HYMENOPTERA

Vilhelmsen, Lars, Mikó, Istvan & Krogmann, Lars, 2010, Beyond the wasp-waist: structural diversity and phylogenetic significance of the mesosoma in apocritan wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159 (1), pp. 22-194 : 91-92

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00576.x

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E35B87AC-FF84-D227-FC52-A41AFF76FCEE

treatment provided by

Valdenar

scientific name

HYMENOPTERA
status

 

NON- APOCRITAN HYMENOPTERA View in CoL View at ENA

The monophyly of Hymenoptera is well supported. In the equal weights strict consensus tree (Fig. 67), the base of the Hymenoptera is unresolved; in most of the implied weights analyses ( Figs 68 View Figure 68 , 69 View Figure 69 ), Macroxyela (Xyeloidea; k = 1, 3–11/15/20) comes out as sister group to the rest of Hymenoptera , with Onycholyda (Pamphilioidea; k = 3–10/15/20) as sister to the remaining Hymenoptera . Tenthredinoidea are usually (exception: k = 2) retrieved as monophyletic with moderate support, but their position varies. They are the sister to all other Hymenoptera (including Xyelidae ) at high k values (25/30; Fig. 70 View Figure 70 ), the sister to Xiphydria (Xiphydrioidea) + Orussoidea + Apocrita when k = 1 ( Fig. 68 View Figure 68 ), but usually occupy a position as the third branch from the base of Hymenoptera after Macroxyela and Onycholyda . Siricoidea sensu Schulmeister [2003a; Syntexis (Anaxyelidae) + Siricidae ] are only retrieved as monophyletic when k = 1 ( Fig. 68 View Figure 68 ), the most frequent topology being Syntexis + ( Siricidae + ( Cephus [Cephoidea] + ( Xiphydria + ( Orussidae + Apocrita)))). Cephus is usually placed in this position, being the sister to Siricoidea when k = 1. Cephus shares the following traits with Xiphydria , Orussidae , and Apocrita: (1) having the cervical prominence placed ventral to the anterodorsal corner of the propleura (character 26: 1; also in Onycholyda ; (2) the absence of a mesoscutellar appendage (character 81: 0); (3) the presence of a well-developed metapleural apodeme (character 149: 1; also in most Tenthredinoidea); (4) the presence of a hind tibial brush (character 176: 1; also in Tenthredinoidea); (5) the presence of an articulation between the first and second abdominal tergites (character 194: 1/2).

The topology for the basal Hymenoptera suggested by the recent studies of Vilhelmsen (2001) and Schulmeister (2003a) was Xyeloidea + (Tenthredinoidea + (Pamphiloidea + (Cephoidea + (Siricoidea [alternatively: Anaxyelidae + ( Siricidae + etc. in Vilhelmsen, 2001)] + (Xiphydrioidea + (Orussoidea + Apocrita))))))). Except for the latter three taxa, the topologies produced by the present analyses differ somewhat from the previous ones, especially regarding the placement of Tenthredinoidea and Cephoidea. However, the current analyses are based only on characters from the adult mesosoma, whereas Vilhelmsen (2001) and Schulmeister (2003a) included data from a number of additional character systems both larval and adult as well as, in the case of Schulmeister (2003a), molecular data. Furthermore, support for these basal nodes is generally low, so they might be overturned in a more comprehensive analysis.

In contrast, there is substantial and consistent support for the three consecutive nodes in the topology Xiphydria + (Orussoidea + Apocrita) (Figs 67–70). These nodes were also retrieved in the analyses of Vilhelmsen (2001) and Schulmeister (2003a). Synapomorphies for Xiphydria + Orussoidea + Apocrita include: (1) presence of parapsides (character 65: 1); (2) presence of a parascutal carina (character 66: 1); (3) presence of a transscutal articulation (character 67: 2); (4) presence of an axillar carina (character 70: 1); (5) having the mesolaterophragmal apodeme slender (character 91: 1; occasional reversals within the Apocrita); (6 + 7) having the mesopostnotum concealed both medially and laterally (characters 92: 1; 93: 2); (8) absence of a mesopleural ridge (character 103: 0); (9) absence of the hind wing tegula (character 133: 0); (10) absence of a lateral incision on the metanotum (character 139: 0); (11) having the metepimeron reduced posteriorly (character 145: 0; this assumes that the metepimeron was reduced posteriorly in Apocrita prior to the fusion of the metapleuron with the propodeum, see Shcherbakov, 1981; Vilhelmsen, 2000a); (12) absence of hind leg trochantins and the metanoto-trochantinal muscles (character 172: 0); (13) absence of the mesofurcopropleural arm muscle (character 222: 0; several reversals); (14) absence of the anterior metanotometacoxal muscle (character 256: 0); (15) absence of the metacoxo-metabasalar muscle (character 262: 0; several reversals); (16) absence of the posterior metapleuro-metafurcal muscle (character 265: 0).

Orussoidea + Apocrita (Vespina sensu Rasnitsyn, 1988) is the most well-supported clade in our analyses, corroborating the case for a single shift from herbivory to carnivory within the Hymenoptera . Putative synapomorphies are: (1) the anteriorly extended pronotum (character 1: 1; many reversals within the Apocrita); (2) presence of a smooth dorsal inflection on the propleura (character 30: 1); (3) presence of a probasitarsal comb (character 54: 1); (4) the laterally extended mesoscutellar arms (character 84: 1); (5) absence of a postspiracular sclerite on the anterior mesopleural margin (character 99: 0); (6) absence of an externally visible posterior thoracic spiracle (character 100: 0; the spiracle is apparently entirely absent in some cases, see Tonapi, 1958); (7) presence of mesopleural signa (character 112: 1; some reversals); (8) a transverse subdivision of the mesocoxa (character 126: 1); (9) presence of a humeral sclerite at the hind wing base (character 134: 1; reversed in Cynipoidea); (10) presence of a lateral longitudinal carina on the metanotum (character 138: 1); (11) T1/propodeum abutting or fused with the metapleural arm (character 141: 1,2); (12 + 13) presence of median and lateral longitudinal carinae ventrally on the metapleuron (characters 152: 1/2; 153: 1/2; numerous reversals); (14) absence of tarsal plantulae [character 177: 0; reversed in some Vespoidea (e.g. Pompilidae , Rhopalosomatidae ) and Trigonalidae ]; (15) presence of a medially continuous propodeum (character 178: 1) fused anteriorly with the metapostnotum (character 179: 1); (16) absence of the mesonoto-mesolaterophragmal muscle (character 230: 0; several reversals, e.g. many Proctotrupoidea s.l., Ceraphronoidea); (17) absence of the anterior mesonoto-metanotal muscle (character 234: 0; occasional reversals within the Apocrita); (18) absence of mesofurco-metabasalar muscle (character 249: 0); (19) absence of the metanotometalaterophragmal muscle (character 255: 0; occasional reversals within the Apocrita).

The monophyly of the Apocrita is supported by a number of apomorphies, not all of which are correlated with the formation of a wasp-waist: (1) absence of an independent prospinasternum (character 108: 1); (2) absence of cenchri on the metanotum (character 132: 0; paralleled in Cephoidea); (3 + 4) propodeum fused with metapleural arm and posterior part of the metapleuron (characters 141: 2; 144: 1); (5) absence of the metepisternal anapleural cleft (character 143: 0); (6) presence of the wasp-waist (character 194: 2); (7) absence of the ventral pronotoprocoxal muscle (character 213: 0); (8) presence of the lateral metapleuro-postoccipital muscle (character 219: 1); (9) absence of the profurco-prophragmal muscle (character 223: 0); (10) the median profurcoprocoxal muscle arising from the profurcal arm (character 224: 0; several reversals, e.g. Evanioidea and Trigonaloidea); (11) absence of the mesonotomesobasalar muscle (character 229: 0); (12) absence of the anterior mesonoto-mesotrochanteral muscle (character 232: 0; reversals in Chalcidoidea and Ceraphronoidea + Megalyroidea); (13) presence of the intersegmental membrane-mesobasalar muscle (character 237: 1; numerous reversals within the Apocrita); (14) median mesofurco-mesotrochanteral muscle arising from submedially on the lateral part of the mesofurcal arm (character 248: 0; several reversals); (15) absence of the mesofurco-metabasalar muscle (character 249: 0); (16) absence of the metalaterophragmo-metafurcal muscle (254: 0; several reversals); (17) absence of the posterior metanoto-metacoxal muscle (character 257: 0); (18) absence of the lateral metapleuro-metabasalar muscle (character 260: 0); (19) absence of the second abdominal sternal-metacoxal muscle (character 271: 0).

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Hymenoptera

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Hymenoptera

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Hymenoptera

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Hymenoptera

Family

Xiphydriidae

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Hymenoptera

Darwin Core Archive (for parent article) View in SIBiLS Plain XML RDF