Phyllidiella species

Papu, Adelfia, Bogdanov, AleXander, Bara, Robert, Kehraus, Stefan, König, Gabriele M., YonoW, Nathalie & Wägele, Heike, 2022, Phyllidiidae (Nudibranchia, Heterobranchia, Gastropoda): an integrative taxonomic approach including chemical analyses, Organisms Diversity & Evolution (New York, N. Y.) 22 (3), pp. 585-629 : 616-617

Phyllidiella species complex e

This clade comprises a complex of four different species, represented by one or two specimens each (Fig. 11.4a–d). We could not find any external characters that are unique to this clade, which most resembles Phyllidiella sp. d (Fig. 11.3a–d). Nevertheless, based on our molecular analyses, this clade is a distinct evolutionary lineage supported by a bootstrap value of 100 ( Figs. 13 , 14 , 15 ), as are all four species, confirmed by the species delimitation tests using the 16S data set ( Fig. S1 ). To assign any of these species to a nominal species is not possible due to the low number of specimens, and lack of intraspecific variability.

One member of this species complex (Phpu16Sa50) was analysed chemically (Fig. S 9m), and its profile is dominated by sesquiterpene isonitriles. Its overall composition most closely resembles that found in Phyllidiella nigra ( van Hasselt, 1824) . However, thiocyanates, typical for many phyllidiids, were not detected in the extract of Phpu16Sa50. The extract also lacks distinctive chemotaxonomic markers, and since it is the only investigated specimen of the Phyllidiella species complex sp. e, further metabolomic studies are required to characterise this evolutionarily distinct clade.

analysis, MarinLit database search, and comparison with reference spectra in the GNPS repository. b Visualisation of the chemical space as present in phyllidiid extracts using classic molecular networking with HR-LCMS/MS data. Each node represents a parent ion (molecule). Based on similarities in fragmentation patterns; the nodes are connected with edges producing clusters/compound families. Nodes are colour-coded according to the legend. When the same compounds are detected in more than one species, the nodes are displayed as pie charts reflecting the sum intensity of the observed ions in the respective species

Figures

Fig.13 Maximum likelihood tree of Phyllidiidae based on the concatenated data set of partial CO1 and 16S sequences. Terminal taxa on species level collapsed. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap values (1000 replicates). The genera are marked with the same colours as in Fig. S1. Numbers behind the species names indicate results of the

Fig. 14 Maximum likelihood tree of Phyllidiidae based on partial CO1 sequences. Terminal taxa on species level collapsed. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap values. The genera are marked with the same colours as in Fig. S1

Fig.15 Maximum likelihood tree of Phyllidiidae based on partial 16S sequences. Terminal taxa on species level collapsed. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap values. The genera are marked with the same colours as in Fig. S1

Fig. 1 Sampling locations in Sulawesi, Indonesia