Gallerucida bifasciata Motschulsky

Lee, Chi-Feng, 2017, The genus Gallerucida Motschulsky in Taiwan (Insecta, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae), ZooKeys 723, pp. 121-151 : 123-129

Gallerucida bifasciata Motschulsky Figs 1, 2, 3

Gallerucida bifasciata Motschulsky, 1861: 24 (Japan); Solsky 1872: 259 (East Siberia); Chûjô 1940: 6 (Korea); Chûjô 1941: 160 (Korea); Gressitt and Kimoto 1963: 721 (China: Jilin, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Hubei, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu); Kimoto 1965a: 399 (infraspecific variation between north and south Japan); Kimoto and Hiura 1965: 38 (Japan); Kimoto 1966: 34 (Taiwan); Kimoto and Kawase 1966: 47 (China: Jilin); Kimoto 1969: 68 (Taiwan); Wilcox 1971: 201 (catalogue); Kimoto 1989: 260 (Taiwan); Kimoto 1991: 17 (Taiwan); Kimoto and Chu 1996: 92 (catalogue); Kimoto and Takizawa 1997: 392 (catalogue); Lee and Cheng 2007: 104 (biology); Beenen 2010: 459 (catalogue); Yang et al. 2015: 171 (catalogue).

Galerucida [sic!] bifasciata : Weise 1886: 578 (Amur); Heyden 1887: 263 (Korea); Weise 1924: 140 (catalogue); Ogloblin 1936: 354 (redescription); Kimoto 1965b: 488 (Taiwan).

Melospila bifasciata : Baly 1874: 185.

Melospila nigromaculata Baly, 1861: 297; Harold 1876: 3591 (as synonym of G. bicolor , synonymy confirmed).

Gallerucida nigromaculata : Chûjô & Kimoto 1961: 163 (host plants); Chûjô 1962: 154 (redescription).

Galerucida [sic!] nigromaculata : Weise 1922: 92 (China: Fujian); Chûjô 1935: 169 (Taiwan); Ogloblin, 1936: 356 (redescripton).

Gallerucida bifasciata nigromaculata: Takizawa 1980: 73 (Korea); Takizawa 1985: 10 (as synonym of G. bifasciata ).

Galerucida [sic!] nigrofasciata Baly, 1879: 453 (should be error for G. nigromaculata Baly because G. nigromaculata is the only one of Baly’s species which is treated by Harold (1876) as a synonym of G. bicolor ) (as synonym of G. bifasciata , synonymy confirmed).

Melospila consociata Baly, 1874: 185; Ogloblin 1936: 354 (as synonym of G. bifasciata , synonymy confirmed).

Galerucida [sic!] nigrita Chûjô, 1935: 168; Chûjô 1962: 153 (redescription); Kimoto 1966: 34 (as synonym of G. bifasciata , synonymy confirmed).

Type material.

Gallerucida bifasciata . Lectotype ♂ (KUEC), here designated, labeled: "Galerucida / bifasciata / Motch. / Type / Japonia [h, w] // Ex-Musæo / E. Harold [p, w]". Number of paralectotypes is uncertain.

Melospila nigromaculata . Lectotype ♂ (BMNH), here designated, labeled: "Galerucida / nigromaculata / Baly / N. China [h, g] // Type [p, w, circular label with red border] // Type [h, w] // Baly Coll. [p, w]". Number of paralectotypes is uncertain.

Melospila consociata . Lecotype ♀ (BMNH), here designated, labeled: "Hakodate / Mr. Moor [h, w, with pencil written on the back of the label which specimen glue on] // Hakodate [p, w] // Japan. / G. Lewis, / 1910-320. [p, w]". Number of paralectotypes is uncertain.

Glaerucida nigrita . Lectotype ♂ (TARI), here designated, labeled: "Formosa. / Musha [= Wushe, 霧社], 1919. / V 18 - VI 15. / T. Okuni, [p, w] // CO / Types [p, w, yellow letters, circular label with yellow border] // Galerucida / nigrita Chûjô [h] / DET. M. CHUJO [p, g] // 1928 [p, w]". Paralectotypes. 2♂♂, 1♀ (TARI), same as lectotype but with "2183, or 2184, or 1929; 1♂ (TARI): "Horisha / Apr. 2, 1919 [h, w] // CO / Types [p, w, yellow letters, circular label with yellow border] // Galerucida / nigrita Chûjô [h] / DET. M. CHUJO [p, g]" // 2182 [p, w]"; 1♂ (SDEI): "Taihorinsho [= Talin, 大林] / Formosa / Sauter [p] VIII. [h] 07.09 [p, w] // Syntypus [p, r] // Galerucida / nigrita Chûjô [h] / DET. M. CHUJO [p, g] // DEI Müncheberg / Col-09171 [p, g]".

Diagnosis.

Gallerucida bifasciata adults are easily recognized by their black bodies, with or without yellowish brown stripes, and strongly serrate antennae. Aedeagi of male endophallic sclerite complex is characterized by its short endophallic sclerite complex, and the median sclerite is similar to the lateral sclerite in length. By contrast, the endophallic sclerite complex is comparatively longer, and the median sclerite is much longer than the lateral sclerite in other species.

Redescription.

Length 7.1-11.2 mm, width 4.2-6.0 mm. General color (Fig. 1 A–C) black; elytra with three pairs of transverse, yellowish brown or orange stripes, one pair at baso-lateral angles curved inwards; second pair behind middle sinuate, expanding posteriorly at 1/3 and 2/3 distance between suture and lateral margins; third pair near apex curved inwards, expanding anteriorly at 1/3 and 2/3 distance between suture and lateral margins; lateral margin of abdomen yellowish brown. Antenna serrate in males (Fig. 2A), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.4: 0.5: 1.3: 1.2: 1.1: 1.1: 1.1: 1.1: 1.1: 1.3, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–IX 2.6: 1.4: 1.5: 3.3: 2.3: 2.2: 2.1: 1.9: 2.2: 2.1: 2.9; less serrate and shorter in females (Fig. 2B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.4: 0.5: 0.9: 0.9: 0.9: 0.9: 0.9: 0.9: 0.8: 1.1, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–IX 3.1: 1.6: 2.0: 3.5: 3.1: 2.5: 2.0: 1.9: 1.8: 1.9: 2.5. Pronotum transverse, 1.9 × wider than long, disc convex, with indistinct depressions at sides, disc with microreculation, and extremely coarse, sparse punctures, and minute, sparse punctures between coarse punctures; lateral margin rounded; apical margin concave; basal margin convex. Elytra parallel-sided; 1.4 × longer than wide, disc without micro-reticulation but with extremely coarse punctures arranged into striae, with minute punctures between coarse punctures. Penis (Fig. 2C, D) elongate, 5.8 × longer than wide; parallel-sided; apex lanceolate; slightly curved in lateral view; ventral surface well sclerotized; endophallic sclerite complex (Fig. 2H) small, about 0.3 × as long as penis, composed of one median sclerite and one pair of lateral sclerites, median sclerite longitudinal, with dorsal process at apical 1/4, with dense setae along apical margin of dorsal process; lateral sclerites longitudinal and slightly longer than median, about 1.2 × median sclerite, asymmetric, curved near apex, apices circular and with one acute tooth. Gonocoxae (Fig. 2F) elongate, connected from base to apical 1/3, apices rounded, with dense elongate setae; base shallow bifurcate. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 2E) longitudinal, apex transverse, apical margin truncate; with dense short setae along apical margin; spiculum extremely slender. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 2G) strongly swollen; pump short but strongly curved; proximal spermathecal duct wide and deeply inserted into receptacle.

Variations.

Kimoto (1965a) noted that specimens (Fig. 1F) collected from Hokkaido and Northeast Honshu possess coarser punctures on the pronotum and elytra, and reticulate microsculpture on the pronotum, and treated them as G. bifasciata and G. consociata . Some individuals from North China possess the well-developed yellowish brown stripes on the elytra with several black spots (Fig. 1E). By contrast, some specimens from Taiwan have the yellowish brown stripes completely reduced (Fig. 1D) and were identified as G. nigrita .

Host plants.

Polygonaceae : Fallopia multiflora var. hypoleucum (Ohwi) Yonek. et H. Ohashi (present study); F. sachaliensis (F. Schmidt) Ronse Decr. (= Polygonum sachaliense and Reynoutria sachalinensis ) ( Chûjô and Kimoto 1961); Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross ( Lee and Cho 2006); Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. (= Reynoutria japonica and Fallopia japonica ) ( Chûjô and Kimoto 1961); Rheum undulatum Linn. ( Lee and Cho 2006); Rumex acetosa Linn.; Ru. japonicus Houtt. ( Chûjô and Kimoto 1961); Ru. aquaticus Linn.; Ru. crispus Linn. ( Lee and Cho 2006). Its host specificity was examined by Wang et al. (2008). Adults strongly preferred Fallopia japonica (= Polygonum cuspidatum ), Persicaria perfoliata , and Polygonum multiflorum (= Fallopia multiflora ).

Biology.

Gallerucida bifasciata populations are presumably multivoltine. The following life cycle information is based on our (TCRT) observations (Lee and Cheng 2007). Females began to deposit an average of 20 eggs in single egg masses during mid-January. Eggs hatched in 11-14 days. The larvae (Fig. 3A) fed on leaves and the larval duration was 14-15 days. Mature larvae (Fig. 3B) burrowed into the soil and built underground chambers for pupation. Duration of the pupal stage (Fig. 3C) was 14-19 days. Newly emerged adults appeared during spring and were active (Fig. 3D) during summer and autumn.

Other material examined.

CHINA. Anhui: 2♂♂, 1♀ (NHMB), Dabieshan [大別山], 21-24.VI.1998, leg. Bolm; Fujian: 1♀ (BMNH), Wuyishan [武夷山], Jianyang [建陽], 27.III.1980, leg. S. Q. Jiang; 2♂♂ (BPBM), Shui-Pei-Kai, Shaowu, 26.III.1942, leg. T. C. Maa; Guanxi: 1♂ (TARI), Dayaoshan [大瑤山], 14.V.2016; Hebei: 2♂♂, 3♀♀ (NHMB), Wudanshan [武當山], 5-7.VII.1998, leg. Bolm; 1♂, 1♀ (JBCB), Xintai [邢台], Taihang mts. [太行山], Neiqiu [內丘], 8-11.VI.2004, leg. M. Knížek; 2♂♂ (JBCB), border between Hebei and Inner Mongolian, road Chengda-Chifeng, pass 1600 m, 1-2.VI.2000; Heilongjiang: 1♂ (BMNH), Erlungshan [二龍山], 29.V.1966, leg. P. M. Hammond; 1♀ (BMNH), Harbin [哈爾濱], 29.VI.1952; Hubei: 1♀ (BMNH), Ichang [= Yichang, 宜昌], B.M. 1922-212, leg. C. T. Bowring; 1♂ (BPBM), Trail between Mo-Tai-Chi and Sang-Hou-Ken, 19.VII.1948, leg. Gressitt & Djou; Jiangsu: 1♂ (BMNH), Nanjing [南京], 1935, coll. IZAS; Shaanxi: 1♂ (BPBM), Mts. Chin-Ling [秦嶺山], IV.-V.1904; 1♀ (BMNH), Cuihuashan [翠華山], 19.IX.1980, leg. P. M. Hammond; 1♂ (BMNH), Huashan [華山], 30.VII.1966, leg. P. M. Hammond; 3♂♂, 1♀ (JBCB), same locality, 17-22.VI.1991, leg. Z. Kejval; Sichuan: 2♂♂ (TARI), Bayueshan [巴岳山], 21.IV.2013; 1♂ (TARI), Fenghuang [鳳凰鎮], 30.III.2013; 1♂ (NHMB), Guanxian [灌縣], 27.VI.1990, leg. L. & M. Bocák; Zhejiang: 1♂ (BPBM), Hangchow [=Hangzhou, 杭州], 11.VI.1924, leg. J. F. Illingworth; 1♀ (BMNH), same locality, 8.IV.1930, leg. P. H. Tsai; JAPAN. Hokkaido: 3♂♂, 1♀ (JBCB), Sapporo, Oshoro, 15.VI.1997, leg. V. Košťál; Honshu: 2♀♀ (JBCB), Aomori, Fukaura, 11-13.VI.1999, leg. M. Hayashi; 1♂ (BMNH), Fukushima, 26-29.VII.1881, coll. G. Lewis; 1♂, 1♀ (NHMB), Mt. Fuji, 200 m, 4-13.VIII.1985, leg. G. J. Minet; 1♂ (NMNS), Gifu, Kamagatani, 7.VII.1946, leg. T. Takahashi; 1♀ (NMNS), Gifu, Suhara, 3.VI.1956, leg. K. Ohbayashi; 1♀ (NMNS), same but with “26.V.1957”; 16♂♂, 2♀♀ (NMNS), Hyogo, Mt. Oginosen, 4.V.1964, leg. M. H. Chûjô; 27♂♂, 2♀♀ (NMNS), same locality, 1-5.V.1965, leg. Y. Ohira; 1♂, 1♀ (BMNH), Kyoto, Kibune, V.1951, leg. A. Nobuchi; 3♂♂ (BMNH), Nikko, 3-21.VI.1880, coll. G. Lewis; 2♂♂, 1♀ (BMNH), Nikko dist., Kozawa, 15.VIII.1980, leg. P. M. Hammond; Kyushu: 1♂ (TARI), Fukuoka, Mt. Inunaki, 5.V.1939, leg. S. Nisiguti; 2♀♀ (TARI), same but with “19.V.1940”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “26.V.1940”; 1♂ (BMNH), Nagasaki, coll. G. Lewis, 1910-320; SOUTH KOREA. 2♀♀ (JBCB), Chungcheongbuk-do, Daegang-myeon, Danyang-gun, 12.VI.2008, leg. J. M. Kwon; 1♂ (JBCB), Gyeongsangbuk-do, Cheongsong-gun, Hyeonseo-myeon, Sachon-ri, 5.VI.2010, leg. H. W. Cho; 1♂ (NHMB), Kyongju National Park, VIII.1979, leg. G. M. Récolt; RUSSIA. 2♂♂, 1♀ (JBCB), Primorskij kraj, Arsenev, VI.1991, leg. Štrba; 1♂ (JBCB), Primor’ye, Lazo, VII.1990, leg. S. Pokorný; TAIWAN. Hsinchu: 5♀♀ (TARI), Kuanhsi [關西], 9.II.2007, leg. H.-H. Han; Hualien: 3♂♂, 2♀♀ (TARI), Fuli [富里] - Tungho [東河] (in Taitung), 9-11.XI.1982, leg. K. C. Chou & S. P. Huang; Kaoshiang: 1♀ (TARI), Hsiaokuanshan [小關山], 15.V.2016, leg. B.-X. Guo; 1♀ (TARI), Shanping [扇平], 7.VI.2014, leg. W.-C. Liao; 1♀ (TARI), Taoyuan [桃源], 15.IV.2013, leg. L.-P. Hsu; 1 ♂ (NMNS), Tengchih [藤枝], 22.VIII.1996, leg. M.-L. Chan; 2♂♂ (TARI), same locality 28.III.2015, leg. W.-C. Liao; 1♂ (TARI), Tona trail [多納林道], 20.III.2010, leg. U. Ong; Miaoli: 1♀ (NMNS), Hsueshanken [雪山坑], 16-17.III.1995, leg. W. T. Yang; Nantou: 1♀ (NMNS), Howangshan [合望山], 1997, leg. C. C. Lo; 1♀ (NMNS), Huisun Forest Rec. Area [惠蓀林場], 22.V.1997, leg. C.W. & L.B. O’Brien; 2♀♀ (NMNS), Lushan [盧山], 18.V.1997, leg. C. W. & L. B. O’Brien; 1♂ (NMNS), Meifeng [梅峰], 9-10.II.1999, leg. C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang; 2♂♂ (NMNS), Meihsi [眉溪], 16.VI.1965, leg. B. S. Chang; 8♂♂, 4♀♀ (NMNS), Nanshanhsi [南山溪], 21.V.-17.VI.1965, leg. B. S. Chang; 1♂ (NMNS), same locality 11.II.1999, leg. C.-S. Lin; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 7.IV.2010, leg. Y.-T. Wang; 1♀ (NMNS), Penpuhsi [本部溪], 29.V.1965, leg. B. S. Chang; 2♀♀ (NMNS), same but with “17.V.1970”; 1♀ (NMNS), Shihtzutou [獅子頭], 21.II.1998, leg. C.-C. Lo; 1♂ (TARI), Tungpu [東埔], 19-23.VII.1982, leg. L. Y. Chou & T. Lin; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 10-14.I.1983, leg. K. C. Chou & S. P. Huang; 4♂♂ (BMNH), Musha [=Wushe, 霧社], 18.V.-15.VI.1919, leg. T. Okuni, J. Sonan, K. Miy., M. Yosh.; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 19-22.IV.1983, leg. K. C. Chou & S. P. Huang; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Yuanfeng [鳶峰], 2.VI.2012, leg. J.-F. Tsai; Pingtung: 1♂ (TARI), Ali [阿禮], 17.II.2016, leg. Y.-T. Chung; 1♂ (TARI), Peitawushan [北大武山], 17.II.2010, leg. S.-F. Yu; 1♂ (TARI), Tahanshan [大漢山], 16.IV.2007, leg. Y.-L. Lin; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 21.V.2007, leg. Y.-L. Lin; 10♂♂, 2♀♀ (TARI), same locality, 18.VII.2007, leg. C.-F. Lee; 1♂ (TARI), Wutain [霧台], 11.IV.2007, leg. Y.-L. Lin; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 12.V.2009, leg. U. Ong; Taichung: 2♂♂ (TARI), Kukuan [谷關], 20-22.VI.1978, leg. K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou; Tainan: 1♂ (TARI), Meiling [梅嶺], 4.VI.2010, leg. U. Ong; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 6.VII.2012, leg. Y.-L. Lin; Taipei: 2♂♂, 2♀♀, Wulai [烏來], 23.I.2008, leg. S.-F. Yu; Taitung: 1♂ (TARI), Chipen [知本], 15-17.II.1981, leg. L. Y. Chou & T. Lin; 1♂ (TARI), Tulanshan [都蘭山], 4.VII.2016, leg. S.-P. Wu; 1♀ (TARI), Yanping trail [延平林道], 5.III.2016, leg. S.-P. Wu; Taoyuan: 1♀ (NMNS), Junghua [榮華], 15.V.1971, leg. B. S. Chang; 2♀♀ (TARI), Paling [巴陵], 3-5.V.1983, leg. K. C. Chou & C. C. Pan.

Distribution.

China, Japan, Korea, Russia, Taiwan.