, 1856 : species 27, pl. VI, figs. 27a–b, Siphonaria , Island of Siquijor, Philippines. siquiorensis— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Hubendick, 1945: fig. 52) of siquijorensis . siquoyorensis— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Santos Galindo, 1977: 416) of siquijorensis . sirius Pilsbry, 1894a: 9–10 , Siphonaria, Sagami and Kashiurazaki, Boshiu , Japan.—Pilsbry re-published the original description in 1895 (pp. 5–6, pl. VI, figs. 23–28). soranus Iredale, 1940: 441, pl. xxxiv, figs. 20–21, Planesiphon, Townsville , Queensland [ Australia]. sowerbyi Adams & Adams, 1855: 271, Siphonaria .—New replacement name for radiata Sowerby, 1835 . Available but permanently invalid because preoccupied by sowerbyi Michelin, 1832 sowerbyi Michelin, 1832: Classe V, pl. 17, Siphonaria , patrie inconnue [homeland unknown].—Introduced with a rather thorough description in Latin and French and good figures. Hence not a nomen nudum, as stated by Hubendick (1946: 69). spinosa Reeve, 1856 : species 32, pl. VII, figs. 32a–b, Siphonaria , New Zealand. stella ‘ Petit’ Jay, 1839: 39, Siphonaria , Peru.— Nomen nudum. stellata ‘de Roissy’ Blainville, 1827: 295, Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated].—Became a junior secondary homonym when Martens (1869: 235) transferred Patella stellata Helbing, 1779 to Siphonaria . Therefore available but invalid,

though not permanently ( ICZN 1999: Articles 57.3.1 and 59). stellata Helbling, 1779: 109–110 , pl. I, fig. 11, Patella , [no type locality indicated].—Transferred to Siphonaria by Martens

(1869: 235). stewartiana Powell, 1939: 237–238 , pl. 49, figs. 7–8, Kerguelenia , Aker’s Point, Stewart Island [ New Zealand].—Transferred to Siphonaria by Hubendick (1945: 17, 67; 1946: 28, pl. 6, figs. 4–6). stowae Verco, 1906: 223–224 , pl. VIII, figs. 3–8 (as stowae , see ICZN 1999: Article 27), Siphonaria, Pondolowie Bay, Spencer

Gulf and King’s Point, Encounter Bay [South Australia]. striatocompressa— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Pallary 1900: 242–243) of striatocostata . striatocostata Dunker, 1846: 24–25 (as striato-costata, see ICZN 1999: Article 32.5.2.4), Siphonaria , Benguela [ Angola]. striatopunctata— Incorrect subsequent spelling of striatocostata . Petit de la Saussaye (1869: 92), Kobelt (1888: 272), Paetel

(1889: 429), and Locard (1898: 98) mentioned striatopunctata (with authorship attributed to Weinkauff) as a synonym of algesirae . Kobelt (1888: 272) specifically cited “Weinkauff J.C. X p. 334,” i.e., page 334 of Weinkauff (1862). These authors were referring to striatocostata Dunker, 1846 , which Weinkauff (1862: 335) correctly cited as striato-costata and not as striatopunctata, although he erroneously attributed the name to Deshayes. striatula Gmelin, 1791: 3699 , Patella , [no type locality indicated].—Regarded as a valid species of Siphonaria by several authors ( Mörch 1852: 148; Adams & Adams 1855: 271; Paetel 1889: 429). Mörch (1852: 148) even cited Africa as the distribution of striatula and algesirae as a synonym. However, Hubendick (1946: 69) argued that striatula could not be identified as a Siphonaria . subaquatilis Santos Galindo, 1977: 416, [no type locality indicated].—Listed without author. Nomen nudum. subatra Pilsbry, 1904: 36 , pl. VI, figs. 61–61b, Siphonaria, Chichijima, Ogasawara [Bonin Islands, Japan]. subrugosa Sowerby, 1835: 6–7 , Siphonaria , ad oras Brasilae [on the coast of Brazil]. subspiralis Carpenter, 1864b: 612 , 650,? Nacella, Catalina Island, 10–20 fathoms [18 to 36 m deep, California, United

States].— Nomen nudum. See subspiralis Carpenter 1866 . subspiralis Carpenter, 1866: 213 , Nacella, Catalina Island, 10–20 fathoms [18 to 36 m deep, California, United

States].— Carpenter (1866: 213) was unsure of the generic identity of this new species and stated the shell was insufficient to assign a genus. Regarded as a valid name of Nacella by Cooper (1867: 23) and Dall (1878: 70). Previously, Dall (1870:

37, 38) had mentioned subspiralis as a synonym of Siphonaria peltoides , thus indirectly transferring it to Siphonaria .

Fischer and Crosse (1900: 108) transferred it to Liriola , and then Hubendick (1946: 72) to Williamia (as a synonym of

Williamia peltoides ). tasmanica Tenison-Woods, 1877: 54–56 , Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated, but in an article describing species from

Tasmania].—Introduced by Tenison-Woods for a variety of denticulata ; to be regarded as a subspecific name ( ICZN 1999:

Article 45.6.4). Transferred (as valid specific name tasmanicus ) to the genus Talisiphon by Iredale (1940: 442). tenuicostulata Smith, 1903: 356 , pl. XV, figs. 14–15, Siphonaria, Umhlali, Natal [ South Africa]. tenuis Philippi, 1860: 181–182 , Siphonaria , an der ganzen chilenschen Küste vor der Mündung des Rio bueno im Süden bis

Isla blanca [Chilean coast, ~30 to 40°S]. thersites Carpenter, 1864a: 425–426 , Siphonaria, Neeah Bay [Washington, USA]. tongensis Hubendick, 1943: 6 , figs. 4, 8, Siphonaria, Foua, Tonga-Inseln [ Tonga]. tristensis ‘Leach’ Sowerby, 1823: pl. 143, fig. 3, Patella , [no type locality indicated].—The caption for Sowerby’s figure 3

attributes the name tristensis to Leach: “ Siphonaria Tristensis , Patella Tristensis, Leach. ” To date, no original description of tristensis by Leach has been located and Sowerby should be regarded as the author of tristensis . Nevertheless, the name was frequently attributed to Leach ( Reeve 1856: species 23, pl. V, figs. 23a–23b; Hanley 1858b: 153; Dall 1870: 33–37, pl. 4, fig. 9, pl. 5, figs. 1, 3, 4, 6, 7; 1876: 45; Watson 1886: 675; Paetel 1889: 429; Strebel 1907: 170–172, pl. 3, figs. 31–33; 1908: 8; Hubendick 1945: 12, 15, 66, figs. 4, 6, 10; 1946: 22, pl. 1, figs. 9–11).

turritus Iredale, 1940: 442, Talisiphon , Macquarie Harbour [Tasmania, Australia].— Introduced for a variety of tasmanica ; to be regarded as a subspecific name ( ICZN 1999: Article 45.6.4).

umbonata Menke, 1853: 69 , Siphonaria , [no type locality indicated, but in an article describing shells from St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles ].

variabilis Krauss, 1848: 59–60 , pl. IV, fig. 4a, Siphonaria, In sinu tabulari et in litore natalensis [Table Bay and Natal coast, South Africa].

venosa Reeve, 1856 : species 10, pl. III, figs. 10a–b, Siphonaria , Cape Coast [ Ghana].

vernalis ‘ Dall’ Stearns, 1867: 346, Nacella , [No type locality indicated, but likely from Purissima and Lobitas, San Mateo County, California].— Nomen nudum .

vernalis Dall, 1870: 37 : Nacella, Monterey , California.— Dall (1870: 37, 38) listed Nacella vernalis as a synonym of Siphonaria peltoides , thus indirectly transferring it to Siphonaria . ICZN 1999: Article 11.6 applies and vernalis was not made available by Dall (1870). However, Dall (1878: 70) published a written description of Nacella vernalis and adopted it as a valid species. Therefore, ICZN 1999: Articles 11.6.1 and 50.7 apply and vernalis Dall, 1870 is available. It was ultimately transferred to Williamia by Hubendick (1945: 32–33, 73, fig. 54; 1946: 71–72, pl. 6, figs. 33, 36).

virgulata Hedley, 1915: 751–752 , pl. lxxxv, figs. 96–98, Siphonaria, Terrigal, Sydney, and Twofold Bay [New South Wales, Australia].

viridis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 332–333 , pl. 25, figs. 30–31, Siphonaria , rade d’Amboine, aussi la Nouvelle-Guinée [ Ambon, Maluku Islands, Indonesia, and New Guinea].

williamsi Berry, 1969: 166 , Siphonaria, Cove inside Flat Rock, south end of Natividad Id., Baja California [ Mexico].

zanda Iredale, 1940: 438 , pl. xxxiv, figs. 7–8, Parellsiphon, Low Isles , North Queensland [ Australia].—Transferred to Siphonaria by Hubendick (1945: 29; 1946: 52–53, pl. 4, figs. 8–11).

zealandiae— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Paetel, 1889: 430) of zelandica .

zealandica— Incorrect subsequent spelling ( Hutton 1873: 55; 1880: 36; 1883: 143, pl. XVII, figs. H–M; Hubendick 1946: 36, 47; 1955: 129–132) of zelandica .

zebra Reeve, 1856 : species 21 [Species 22], pl. V, fig. 21, Siphonaria , Philippine Islands [Port Jackson, Australia (see below)].—According to Iredale (1924: 276) and Jenkins (1983: 28), the descriptions of zebra and bifurcata have been mixed up in Reeve’s Monograph so that zebra is actually the Species 22 with figure 21 (instead of Species 21 with figure 21), and bifurcata is actually the Species 21 with figure 22. As a result, the type locality of zebra is Port Jackson instead of the Philippine Islands.

zelandica Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 344–345 , pl. 25, figs. 17–18, Siphonaria, Nouvelle Zélande et Nouvelle Hollande [ New Zealand and Australia].

zonata Tenison-Woods, 1878: 99–100 , Siphonaria , South Tasmanian coast [Tasmania] and near Queenscliff, at the entrance of Port Phillip [Victoria, Australia].—Introduced for a taxon that Tenison-Woods (1877: 54–56) had previously described as the variety tasmanica of denticulata , hence zonata is an objective synonym of tasmanica ( Iredale 1924: 276; Hubendick 1946: 22).