Pyrrhulina, Valenciennes, 1846

Toledo-Piza, Mônica, Baena, Eduardo G., Dagosta, Fernando C. P., Menezes, Naércio A., Ândrade, Marcelo, Benini, Ricardo C., Bertaco, Vinicius A., Birindelli, José Luís O., Boden, Gert, Buckup, Paulo A., Camelier, Priscila, Carvalho, Fernando R., Castro, Ricardo M. C., Chuctaya, Junior, Decru, Eva, Derijst, Eddy, Dillman, Casey B., Ferreira, Katiane M., Merxem, Dimitri G., Giovannetti, Victor, Hirschmann, Alice, Jégu, Michel, Jerep, Fernando C., Langeani, Francisco, Lima, Flávio C. T., Lucena, Carlos A. S., Lucena, Zilda Margarete S., Malabarba, Luiz R., Malabarba, Maria Cláudia S. L., Marinho, Manoela M. F., Mathubara, Kleber, Mattox, George M. T., Melo, Bruno F., Moelants, Tuur, Moreira, Cristiano R., Musschoot, Tobias, Netto-Ferreira, André L., Ota, Rafaela P., T. Oyakawa, Osvaldo, Pavanelli, Carla S., Reis, Roberto E., Santos, Osmar, Serra, Jane Piton, Silva, Gabriel S. C., Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison, Souza-Lima, Rosana, Vari, Richard P. & Zanata, Angela M., 2024, Checklist of the species of the Order Characiformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi), Neotropical Ichthyology (e 230086) 22 (1), pp. 1-548 : 389-392

PYRRHULINA Valenciennes, 1846

AL Netto-Ferreira

Pyrrhulina Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1846:535 . Type species: Pyrrhulina filamentosa Valenciennes, 1847 . Type by monotypy. Gender: Feminine.

Holotaxis Cope, 1870:563 . Type species: Holotaxis melanostomus Cope, 1870 . Type by monotypy. Gender: Feminine.

Pyrrhulina australis Eigenmann, Kennedy, 1903

Pyrrhulina australe Eigenmann, Kennedy, 1903:508 . Type locality: Arroyo Trementina. [ Arroyo Trementina , Concepción, Paraguay (near 23°4’2”S, 57°3’1”W)]. Holotype: CAS 60490.

Pyrrhulina macrolepis Ahl, Schindler, 1937:140 . Type locality: San José, Rio Picomayo ; Gob. Formosa, Argentinien. [Rio Picomayo = Rio Pilcomayo, representing the northwestern border of Argentina, separating it from Bolivia and Paraguay in the Provinces of Salta and Formosa. San José is likely a toponym in the Parque Nacional Rio Pilcomayo. A gazetteer indicates San José as the northern edge of the Laguna Blanca (25°08’60”S, 58°08’60”W)]. Holotype: ZSM 5866 [Neumann, 2011:261 commented on discovery of holotype in ZSM collection].

Distribution: 311*, 315*, 316*, 323*, 324*, 322*, 320*, 321*, 319*, 343*, 344*, 346*, 333*, 332*, 334*, 345*,342*, ( Weitzman, Weitzman, 2003; A. Netto-Ferreira, pers. obs.).

Remarks: Likely a widespread species complex.

Pyrrhulina beni Pearson, 1924

Pyrrhulina beni Pearson, 1924:32 . Type locality: Ivon, Village on the Lower Beni . Altitude about 500 feet. [Ivón right bank village near 11°07’50”S, 66°07’56”W, Bolivia]. Syntypes: (3) CAS 60493 (now 2), UMMZ 66489 (1).

Distribution: 318 ( Weitzman, Weitzman, 2003).

Pyrrhulina brevis Steindachner, 1876

Pyrrhulina brevis Steindachner, 1876a:11 [6], Pl. 1 (figs. 3–4). Type locality: Auch diese Art fand Natterer an der Mündung des Rio negro und Prof. L. Agassiz sammelte sie während der Thayer-Expedition bei Cudajas, Tabatinga und bei Manaos im Rio negro. [Lectotype locality: “Mündung des Rio Negro” (mouth of the Rio Negro, Brazil).]. Lectotype: NMW 76177.2 . [Designated by Zarske, Géry (2001b)]

Distribution: 314, 316 ( Weitzman, Weitzman, 2003).

Remarks: Likely a species complex.

Pyrrhulina capim Vieira, Netto-Ferreira, 2019

Pyrrhulina capim Vieira, Netto-Ferreira, 2019:2 , fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, Pará , Bragança, rio São José, 01°07’47”S, 46°49’13”W. Holotype: UFRGS 27300 .

Distribution: 323 ( Vieira et al., 2019).

Pyrrhulina eleanorae Fowler, 1940

Pyrrhulina eleanorae Fowler, 1940a:262 , fig. 59. Type locality: Ucayali River basin, Contamana , Peru. [Contamana (07°21’02”S, 75°00’33”W)]. Holotype: ANSP 68676 .

Distribution: 316 ( Weitzman, Weitzman, 2003).

Remarks: Possibly a junior synonym of P. laeta as suggested by Netto-Ferreira, Luckenbill (2017).

Pyrrhulina elongata Zarske, Géry, 2001

Pyrrhulina elongata Zarske, Géry, 2001b:16 , fig. 1. Type locality: Brasilien, Para , Bach und kleiner Teich etwa 25km südwestlich von Itaituba an der Strasse Itaituba– Vila Nova, Einzugsgebiet des Rio Tapajós. [Type locality estimated as 4°21’4.61”S, 56°12’3.40”W ( Brazil)]. Holotype: MZUSP 52731 (missing). [Holotype lost along with “several” Characidae types during mail transfer from the MTD to the MZUSP (A. Zarske pers. comm.)].

Distribution: 316*, 320* ( Weitzman, Weitzman, 2003; A. Netto-Ferreira, pers. obs.).

Pyrrhulina filamentosa Valenciennes, 1847

Pyrrhulina filamentosa Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1847:535 , Pl. 589 [not 555]. Type locality: Surinam [ Suriname]. Holotype: MNHN 0000-4408.

Distribution: 308*, 309*, 310*, 311* ( Weitzman, Weitzman, 2003; A. Netto-Ferreira, pers. obs.).

Pyrrhulina laeta (Cope, 1872)

Holotaxis laetus Cope, 1872b:257 . Type locality: Rio Ambyiacu. [Ambiguity exists concerning exact origin of specimens as listed by Cope (1872b): “small streams tributary of the Ambyiacu (river) or the river (Ambyiacu) itself.”, Peru]. Holotype: ANSP 8029 . [Holotype with damaged head and fins. Fowler (1906:294, fig. 1), Böhlke(1984:118)].

Distribution: 316 ( Weitzman, Weitzman, 2003).

Remarks: The identity of this species has been confused with that of P. semifasciata since the first half of the 20th century, but the type and early illustrations of P. laeta show no trace of a long primary stripe. Netto-Ferreira, Luckenbill (2017) suggested that the species shares with P. eleanorae and P. elongate a unique diagnostic character involving the number of scales in the dorsalmost paired series, considerably narrowing the scope of the identity of the species. Also, considering P. eleanorae is among the most abundant species of the genus in the Ampiyacu, it is highly plausible that both species are synonyms. The distribution of P. laeta is here restricted to its type locality until ongoing revisionary studies of the group are complete.

Pyrrhulina lugubris Eigenmann, 1922

Pyrrhulina lugubris Eigenmann, 1922:231 , Pl. 21 (fig. 1). Type locality: Barrigón. [Puerto Barrigón, Meta, Colombia (04°10’00”N, 73°01’00”W), at the right bank of Río Humea]. Holotype: CAS 78888 (1 of 13).

Distribution: 307 ( Weitzman, Weitzman, 2003).

Remarks: Although the species is considered widespread in the Orinoco drainage, no specimens were found in Venezuelan collections in 2012 (Netto-Ferreira, pers. obs.).

Pyrrhulina marilynae Netto-Ferreira, Marinho, 2013

Pyrrhulina marilynae Netto-Ferreira, Marinho, 2013:370 , fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Tapurah, stream crossing MT-338 road, 62 Km to the north of Tapurah , 12°15’29”S, 56°38’59”W. Holotype: MCP 47420 (ex. MCP 30227 ).

Distribution: 320, 322 (Netto-Ferreira, Marinho, 2010).

Pyrrhulina maxima Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1889

Pyrrhulina maxima Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1889a:111 , Pl. 1 (fig. 4). Type locality: Tabatinga. [ Brazil]. Holotype: (possible) USNM 120283 (3) or in MCZ 6343 (now 11); originally given as “Type N° 6343; one specimen ”.

Distribution: 316 ( Weitzman, Weitzman, 2003).

Remarks: Possibly a synonym of P. semifasciata .

Pyrrhulina melanostoma (Cope, 1870)

Holotaxis melanostomus Cope, 1870:563 . Type locality: Pebas , Equador. [currently, Peru]. Syntypes: Whereabouts unknown. [some primary types apparently lost after Cope’s death (Fowler, 1907:458, fig. 47; Böhlke, 1984:119)].

Distribution: 316 ( Weitzman, Weitzman, 2003).

Remarks: Identity and status of this species is unclear, but original color pattern description matches that of P. obermulleri .

Pyrrhulina obermulleri Myers, 1926

Pyrrhulina obermulleri Myers, 1926a:150 . Type locality: Iquitos, Peru. Syntypes: CAS 60498 (4).

Distribution: 316 ( Weitzman, Weitzman, 2003).

Remarks: Colombian records of P. obermulleri are P. lugubris , and both species are likely synonyms (pers. obs.).

Pyrrhulina rachoviana Myers, 1926

Pyrrhulina rachoviana Myers, 1926b:441 . Type locality: Herr Arthur Rachow, der wohlbekannte Hamburger Liebhaber, zwei schöne konservierte Exemplare dieser Fischart, ein ausgewachsenes Männchen und Weibchen. [Aquarists historically suggest that the type-locality is likely wrong]. Syntypes: USNM 92970 (2).

Distribution: 345 (Myers, 1926b).

Remarks: Aquarists have historically suggested that the type locality is likely wrong, and the specimens on which Myers based his description originated from the Amazon. The species was considered a synonym of P. australis by Zarske, Géry (2004a), but posteriorly questioned by Netto-Ferreira, Marinho, 2013:373 and Vieira, Netto-Ferreira, 2019:7. In fact, the limits between the identity of Pyrrhulina australis and P. rachoviana are very confusing, and preliminary molecular data have presented evidence that this species group, being distributed from Argentina to the Guianas, is composed of several undescribed species still. Hence, the decision to recognize the species as valid, and restricted to its supposed type locality.

Pyrrhulina semifasciata Steindachner, 1876

Pyrrhulina semifasciata Steindachner, 1876a:7 [2], Pl. 1 (figs. 1–2a). Type locality: Joh. Natterer entdeckte diese Art zuerst in der Mu¨ndung des Rio negro in stehenden Gewa¨ssern. Wa¨hrend der Thayer-Expedition wurden sehr viele Exemplare dieser Art bei Cudajas, Gurupa und Tabatinga gesammelt. [ Brazil]. Syntypes: (several)?MCZ 6317 (8) Gurupa, 6345 (1) Tabatinga, 6367 (20) Tabatinga, 6858 (25) Tabatinga; ZMUC 42 (1?) Amazonas; NMW 56975–78 (3, 2, 1, 3), 56980 (2), 56986 (1).

Distribution: 314, 315, 316, 320, 321, 322, 323* ( Weitzman, Weitzman, 2003); A. Netto-Ferreira, pers. obs.).

Remarks: Likely a species complex.

Pyrrhulina spilota Weitzman, 1960

Pyrrhulina spilota Weitzman, 1960c:109 , fig. 1. Type locality: South America. [Possibly from the Iquitos, Peru, region]. Holotype: SU 52352 .

Distribution: 316 ( Weitzman, Weitzman, 2003).

Pyrrhulina stoli Boeseman, 1953

Pyrrhulina stoli Boeseman, 1953:14 , fig. 1d. Type locality: Marowini Basin (?). [ Suriname]. Holotype: RMNH 20469 .

Distribution: 309*, 310*, 311* ( Weitzman, Weitzman, 2003; A. Netto-Ferreira, pers. obs.).

Pyrrhulina vittata Regan, 1912

Pyrrhulina vittata Regan, 1912b:391 . Type locality: Obidos. [ Brazil]. Holotype: BMNH 1912.8.31.2.

Distribution: 316, 318, 319, 321 ( Weitzman, Weitzman, 2003).

Pyrrhulina zigzag Zarske, Géry, 1997

Pyrrhulina zigzag Zarske, Géry, 1997a:12 , figs. 1–2. Type locality: Bach an der Strasse von Campo-Verde nach Nueva Requena. [Type locality near 8°30’S, 74°35’W, Peru]. Holotype: MTD F17705 .

Distribution: 316, 321* ( Weitzman, Weitzman, 2003; A. Netto-Ferreira, pers. obs.).