Pison marginatum F. Smith

Pulawski, Wojciech J., 2018, A Revision of the Wasp Genus Pison Jurine, 1808 of Australia and New Zealand, New Guinea, and the Pacific Islands (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae), Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 65, pp. 1-584 : 267-277

Pison marginatum F. Smith

Figures 629 -639.

Pison marginatum F. Smith, 1856:314 , ♀ (as marginatus, incorrect original termination). Lectotype: ♀, Australia: New South Wales: Hunter River (BMNH), present designation, examined. – F. Smith, 1869:290 (in checklist of Pison , as marginatus); Kohl, 1885:187 (in checklist of world Pison ); Froggatt, 1892:217 (in catalog of Australian Hymenoptera ); Dalla Torre, 1897:712 (in catalog of world Hymenoptera ); Turn- er, 1916b:598 (in key to Australian Pison ), 609 (recognition characters; Australia: Melbourne, Mackay, as marginatus); R. Bohart and Menke, 1976:336 (in checklist of world Sphecidae ); Evans, Matthews, and Hook, 1981:225 (nesting habits); Cardale, 1985:260 (in catalog of Australian Sphecidae ); Naumann, 1990a,25 (Norfolk and Philip Islands); Smithers, 1998:46 (in list of insects of Norfolk Island).

Pison pallidipalpe F. Smith, 1863a:35 , ♀ (as pallidipalpis, incorrect original termination). Lectotype: ♀, Indonesia: island of Seram: no specific locality (BMNH), present designation, examined. New synonym. – F. Smith, 1863b:135 (known from Seram), 1865:85 ( Indonesia: Moluku: Island of Morotai), 1869:291 (in checklist of Pison ), 1871:366 (in catalog of Oriental Aculeata); Kohl, 1885:187 (in checklist of world Pison ); Dalla Torre, 1897:712 (in catalog of world Hymenoptera ); Cameron, 1913:82 ( Indonesia: Western Papua: Moluccas: Island of Saonek); W. Schulz, 1905:214 ( Papua New Guinea: Finschhafen, redescription); R Turner, 1916b:625 (diagnostic characters); Bohart and Menke, 1976:336 (in checklist of world Sphecidae ).

Pison tahitense de Saussure, 1867:65 , ♀, ♂. Lectotype: ♀, Otahiti, now Tahiti: no specific locality (NHMW), present designation, examined. New synonym. – F. Smith, 1869:291 (in checklist of Pison ); Kohl, 1885:188 (in checklist of world Pison ); Dalla Torre, 1897:713 (in catalog of world Hymenoptera ); Kohl, 1908:309 ( Samoa: Upolu; Papua New Guinea: Neupommern, now New Britain); R. Turner, 1916b:627 (diagnostic characters), 1919a:338 ( Fiji); Cheesman, 1928:175 (Marquesas and Society Islands); Perkins and Cheesman, 1928:6 (listed from Samoa), 26 ( Samoa, diagnostic characters); F. Williams, 1947:318 and 331 ( Fiji); nec Krombein, 1949b:385 (in key to Sphecidae of Micronesia) = Pison reichingeri ; Yasumatsu, 1953:135 (in list of Pison of Pacific islands), 146 (bibliographic references; Marshall Islands); Fullaway, 1957:279 (in checklist of Hymenoptera of Fiji); R. Bohart and Menke, 1976:336 (in checklist of world Sphecidae ); Kami and Miller, 1998:57 (in checklist of Samoan insects); Evenhuis, 2007:6 (in checklist of Hymenoptera of Fiji); Jennings, Krogmann, and Burwell, 2013:32 (in checklist of Hymenoptera of New Caledonia).

Pison hospes F. Smith, 1879a:676 , ♀, ♂. Lectotype: ♀, Sandwich (now Hawaiian) Islands: no specific locality (BMNH), present designation, examined. New synonym. – Blackburn and Kirby, 1880:88 (Hawaiian Islands); Kohl, 1885:187 (in checklist of world Pison ); Blackburn and Cameron, 1886:233 (Hawaiian Islands: Kauai, Maui, and Oahu); Dalla Torre, 1897:711 (in catalog of world Hymenoptera ); R. Perkins in R. Perkins and Forel, 1899:14 (Hawaiian Islands, Fiji); Turner, 1916b:628 (citation, distribution); Bridwell, 1919:123 (in key to Hawaiian Pison ); Giffard, 1919:181 ( American Samoa and Hawaii); Cheesman, 1928:175 (Marquesas and Society Islands); F. Williams, 1927:438 (nesting sites in Hawaii); Perkins and Cheesman, 1928:6 (listed from Samoa), 27 ( Samoa); Swezey and Bryan, 1929:296 (Hawaii: Molokai Island); F. Williams, 1932:151 (Marquesas Islands); Krauss, 1944:93 (Hawaii: Molokai Island); F. Williams, 1947:318 and 331 ( Fiji); Krombein, 1949b:385 (in key to Sphecidae of Micronesia), 404 (synonymy, Marshall and Palau Islands); Gibson-Hill, 1950:160 (Cocos Islands); Krombein, 1950:139 ( Micronesia: Bikini); Yasumatsu, 1953:134 (in list of Pison of Pacific islands), 139 (bibliographic references; locality records from Micronesia); Fullaway, 1957:279 (in checklist of Hymenoptera of Fiji); Yoshimoto, 1960:334 (Hawaiian Islands); Krauss, 1961:417 ( Cook Islands: Aitutaki Island); Hinckley 1969:15 ( Tokelau Islands); R. Bohart and Menke, 1976:336 (in checklist of world Sphecidae ); Tsuneki, 1982a:37 ( Bismarck Archipelago), 1983a:95 ( Philippines; redescription), 102 (in key to Pison of Philippines), 1983b:42 (in key to Pison of New Guinea), 43 (New Guinea); Kami and Miller, 1998:57 (in checklist of Samoan insects); Evenhuis, 2007:6 (in checklist of Hymenoptera of Fiji).

Pison hospes F. Smith, 1879b:139 , ♀, ♂. Objective synonym of Pison hospes F. Smith, 1879a .

Pison strenuum Turner, 1916b:606 , ♀, ♂. Lectotype: ♀, Western Australia: Yallingup (BMNH), present designation, examined. New synonym. – Turner, 1916b:597 (in key to Australian Pison ); R. Bohart and Menke, 1976:336 (in checklist of world Sphecidae ); Cardale, 1985:262 (in catalog of Australian Sphecidae ).

Pison fraterculus Turner, 1916b:610 , ♀, ♂. Lectotype: ♀, Australia: Queensland: Mackay (BMNH), present designation, examined. New synonym. – Turner, 1916b:598 (in key to Australian Pison ); R. Bohart and Menke, 1976:335 (in checklist of world Sphecidae ); Cardale, 1985:259 (in catalog of Australian Sphecidae ).

As Psen fuscipenne (corrected to Pison hospes by Krombein, 1949b:404): Yasumatsu, 1937b:131 ( Carolina Islands : Palau Islands; redescription, description of ♂), 1939:83 (in key to eastern Asian Pison , in checklist of Pison of Japanese Empire).

Pison palauense Yasumatsu, 1937:133 . Nomen nudum used in description of Pison korrorense . Synonymized with Pison hospes by Krombein, 1949b:404.

LECTOTYPES DESIGNATION.– F. Smith described Pison marginatum in 1856 and Pison pallidipalpe in 1873 from the female sex, but he did not mention the number of specimens examined. I have designated as lectotypes of these species, respectively, the only female of each present in The Natural History Museum, London.

Pison tahitense was described from an unspecified number of females and an unspecified number of males, although the males were associated with the females only questionably. I have seen an original female of de Saussure, preserved in NHMW, with the label “Novara 1857-59 Reise” and two additional labels “Type Saussure” and “ tahitense Typ det. Saussure”. I have designated it as the lectotype of this species.

Pison hospes was described from an unspecified number of specimens, both females and males. I have seen an original female and a male preserved in the BMNH. Both are labeled “Sandw[ich] Is[lands]”, and the female bears additional labels “ Pison hospes Sm. (Type)” and “BM Type Hym 21.589”. I have selected the female as the lectotype, and the male as the paralectotype.

The syntype series of Pison strenuum includes six females and six males from Yallingup, one female from Perth, and also one female from Yallingup that is actually Pison congener . I have designated as the lectotype of this species the female bearing the label “ Pison strenuum Turn. , Type” in Turner’s handwriting, and the other specimens (without determination labels) as the paralectotypes.

Turner described both sexes of Pison fraterculus , but he did not mention the number of specimens examined. Two females and one male, all from Mackay, are kept in The Natural History Museum, London. I have designated one female as the lectotype of Pison fraterculus and the other two specimens as paralectotypes.

RECOGNITION.– Pison marginatum has three submarginal cells, the second recurrent vein interstitial with the second intersubmarginal vein or nearly so, the tegula largely impunctate and asetose, the propodeum with a longitudinal carina separating the dorsum and posterior surface from the side (carina evanescent in some specimens), the setae appressed on tergum I, the sterna punctate throughout, and the gaster black in the vast majority of specimens (apical depressions of terga brown).

The female shares with P. formicarium the punctures at the center of the upper frons (between the upper end of the middle carina and the midocellus) at least one diameter apart, and the markedly microsculptured interspaces; a subsidiary recognition feature of the two species is the minutely punctate ventral half of the metapleuron, the punctures being markedly smaller than those of the adjacent parts of the mesopleuron and propodeum ( Fig. 634 ). The females of the two species differ by the setae on the lower gena: in P. marginatum they are sinuous, as long as 1.5 × the midocellar diameter or more (at least some setae), whereas in P. formicarium they are straight, curved apically, 1.0 × as long as the midocellar diameter. In most females of P. marginatum the legs are all black (as they are in P. formicarium ), but the femoral apex and the tibiae are ferruginous in some Australian specimens. Such individuals may be confused with P. austrinum , P. modestum and P. varipes , in which the punctures of the upper frons are also about one diameter apart. These species can be differentiated by the following: in P. austrinum all the legs are ferruginous, in P. varipes the fore and midtibiae are black, but the hindfemur, hindtibia, and the hindtarsus are ferruginous, and in P. modestum the frontal punctures are ill defined. Pison punctifemur is similar in having sparse punctures on the upper frons, but differs in having conspicuously large punctures on the posteroventral surface of the forefemur ( Fig. 903 ).

In the male, the most distinctive character is sternum VIII, whose apical margin is shallowly to moderately deeply emarginate and whose posterolateral corners are rounded ( Fig. 635 ). In addition, the flagellomeres are cylindrical or nearly so, the dorsal length of flagellomere I is 2.3-2.5 × its apical width, the clypeal lamella is acutely angulate, with the lateral margin straight or nearly so, the ocellocular distance is about 1.1-1.2 × hindocellar diameter ( Fig. 633 ) in Australian specimens, tergum VII is not carinate mesally and has a straight (or nearly so) apical margin, and sterna III and VII are simple. Pison formicarium is similar, but has the apicolateral corners of sternum VIII markedly narrower (almost sharply angulate), the punctures of the propodeal dorsum are more than one diameter apart adjacent to the spiracle, and the legs are all black; in P. marginatum the punctures of the propodeal dorsum are less than one diameter apart adjacent to the spiracle and in the Australian specimens the scutal punctures are less than one diameter apart and in many specimens the tibiae and tarsi are ferruginous (in specimens from New Guinea the scutal punctures are more than one diameter apart mesally and the legs are black). Unlike most other species occurring in the Pacific Islands, P. marginatum has sterna II-IV densely, uniformly punctate throughout (as has P. ponape ). Unlike P. ponape , terga I-IV of P. marginatum have setose, silvery, apical fasciae (at most terga I and II in P. ponape ), and the punctures of the upper frons are 1-2 diameers apart (rather than 2-3 diameters apart).

JUSTIFICATION OF NEW SYNONYMY.– The lectotype of P. tahitense de Saussure, 1867 , and many conspecific specimens from various Pacific islands agree perfectly well with individuals of P. marginatum from Australia and New Guinea. Treated as a valid name for nearly 150 years, P. tahitense now becomes a junior synonym of the latter name.

The lectotypes of P. pallidipalpe and P. hospes are certainly conspecific with those of P. marginatum and of P. tahitense . These two names were also treated as valid for more than a century and fall into synonymy now.

Turner (1916b), in his key, differentiated Pison fraterculus and P. marginatum by the color of the tibiae, ferruginous in the former and all black in the latter. Apparently he had only a limited material, one female and two males of the first species and one female of the second, and did not realize that the color of the tibiae is individually variable. As the lectotypes of the two perfectly agree in their morphological characters, I treat these names as synonyms of one species.

microsculptured; finely punctate, punctures superficial, in females from Australia averaging about one diameter apart at center of frons (above median carina), about two diameters apart in females from other regions, in male varying from more to less than one diameter apart (see Variation below). Gena narrow in dorsal view. Labrum shallowly emarginate mesally. Anteromedian pronotal pit transversely elongate, about 1.0-1.5 × as long as midocellar diameter. Scutum not foveate along flange, without longitudinal ridges adjacent to posterior margin; scutal punctures well defined, interspaces slightly microsculptured but shiny, varying in size (see Variation below). Tegula somewhat enlarged. Mesopleural punctures well defined, separated from each other, slightly less to more than one diameter apart near center in female, less than one diameter apart in male; interspaces unsculptured, shiny, not merging into carinae. Postspiracular carina present, about 1.0-1.5 × as long as midocellar diameter. Metapleural sulcus costulate between dorsal and ventral metapleural pits; ventral half of metapleuron minutely punctate, punctures markedly smaller than those of adjacent parts of mesopleuron and of propodeum ( Fig. 634 ). Propodeum with irregular longitudinal carina separating side from dorsum and posterior surface but not attaining gastral socket area nor spiracle (carina evanescent in some specimens); dorsum in most specimens punctate and with oblique ridges, unridged along lateral longitudinal carina, but largely unridged (punctate only) in many specimens from Pacific Islands, with short oblique ridges emerging from middle carina; side with well-defined punctures, interspaces merging into fine ridges (unridged in single female from Northern Territory and some specimens from Solomon Islands); posterior surface ridged, punctate between ridges. Posteroventral forefemoral surface with fine but well-defined punctures, punctures up to several diameters apart in female, slightly more than one diameter apart in male. Hindcoxal dorsum with outer margin carinate except anteriorly. Punctures of tergum I well defined, averaging from about one to about two diameters apart on horizontal part mesally in female, about one diameter apart in male, about two to three diameters apart in specimens from Pacific islands. Sterna II-IV punctate throughout, punctures about 2-3 diameters apart on disk of sternum II, about 1-2 diameters on its apical depression, about 1-2 diameters apart on sternum IV.

Setae silvery except dark brown on scutum, golden on frons and clypeus in some specimens from Australia, suberect on upper frons (erect in occasional specimens), about as long as 1.0 × midocellar diameter, suberect and sinuous on lower gena, about 1.5 × as long as midocellar diameter (about 1.0 × midocellar diameter in some males), appressed on tergum I; scutal setae suberect, about as long as 0.5 × midocellar diameter; setae not concealing integument on clypeus in female, largely concealing it (except lamella) in male. Apical depressions of terga with setal fasciae, fasciae silvery or with golden tinge in Australian specimens, silvery in those from New Guinea and Pacific Islands.

Head, thorax, propodeum, and gaster black (terga I and II partly ferruginous in one male from Coolbaggie Forest Reserve , New South Wales), apical depressions of terga (except basal ones) brown in many specimens, in many females from Australia clypeal lip and mandible mesally dark reddish. Antenna all black in most specimens, but pedicel, scape, and flagellomeres I-III ferruginous in two females from Bald Hill area , Queensland. Legs black in many Australian females, but femoral apex and tibiae ferruginous in some, varying from all black to all ferruginous in males; all black in specimens from New Guinea and the Pacific islands. Wings moderately infumate .

♀.– Upper interocular distance equal to 0.66-0.70 × lower interocular distance in specimens from Australia and New Guinea, 0.56-0.58 × in specimens from the Pacific islands; ocellocular distance equal to 0.6-1.2 × hindocellar diameter in specimens from Australia and New Guinea, 0.5-0.6 × in those from Pacific islands, distance between hindocelli equal to 0.9-1.5 × hindocellar diameter; eye height equal to 0.92-1.04 × distance between eye notches. Upper frons, between upper end of the middle carina and the midocellus, with punctures about one diameter apart, interspaces markedly microsculptured ( Fig. 632 ), and all setae suberect and oriented ventrally. Free margin of clypeal lamella varying from roundly triangular or arcuate to sharply angulate (see Variation below). Dorsal length of flagellomere I 2.5-3.0 × apical width, of flagellomere IX 1.4-1.8 × apical width. Mandible: trimmal carina finely incised at about midlength. Length 9.5-11.7 mm; head width 2.8-3.2 mm.

♂.– Upper interocular distance equal to 0.78-0.80 × lower interocular distance in specimens from Australia and New Guinea, to 0.66-0.70 × in those from Pacific islands; ocellocular distance equal to 1.1-1.2 × hindocellar diameter in specimens from Australia and New Guinea ( Fig. 633 ), to 0.8 × hindocellar diameter in those from Pacific Islands, distance between hindocelli equal to 0.8-1.1 × hindocellar diameter; eye height equal to 0.92-1.04 × distance between eye notches. Free margin of clypeal lamella acutely angulate ( Fig. 631 ). Dorsal length of flagellomere I 2.3-2.5 × apical width in specimens from Australia and New Guinea, 2.7-2.8 × apical width in those from Pacific islands, of flagellomere X 1.2-1.4 × apical width. Sternum VIII with apical margin shallowly to moderately deeply emarginate and with posterolateral corners rounded ( Fig. 635 ). Genitalia: Figs. 636, 637 . Length 7.5-12.6 mm; head width 2.2-3.2 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION.– In the vast majority of specimens from Australia, the scutal punctures are less than one diameter apart (several punctures near the scutum center up to 2-3 diameters apart in females from Stirling National Park, Western Australia and some from Bowling Green Bay National Park, Queensland), the clypeal lamella in the female is roundly triangular or arcuate ( Fig. 629 ), but sharply angulate in some females from Bowling Green Bay National Park, and the punctures of the male frons vary from slightly more to less than one diameter apart. In specimens from New Guinea and Solomon Islands, the punctures of the scutal disk average more than one diameter apart, the clypeal lamella of most females is sharply angulate ( Fig. 630 ), and in the male the frons punctures average more than one diameter apart. In specimens from the Pacific islands, most scutal punctures are one diameter apart or less, but many punctures on disk are up to 3 diameters apart; in most females, the free margin of clypeal lamella is obtusely angulate, but acutely angulate in some.

NESTING HABITS.– Williams (1927) noted that this species (as P. hospes ) is “not uncommon at middle elevations in the mountains [of Hawaiian Islands], sometimes modifying old Sceliphron nests on rocky banks to suit its needs”. Evans, Matthews, and Hook (1981) noted two generations of this species in the Canberra, A.C.T. area. They studied three nests extracted from trap nests in that area. The nests had from four to seven cells, measuring from 12 to 19 mm in length and separated by mud partitions 1-2 mm thick. Two of the nests were closed off by thick mud plugs, 17-18 mm thick, the third had an empty vestibular cell 30 mm long, closed off by a thin plug that was recessed 7 mm from the nest entrance. The last nest was supplied with small spiders, five to nine per cell. Four of the cells contained wasp eggs, in each case laid longitudinally in the spider’s opistosoma close to the nest entrance, suggesting that it was laid on the last spider placed in the cell. The spiders were Gea theridioides (L. Koch) , Araneus lutulentus (Keyserling) , both araneids, and Oxyopes elegans L. Koch , an oxyopid. Gibson Hill (1950) observed juvenile Nephila imperatrix L. Koch , now N. edulis (Labillardière) , a member of Nephilidae , as prey of Pison marginatum (as P. hospes ) on the Cocos Islands.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION ( Figs. 638 , 639)– Australia, Island of New Guinea, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia: Sabah, Philippines, and many Pacific islands ( American Samoa, Caroline Islands, Cocos Islands, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, French Polynesia, Fiji, Hawaiian Islands, Kiribati, Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, New Britain, New Caledonia, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Wake Island).

RECORDS.– AMERICAN SAMOA: Swains Island: no specific locality(1 ♀, BISH) . Tutuila Island: Aunu’u Island (7 ♀, BISH) , Fagaitua (1 ♀, BISH) , Fagasa (1 ♀, BISH) , Fagatogo (1 ♀, BISH) , Leone Aulau (1 ♀, BISH) , Leone Aule (1 ♀, BISH) , Reservoir – Fagatoga Trail (1 ♀, BISH) , Vailoatai (1 ♀, BISH) , no specific locality (1 ♀, BISH) .

AUSTRALIA: Australian Capital Territory: Black Mountain (2 ♀, 1 ♂, ANIC) , Canberra (10 ♀, 6 ♂, ANIC; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, BMNH), Murrumbidgee River near Canberra (5 ♀, 2 ♂, ANIC) . Christmas Island: The Settlement at 10°25ʹS 105°41ʹE (1 ♀, ANIC) . New South Wales: Armidale (1 ♀, QMB) , Ballina (1 ♀, AMS) , Bellbrook (1 ♂, AMS) , Bendalong (1 ♀, AMS) , 6 km NE Bilpin (1 ♀, AMS) , Blackdown (1 ♀, AMS) , Bronte (1 ♂, AMS) , Clarence (3 ♀, AMS) , Congo 8 km ESE Moruya at 35°58ʹS 150°09ʹE (1 ♀, ANIC) , Coolbaggie Forest Reserve 10 km E Eumungerie at 31°58.5ʹS 148°40.5ʹE (1 ♀, 4 ♂, CAS) , Copper Hills (1 ♀, SAM) , Epping (3 ♀, 1 ♂, AMS) , Forest Reefs (1 ♂, SAM) , Fowlers Gap Research Station at 31°05ʹS 141°42ʹE (9 ♀, 2 ♂, ANIC) , Gilgandra (1 ♂, AMS) , Gilgandra Flora Reserve at 31°39.7ʹS 148°46.3ʹE (2 ♀, 1 ♂, CAS) , Haystack Ridge near Mount Tomah (1 ♀, AMS) , Hunter River (1 ♀, BMNH, lectotype of Pison marginatum ), Kamay Botany National Park 14 km S center of Sydney at 34°00.3ʹS 151°13.2ʹE (1 ♀, CAS) , Katoomba at 33°43.7ʹS 150°18.9ʹE (1 ♂, CAS) , Kinchega National Park at 32°23.7ʹS 142°22.7ʹE (2 ♂, CAS) , 0.5 km SE Lansdowne near Taree (1 ♂, ANIC) , Lord Howe Island at 31°31ʹ37ʺS 159°03ʹ58ʺE (1 ♀, 1 ♂, AMS) , Manly: Kangaroo Park (2 ♀, 1 ♂, ANIC) , Moree (1 ♀, ANIC) , Mount Kaputar National Park at 30°15.8ʹS 150°03.3ʹE (2 ♀, 1 ♂, CAS) and at 30°16.2ʹS 150°06.1ʹE, 900 m (1 ♂, CAS) , Mount Tomah (4 ♀, 1 ♂, AMS) , 16 km N Mudgee (1 ♀, ANIC) , Myalla Tank at 31°50ʹS 141°57ʹE (1 ♂, AMNH) , Nadgee Nature Reserve S Newton’s Beach (11 ♀, 1 ♂, ANIC) , Narrabri (1 ♀, BMNH) , 40.5 km SW Narrabri at 30°37.7ʹS 149°34.1ʹE (2 ♂, CAS) , North Kurrajong (1 ♀, AMS) , Orange Botanic Gardens at 33°15.3ʹS 149°05.7ʹE (3 ♀, 1 ♂, CAS) , 4 km W Sunny Corner at 33°22.7ʹS 149°51.6ʹE (20 ♀, 21 ♂, CAS) , Sydney (2 ♀, AMS; 1 ♂, BMNH), Sydney: Grotto Point (1 ♀, AMS) , Warrenburg National Park (1 ♂, UCD) , Warrumbungle National Park at 31°16.9ʹS 148°59.1ʹE (2 ♀, 8 ♂, CAS) , Warrumbungle National Park: Pincham Camp (4 ♀, 2 ♂, ANIC) , near Warrumbungle National Park at 31°16.9ʹS 149°04.8ʹE (7 ♀, 6 ♂, CAS) , Whiskers 7 km WNW Hoskinstown at 35°24ʹS 149°23ʹE (2 ♀, 1 ♂, ANIC) , Willoughby (1 ♀, AMS) , Wollemi National Park (northern edge) at 32°23.4ʹS 150°24.8ʹE (2 ♀, 4 ♂, CAS) , Woronera River at Engadine (1 ♀, AMS) . Norfolk Island: Bloody Bridge (1 ♂, RMNH) , near Cook monument (1 ♀, RMNH) , Kingston (4 ♀, 1 ♂, BISH) , Phillip Island at 29°07ʹS 167°57′E (1 ♀, CAS) . Northern Territory: Holmes Jungle on the outskirts of Darwin (1 ♀, NTM) . Queensland: Annan River 3 km SW Black Mountain at 15°41ʹS 145°12ʹE (1 ♀, ANIC) , 11 km NW Bald Hill at 13°44ʹS 143°20ʹE (1 ♀, ANIC) , 15 km WNW Bald Hill at 13°43ʹS 143°19ʹE (1 ♀, ANIC) , 4 km NE Batavia Downs at 12°39ʹS 142°42ʹE (2 ♀, ANIC) , Biggenden: Degilgo River (1 ♀, ANIC) , 15 km SW Biggenden (1 ♀, ANIC) , Bluff Range S Biggenden (1 ♀, ANIC) , Bowling Green Bay National Park at 19°26.0ʹS 146°56.7ʹE (6 ♀, CAS) , Brisbane: Bardon (1 ♂, BMNH) , Brisbane: Blunder Creek (1 ♀, QMB) , Brisbane: Botanic Gardens at 27°28.8ʹS 152°58ʹE (1 ♀, CAS) , Brisbane: Indooroopilly (2 ♀, BMNH) , Brisbane: Mount Coot-tha (4 ♂, CAS) , Brookfield (3 ♂, BMNH) , Burdekin River 20 km NE Charters Towers at 20°00.1ʹS 146°26.3ʹE (1 ♂, CAS) , Carnarvon National Park (1 ♂, QMB) , Coast Range via Biggenden 13 mi. N Cooma (1 ♀, CAS) , Crater Lakes National Park SW Biggenden (2 ♀, ANIC) , Crediton State Forest at 21°11.7ʹS 148°29.9ʹE (1 ♀, 2 ♂, CAS) and 21°11.9ʹS 148°29.9ʹE (3 ♀, 2 ♂, CAS) , Daintree village at 16°15ʹ00ʺS 145°19ʹ06ʺE (1 ♂, AMNH) , Degilgo River near Biggenden at 25°30ʹS 152°02ʹE (1 ♀, ANIC) , 9 km S Dingo Beach at 20°05.5ʹS 148°30.2ʹE (1 ♀, 2 ♂, CAS) , Electra State Forest ca 25 km S Bundaberg (2 ♂, ANIC) , Emerald (1 ♀, ANIC; 1 ♀, BMNH), Eungella at 21°07.6ʹS 148°29.7ʹE (1 ♀, CAS) , Eungella National Park at 21°10.5ʹS 148°30.3ʹE (5 ♀, 7 ♂, CAS; 1 ♂, QMB), George Creek Station 27.5 km W Black Braes Homestead at 19°32ʹ53ʺS 143°56ʹ33ʺE (1 ♀, AMS) , Great Palm Island (1 ♀, RMNH) , Gunshot Creek in Cape York Peninsula at 11°45ʹS 142°28ʹE (2 ♀, ANIC; 2 ♀, CAS), Hastings Creek ca 15 km S Biggenden (1 ♂, ANIC) , Heathlands at 11°45ʹS 142°35ʹE (2 ♀, ANIC) , 12 km SSE Heathlands at 11°51ʹS 142°38ʹE (1 ♀, 1 ♂, ANIC) , Helenvale (1 ♀, AMS) , Homevale National Park at 21°26.9ʹS 148°32.4ʹE (9 ♀, 3 ♂, CAS) , Kuranda (1 ♀, BMNH) , Lake Broadwater 28 km S Dalby (1 ♀, ANIC) , Lake Monduran at 24°52.1ʹS 151°51.0ʹE (1 ♀, CAS) , Lamington National Park at 28.216°S 153.152°E (1 ♀, RMNH) , 5 km NE Leyburn (1 ♂, CAS) , Lockerbie Scrub at 10°46ʹS 142°30ʹE (1 ♀, ANIC) , Mackay (2 ♀, 1 ♂, BMNH, lectotype and paralectotypes of Pison fraterculus , also 1 ♂, BMNH), 60 km N Marlborough (1 ♂, AMS) , Middle Claudie River in Iron Range (2 ♀, AMS) , Mossman (1 ♀, QMB; 1 ♀, RMNH)), Mount Coolum National Park 25 km N Caloundra at 26°30ʹS 152°05.3ʹE (1 ♂, CAS) , Mount Moffat National Park (1 ♀, QMB) , 3 km NE Mount Webb at 15°03ʹS 145°09ʹE (1 ♀, ANIC) , Mulgrave River (3 ♀, CAS) , Mungumby Lodge near Helenvale (4 ♀, AMS) , Murray Island (1 ♀, AMS) , North Stradbroke Island at 27°30.3ʹS 153°34.6ʹE (1 ♀, CAS) , Peach Creek Crossing 25 km NNE Coen (3 ♀, 1 ♂, ANIC; 2 ♀, SAM), Penrith Island (1 ♀, AMS) , Plunkett near Mount Tamborine (1 ♀, AMS) , Rainforest CRC [= Cooperative Research Centre] at 16° 06ʹ16ʺS 145°26ʹ58ʺE (1 ♀, AMNH) , Ravenshoe (2 ♀, 1 ♂, AMS) , 18 km S Ravenshoe (2 ♂, AMS) , 2 km N Rokeby at 13°39ʹS 142°40ʹE (1 ♀, ANIC) , 61 km S Rolleston at 24°59.7ʹS 148°27.8ʹE (2 ♀, 4 ♂, CAS) , Split Rock 14 km SE Laura at 15°39ʹS 144°31ʹE (2 ♀, ANIC) , Tamborine Mountain (1 ♂, BMNH) , 11 km S Townsville at 19°21.8ʹS 146°53.2ʹE (1 ♂, CAS) , 55 km NW Townsville (1 ♀, RMNH) , Wenlock River at Moreton in Cape York Peninsula (2 ♀, ANIC, CAS) , Wonga Beach 11 km NNE Mossman at 16°19.9ʹS 145°25.3ʹE (1 ♀, CAS) , Woodgate 35 km E Childers (1 ♀, AMS) . South Australia: Adelaide (1 ♂, BMNH) , Adelaide: Brooklyn Park (1 ♀, 2 ♂, SAM) , Athelstone near Adelaide (1 ♀, SAM) , Bullinina Dam 45 km NE Marree (1 ♀, SAM) , Corny Point (1 ♀, SAM) , Dingly Dell Camp on Oraparina Creek at 31°21ʹS 138°42ʹE (1 ♀, 1 ♂, ANIC) , Gammon Ranges National Park: Arcoona Creek (1 ♀, SAM) , Kangaroo Island: Gosse area (1 ♂, BMNH) , 49.5 km S Kimba at 33°31.7ʹS 136°29.8ʹE (10 ♀, 3 ♂, CAS) , Kings Mill Creek near Arkaroola (3 ♂, SAM) , Mitcham near Adelaide (7 ♀, SAM) , Muloorina Station near Lake Eyre South (1 ♀, SAM) , 5 km S Mylor (2 ♀, 6 ♂, BMNH) , Orroroo (1 ♀, SAM) , Stenhouse Bay (1 ♀, ANIC) , Trezona Camp at Brachina Creek at 31°20ʹS 138°37ʹE (2 ♂, ANIC) , Wilpena in Flinders Ranges National Park at 31°31.7ʹS 138°36.2ʹE (69 ♀, 50 ♂, CAS; 2 ♀, UCD), 3 km ENE Wilpena at 31°31.0ʹS 138°36.6ʹE (94 ♀, 34 ♂, CAS) , Wilpena Pound Gap at 31°33ʹS 138°36ʹE (21 ♀, ANIC) , 30 km N Wilpena (1 ♂, UCD) , 34 km S Wilpena (1 ♂, UCD) . Tasmania: Mount William National Park at 40°52ʹS 148°10ʹE (1 ♀, QMB) , Pittwater (1 ♀, 1 ♂, ANIC) . Victoria: Gunbower (1 ♀, BMNH) , Rosanna, a suburb of Melbourne (1 ♀, CAS) . Western Australia: Billy Well Creek 20 km NE Mount Sandiman (1 ♀, WAM) , Charnley River 2 km SW Rolly Hill at 16°22ʹS 125°12ʹE (2 ♀, ANIC) , 10 km W Cobra Station at 24°10.2ʹS 116°23.0ʹE (5 ♀, 2 ♂, ANIC; 2 ♀, 3 ♂, CAS), Dongarra (10 ♀, 13 ♂, BMNH) , Fitzgerald River National Park at 33.949416°S 119.926086°E (1 ♀, MNKB) , Glenbourne Farm near Margaret River (1 ♀, WAM) , Irwin River at Strawberry Station 19 km W Mingenew (1 ♀, 5 ♂, CAS) , Manjimup (1 ♀, UCD) , 30 km E Marble Bar at Yandicoogina Creek at 21°11.0ʹS 120°01.7ʹE (1 ♀, 1 ♂, CAS) , 4 km SW Mining Camp on Mitchell Plateau at 14°52ʹS 125°50ʹE (1 ♀, ANIC) , Moora (1 ♂, UCD) , Mount Augustus National Park 24°21.9ʹS 116°52.2ʹE (1 ♀, CAS) , Perth (2 ♀, BMNH, including paralectotype of Pison strenuum ), Perth: Darlington (6 ♀, WAM) , Ravensthorpe (1 ♀, BMNH) , Rottnest Island (1 ♀, WAM) , Stirling Range National Park at 34°25.3ʹS 117°47.2ʹE (5 ♀, 6 ♂, CAS) , 30 km ESE Three Rivers Station at 25°13.6ʹS 118°56.9ʹE (1 ♂, CAS) , 7 km N Wongawol Homestead (1 ♀, WAM) , Yallingup (6 ♀, 6 ♂, BMNH, lectotype and paralectotypes of Pison strenuum ; 1 ♀, UCD), Yanchep (7 ♀, 2 ♂, BMNH) .

COCOS ISLANDS: Direction Island (1 ♂, ANIC), West Island (4 ♀, 5 ♂, ANIC) .

COOK ISLANDS: Aitutaki Atoll: Aitutaki (1 ♀, BISH) . Atiu Island: no specific locality (1 ♀, BISH) . Motu Ko Island: no specific locality (2 ♀, BISH) . Rarotonga Island: no specific locality (1 ♀, 1 ♂, BISH) .

FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA: Yap Island (Yasumatsu, 1953): Guilifez – Nif, Guilifez – Rul, Rul.

FIJI (Williams, 1947, or as indicated): Lau Islands: Mago Island : Marona . Oneata Island: Dakuiloa. Viti Levu: Bau, Lami, Nadi (as Nandi), Nandarivatu , Natovi (Turner, 1919a, as Natova), Rewa , 10 km E Sigatoka (1 ♀, 3 ♂, CAS), Suva (1 ♀, BISH), Vunidawa .

FRENCH POLYNESIA: Marquesas Islands (Cheesman, 1928; F.Williams, 1932): Fatu-hiva: Omoa, Teatapu; Hiva-oa: Aimoa, Tahauku; Nuku-hiva; Tahuata: Hanamiai Valley, Hanateio Valley , Pahukea Ridge . Society Islands (Cheesman, 1928 or as indicated): Bora Bora: no specific locality, Raiatea ; Tahiti : Vallée de Sainte Amélie , Vallée Vaitepiha , no specific locality (1 ♀, NHMW, lectotype of Pison tahitense ) .

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Kauai: no specific locality ( Blackburn and Cameron, 1886). Lanai: Maunalei (1 ♀, 1 ♂, BISH) . Maui : Haiku (21 ♀, BISH) , Kaupo (1 ♀, ♂, BISH) , Wailuku (4 ♂, CAS) . Molokai : Kainakakai ( Krauss , 1944), Kainalu region (Swezey and Bryan, 1929). Niihau: no specific locality (21 ♀, BISH) . Oahu : Honolulu (1 ♀, USNM) , Kahaluu (1 ♀, 1 ♂, BISH) , NW Koolau (1 ♀, USNM) , Malamalama (1 ♀, CAS) , Pupukea (1 ♀, CAS) . No specific locality: 1 ♀, 1 ♂, BMNH, lectotype and paralectotype of Pison hospes ).

INDONESIA: Ambon: Mount Salahutu (1 ♀, RMNH) , no specific locality (14 ♀, 4 ♂, RMNH) , Waai (4 ♀, 1 ♂, BISH) . Bali: Medewi (1 ♀, RMNH) , no specific locality (3 ♀, CAS) . Halmahera: road Payahe- Weda (1 ♀, RMNH) . Java: Ambarawa (3 ♀, RMNH) , Bogor (6 ♀, RMNH, as Buitenzorg), Garut (1 ♀, RMNH, as Garoet), Jakarta (1 ♀, 1 ♂, RMNH, as Batavia ), Semarang (1 ♀, RMNH, as Samarang), Sukabumi (1 ♂, RMNH, as Soekaboemi), Surabaya (1 ♂, RMNH, as Soerabaya), no specific locality (2 ♀, RMNH) . Lombok: Suranadi (1 ♀, BISH) . Seram: 9 km E Wahai (1 ♀, RMNH) . Sulawesi: Marinsow (1 ♂, RMNH) , Parepare (1 ♀, RMNH, as Paré), Pendolo at Lake Poso (1 ♀, RMNH) . Sumatra: Kuala Simpang (1 ♀, RMNH) , no specific locality (3 ♂, AMNH; 1 ♀, RMNH) . Ternate: Buku Konora (1 ♀, RMNH) . Western Papua (= Indonesian New Guinea): Bernhard Camp [valley of Idenburg River, now Taritatu River, at dead end river branch] (1 ♀, RMHN) , Bokondini 40 km N Baliem Valley (1 ♀, BISH) , Eramboe 80 km from Merauke (1 ♀, BISH) , Fak Fak Agricultural Station (1 ♀, BISH) , Genjam 40 km W Jaypura (1 ♀, BISH) , Hol Maffin 22 km E Sarmi (1 ♀, BISH) , Jayapura (1 ♂, BISH; 3 ♀, 1 ♂, RMHN, as Hollandia), Kota Nica near

Jayapura (1 ♀, RMNH), Maffin Bay (2 ♀, 1 ♂, CAS), no specific locality (1 ♂, CAS), Nabire (1 ♂, BISH), Tor River (mouth) 4 km E Hol Maffin (4 ♂, BISH), Yapen Island (2 ♀, BISH, as Japen) .

KIRIBATI: Gilbert Islands: Bairiki Island (1 ♂, BISH) , Tarawa Atoll: Abaokoro (1 ♀, BISH) , Bikanibeu (1 ♀, BISH) . Tabuaeran (= Fanning) Island : no specific locality (2 ♀, CAS) .

MALAYSIA: Sabah: Tuaran (1 ♀, CAS) .

MARIANA ISLANDS (Yasumatsu, 1953 or as indicated): Guam: Agana Springs (1 ♀, BISH) , Yigo (1 ♀, BISH) . Saipan Island: Chalan Kanoa, Fanagam, Garapan – Sadog Tasi , no specific locality (1 ♀, BISH) .

MARSHALL ISLANDS: Ailinglaplap Atoll: Ailinglaplap Island (2 ♂, BISH) , Bigatyelang Island (5 ♀, 2 ♂, BISH) . Bikini Atoll (1 ♂, USNM)) . Jaluit Atoll (Krombein, 1949b). Majuro Atoll: Uliga Island (1 ♀, 2 ♂, BISH) . Namorik Atoll: Namorik Island (1 ♀, BISH) . Namu Atoll: Kagin Island (1 ♀, BISH) . Ujae Atoll: Ujae Island (1 ♀, BISH) . Wotho Atoll (1 ♀, BISH) .

NEW CALEDONIA: Nouméa : Anse-Vata Beach (2 ♀, ANIC) .

PALAU REPUBLIC: Babeldaob Island: Marukyoku, Arukorum – Ngaraudo , Narasumao – Ngardok , Ngarmisukan – Ngardok. Also: Airai Island (Krombein, 1949b), Angaur Island (1 ♂, BISH) , Auluptagel Island (1 ♀, BISH) , Koror (5 ♀, BISH) .

PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Bougainville Province: Bougainville Island : Buin (1 ♂, BISH) , New Britain: Vunabakan 10 km E Keravat (1 ♂, BISH) . Central Province: Brown River (1 ♀, SAM) . Chimbu (= Simbu) Province: Karimui (2 ♀, BISH) . Eastern Highlands Province: Karimui (1 ♂, BISH) . East Sepik Province: Maprik (1 ♂, BISH) . Madang Province: Baiteta 12 km NW Alexishaven at 5°00ʹS 145°45ʹE (2 ♀, CAS) , 3 km W Brahman Catholic Mission at 6°45ʹS 145°21ʹE (1 ♂, CAS) , Duru 15 km SW Madang at 5°20ʹS 145°43ʹE (2 ♂, CAS) , Gogol River 12 km SW Madang at 5°20ʹS 145°42ʹE (7 ♀, 4 ♂, CAS) , 4 km S Hatzfeldhaven at 4°25ʹS 145°13ʹE (1 ♀, CAS) , Kevasop village on Karkar Island (1 ♂, CAS) , Kurum village on Karkar Island (1 ♀, BISH) , Long Island: Malala Cove on shore on Lake Wisdom at 5°S 147°E (1 ♀, 1 ♂, ANIC) ; Madang (as Friedrich-Wilhelmshaven, 1 ♀, MTM, determined as hospes by Tsuneki), Malolo of Madang 15 km N Alexishaven at 5°29ʹS 145°47ʹE (3 ♀, 4 ♂, CAS) , Nagada Harbor 8 km N Madang at 5°09ʹS 145°48ʹE (2 ♀, 3 ♂, CAS) , Nobonob Hill 7 km NW Madang at 5°10ʹS 145°45ʹE (11 ♀, 9 ♂, CAS) , Sapi Forest Reserve 30 km W Madang at 5°12ʹS 145°30ʹE (18 ♀, 26 ♂, CAS) , Tapo Creek 26 km SW Madang at 5°24ʹS 145°38ʹE (8 ♀, CAS) . Milne Bay Province: Milne Bay (1 ♀, 1 ♂, BISH) , Normanby Island: Wakaiuna (1 ♂, BISH) . Morobe Province: Bulldog Road (1 ♂, BISH) , Etep (1 ♀, BISH) , Simbang (1 ♀, MTM, determined as P. hospes by Tsuneki), Ulap (1 ♀, BISH) , Wau (14 ♀, 3 ♂, BISH; 1 ♂, RMNH) . National Capital District: Port Moresby (1 ♀, CAS; 1 ♀, RMNH) . New Britain: Gazelle Peninsula ( Kohl , 1908), Rabaul (1 ♀, AMS) , Tabar Island (1 ♀, RMNH) . West Sepik Province: Krisa (1 ♀, SAM) , Torricelli Mountains (2 ♀, SAM) . Western Province: Oriomo (1 ♀, BISH) .

PHILIPPINES (Tsuneki, 1983a): Cebu: Argao. Luzon: Pangsanjan. Mindanao: Cagayan de Oro, Davao, Mount Apo , Zamboanga. Samar: Basey .

SAMOA: Savaii Island: no specific locality (1 ♂, RMNH) . Upolu Island: Apia (1 ♀, USNM), Mulivai (1 ♀, BISH), Tapatapao (Yasumatsu, 1953), no specific locality (Kohl, 1908; Perkins and Cheesman, 1928) .

SINGAPORE (Turner, 1916b).

SOLOMON ISLANDS: Barrio Island: Marovo Lagoon (1 ♀, 1 ♂, RMNH) . Choiseul Island: Kolombangara River (1 ♀, BISH) . Gananga Island : no specific locality (2 ♀, 1 ♂, RMNH) . Gananga Island (1 ♀, RMNH) ; Ghizo Island: Gizo (3 ♀, BISH) , no specific locality (1 ♂, CAS; 2 ♀, RMNH) . Guadalcanal: Honiara (2 ♀, 4 ♂, BISH; 1 ♀, BMNH), Kukum (1 ♀, BMNH) , Lavoro Plantation (1 ♀, AMS) , bridge over Lunga River (2 ♀, BISH) , Lungga Estate (1 ♀, 4 ♂, RMNH) , Mount Gallego (1 ♀, BMNH) , and Tenaru River (1 ♀, 1 ♂, CAS) , Paripao (2 ♀, BISH) , Guadalcanal and Florida Islands (4 ♀, CAS) , no specific locality (2 ♀, AMS; 1 ♀, BISH) . Kolombongara Island : no specific locality (1 ♀, RMNH) . Malaita Island: Auki (1 ♀, BISH) , Dala (2 ♂, BISH) . New Georgia Island: Munda (1 ♀, BISH) , no specific locality (1 ♀, RMNH) . Nggela Islands : no specific locality (3 ♀, 3 ♂, RMNH, as Gela) . Ranontga Island : no specific locality (1 ♀, RMNH) . Russell Islands : no specific locality (1 ♀, RMNH) . San Cristobal Island: Kira-Kira (4 ♀, BISH) . Santa Cruz Island: Graciosa Bay (1 ♂, BISH) . Santa Isabel Island: Buala (2 ♀, BISH) . Shortland Island : no specific locality (1 ♂, RMNH) . Tulagi Island: Sasapi cutting (1 ♀, BISH) , no specific locality (17 ♀, 12 ♂, RMNH) . Vella Lavella Island : no specific locality (1 ♀, RMNH) . No specific locality: (1 ♀, 1 ♂, BISH) .

TOKELAU ISLANDS: Fakaofo (1 ♀, BISH) .

TONGA: Niuafo’ou Island: Kolofo’ou (1 ♀, UCD) . Tongatapu Island: Nuku’alofa (1 ♂, BISH) . Vavau Island: Neiafu (1 ♂, BISH) , Toula (1 ♀, 1 ♂, BISH) .

TUVALU ISLANDS: no specific locality (Perkins and Cheesman, 1928, as Ellis Island).

WAKE ISLAND: no specific locality (2 ♂, BISH) .

Figures

FIGURES 629-634. Pison marginatum F. Smith. (629) Clypeus and mandibles of female from Australia; (630) Clypeus and mandibles of female from New Guinea; (631) Male clypeus and mandibles; (632) Upper frons of female; (633) Male vertex; (634) Female metapleuron (arrow indicates upper metapleural pit).

FIGURES 900-903. Pison punctifemur Pulawski, sp. nov. (900) Female clypeus; (901) Male clypeus; (902) Female frons; (903) Female forefemur (posteroventral surface).

FIGURES 635-637. Pison marginatum F. Smith, male. (635) Sternum VIII (ventral surface); (636) Genitalia in dorsal view; (637) Genitalia in lateral view.

FIGURE 638. Collecting localities of Pison marginatum F. FIGURE 639. Collecting localities of Pison marginatum Smith (western section). F. Smith (eastern section).