Druon Kinsey, 1937

Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Stone, Graham N. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2022, Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species, Zootaxa 5132 (1), pp. 1-92 : 7-10

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5132.1.1

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E46DB5D4-33E9-4C14-BAAE-CD56300D46CA

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7629922

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF6087FA-A377-1025-FF54-FAB0057222E8

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Druon Kinsey, 1937
status

 

Druon Kinsey, 1937 , stat. rev.

Type species: Druon protagion Kinsey, 1937 .

Diagnosis. Asexual and sexual females known; the malar space with striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye, malar sulcus absent; gena broadened or not behind the eye ( Fig. 1 View FIGURES 1–5 ); toruli usually located above mid height of head; antenna always with 11–12 flagellomeres; mesoscutum reticulate, notaulus complete or anteriorly incomplete, mesopleuron entirely striate or striato-reticulate ( Figs. 6 View FIGURES 6–9 , 26 View FIGURES 26–29 ); transscutal articulation present; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in mid-height or posterior 1/3 ( Fig. 29 View FIGURES 26–29 ), in some cases lateral carinae inconspicuous or absent; prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium variable, around 2.3–5.1× as long as broad in ventral view. On the basis of these characters, Druon is similar to some sexual and asexual Andricus species. Asexual Andricus females differ from Druon either by presenting a densely pubescent metasoma, by differences in surface sculpturing (punctures on head and/or mesoscutum and sometimes on mesopleuron), or by the subparallel lateral propodeal carinae. Sexual forms of Andricus differ from Druon by not having all the characters mentioned above; in those Andricus species the mesoscutum is rugose or partially granulate, mesopleuron (at least the speculum) smooth, and/or the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium is longer; in addition, some sexual and asexual females of Andricus have the antenna with 13 flagellomeres. The males from the two Druon species with known sexual forms have 14 flagellomeres, incomplete propodeal carinae ( Fig. 97 View FIGURES 95–98 ), and the second metasomal tergum in the form of a long narrow petiole ( Fig. 98 View FIGURES 95–98 ). In contrast, in male Andricus the antenna has 12–13 flagellomeres, propodeal carinae are complete and the metasoma is without a petiole. Another important character that differentiates Druon from the genus Andricus is the shape and structure of the galls. The asexual galls of Druon are always woolly aggregations on leaves (and in one species very rarely on twigs). Only a few sexual forms of Andricus , such as the Western Palearctic A. quercusramuli ( Linnaeus, 1761) , induce similar woolly aggregated galls but they are on catkins. Moreover, only sexual generation Andricus make such galls and the females differ from the new genus by their mesopleuron, which is uniformly and very delicately transversally striate, almost smooth and by the mesoscutum which is not reticulate; in Druon the mesopleuron is completely sculptured and the mesoscutum reticulated.

Redescription. Asexual female. Head, mesosoma dark brown, chestnut brown to black, rusty brown or yellowish to yellow-amber; antenna of the same colour or paler than head; metasoma dark brown to reddish brown; mouthparts, legs yellowish-brown, light brown to dark brown, with coxae always darker.

Head alutaceous, with sparse setae, denser on lower face, rounded, trapezoidal, or transverse, 1.2–1.4× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view; 2.0–2.2× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, either not or broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, with striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye, malar sulcus absent ( Figs. 1 View FIGURES 1–5 , 46 View FIGURES 46–49 ); eye 2.8–4.0× as high as length of malar space. Eyes parallel or slightly converging ventrally. POL 1.8–3.6× as long as OOL, OOL slightly shorter or 1.3–1.6× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and nearly equal to LOL, all ocelli ovate, of same size ( Figs. 2 View FIGURES 1–5 , 21 View FIGURES 20–25 , 114 View FIGURES 113–118 ). Transfacial distance slightly shorter or equal to height of eye; toruli located at mid-height or level with the lower half of eye; frons higher than lower face, diameter of antennal torulus 1.3–2.0× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly shorter or 1.2–1.5× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face smooth, alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, with white setae, with or without short delicate striae; slightly elevated median area alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, with few setae. Clypeus rounded, quadrangular or rectangular, nearly 2.0× as broad as high, smooth, glabrous, with few setae; ventrally rounded, not emarginate and without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, distinct, epistomal sulcus distinct, clypeo-pleurostomal line well impressed. Frons uniformly alutaceous, without striae and setae, interocellar area alutaceous. Vertex, occiput and postocciput alutaceous; postgena smooth or alutaceous, with or without setae; posterior tentorial pit large, elongated, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly shorter or as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which strongly diverge toward occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly slightly broader than occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 11–12 flagellomeres (in some specimens the suture between F12 and F11 hardly visible), pedicel longer than broad; flagellomeres subsequently broadening towards apical end; F1 1.6x as long as pedicel and 1.3× as long as F2; F2 1.1× as long as F3; F3=F4=F5, F5 1.1× as long as F6, F6 to F10 nearly equal in length; F11 2.1× as long as F10; placodeal sensilla on F3/F5–F11(F12).

Mesosoma slightly longer than high, with a few white setae, denser along propleuron and laterally. Pronotum smooth, with parallel striae and sparse setae laterally; propleuron smooth, glabrous. Mesoscutum uniformly and entirely reticulate, with a few white setae along notauli ( Fig. 7 View FIGURES 6–9 ), slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum level with base of tegulae). Notaulus usually complete, in some species indistinct in anterior 1/3, impressed in posterior 2/3 of mesoscutum length, notaulus alutaceous or smooth; posteriorly strongly converging; anterior parallel line invisible or indistinctly impressed and extending to 1/3 of mesoscutum length; parapsidal line marked with broad impressed area; median mesoscutal line absent or short and impressed only posteriorly; parascutal carina broad, reaching pronotum. Mesoscutellum ovate, slightly longer than broad; disk of mesoscutellum, rugose, reticulated or dull rugose only laterally and posteriorly, overhanging metanotum, glabrous or with sparse long setae; circumscutellar carina complete. Mesoscutellar foveae transverse, about 2.0× as broad as high, with smooth glabrous bottom, divided by narrow rugose elevated central carina. Mesopleuron entirely covered with delicate interrupted parallel striae, without setae or only setose ventrally ( Figs. 6 View FIGURES 6–9 , 26 View FIGURES 26–29 ); mesopleural triangle smooth, with a few strong irregular striae and long white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glabrous; axillula with delicate parallel longitudinal striae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, triangular, posteriorly as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at mid-height or slightly above, upper part of sulcus also distinct, sulcus separating smooth, glabrous area, with some setae in lower part. Metascutellum smooth, glabrous or coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with or without delicate rugae in posterolateral part; several parallel indistinct, interrupted, incomplete lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in mid-height or posterior 1/3 ( Figs. 9 View FIGURES 6–9 , 29 View FIGURES 26–29 ); in some cases, lateral carinae absent; lateral propodeal area smooth, with long white setae and piliferous points. Nucha with strong longitudinal sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws with basal lobe.

Fore wing longer than body, hyaline, with distinct dense cilia on margin, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 3.2–4.5× as long as broad; Rs not reaching wing margin, R1 indistinct, less pigmented, not reaching wing margin; areolet small, triangular, closed and distinct. Rs+M inconspicuous, its projection reaching basalis slightly below or in lower half of its height.

Metasoma as long as, or longer than, head+mesosoma, slightly longer or shorter than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending to half-length of metasoma in dorsal view, with a few white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures; third and fourth terga smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures; subsequent terga without or with rare delicate micropunctures ( Figs. 11 View FIGURES 10–12 , 30 View FIGURES 30–32 , 55 View FIGURES 54–56 ). Hypopygium with or without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.3–5.1× as long as broad in ventral view, with a few white setae ventrally. Body length 1.5–2.5 mm.

Sexual generation females and males are known for D. ignotum and D. quercuslanigerum . Sexual females differ from asexual females by the mesoscutellum not overhanging the metanotum; males are distinct in having antennae with 14 flagellomeres all with placodeal sensilla, F1 curved, and the first metasomal tergum in the form of a long petiole (see also the description of the sexual generation of D. ignotum below).

Fifteen species belong to Druon and can be distinguished by the following key.

Key to asexual generation females of Druon species

1. Head completely dark brown to black in frontal and posterior view ( Figs. 1 View FIGURES 1–5 , 15 View FIGURES 13–15 , 46 View FIGURES 46–49 ), without light marks; notaulus incomplete or complete, weakly impressed anteriorly ( Figs. 7 View FIGURES 6–9 , 18 View FIGURES 16–19 , 52 View FIGURES 50–53 ); mesosoma dark brown to black; coxae and femora dark brown to black at least in proximal half, rest of the leg amber ( Figs. 5 View FIGURES 1–5 , 14 View FIGURES 13–15 , 16–17 View FIGURES 16–19 ).......................................... 2

- Head rusty brown, light brown or yellowish, at least in frontal view ( Figs. 20 View FIGURES 20–25 , 69 View FIGURES 69–74 , 101 View FIGURES 101–105 ); mesosoma usually light brown to yellowish-brown ( Figs. 25 View FIGURES 20–25 , 74 View FIGURES 69–74 , 105 View FIGURES 101–105 ); if colour different, then notaulus strongly impressed on its entire length; legs uniformly reddish brown or amber ( Fig. 136 View FIGURES 135–137 )........................................................................ 6

2. Height of eye 2.5× longer than malar space. Fore wing with pale, almost inconspicuous veins. Prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.0× longer than broad................................................ garciamartinonae sp. nov.

- Height of eye 3.3x longer than malar space or longer. Fore wing with dark brown veins. Prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium at least 3.5× longer than broad................................................................ 3

3. OOL subequal or shorter than diameter of lateral ocellus ( Fig. 47 View FIGURES 46–49 ); mesoscutum shorter than broad ( Fig. 52 View FIGURES 50–53 ); prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 3.5× as long as broad.......................................... gregori , sp. nov. (part)

- OOL longer than diameter of lateral ocellus ( Fig. 2 View FIGURES 1–5 ); mesoscutum at least as long as broad ( Fig. 7 View FIGURES 6–9 ); prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 4.5–5.0× as long as broad............................................................. 4

4. Head transversally ovate in frontal view; transfacial distance longer that eye height; torulus slightly above mid height of face ( Fig. 222 View FIGURES 222–227 ); clypeus same color as lower face; notaulus complete, weakly impressed anteriorly, with notaulus furrow smooth ( Figs. 227 View FIGURES 222–227 , 229 View FIGURES 228–231 ).......................................................................... serretae , sp. nov.

- Head trapezoid in frontal view; transfacial distance subequal or shorter than eye height; torulus at mid height or in lower part of face ( Figs. 1 View FIGURES 1–5 , 16 View FIGURES 16–19 ); clypeus paler than lower face; notaulus incomplete ( Figs. 7 View FIGURES 6–9 , 18 View FIGURES 16–19 ), not impressed anteriorly or, if complete, then notaulus furrow completely alutaceous................................................................ 5

5. Transfacial distance as long as the height of eye; torulus below the mid height of face ( Fig. 1 View FIGURES 1–5 ); notaulus complete, notaulus furrow alutaceous ( Fig. 7 View FIGURES 6–9 ); lateral propodeal carinae weak, fragmented, incomplete ( Fig. 9 View FIGURES 6–9 )............ alexandri , sp. nov.

- Transfacial distance shorter than height of eye; torulus at mid height of face ( Figs. 15–16 View FIGURES 13–15 View FIGURES 16–19 ); notaulus furrow smooth ( Figs. 18–19 View FIGURES 16–19 ); lateral propodeal carinae complete, never fragmented ( Fig. 19 View FIGURES 16–19 )...................... flocculentum , comb. nov.

6. Head rusty brown frontally, dark brown to black posteriorly ( Figs. 20–23 View FIGURES 20–25 , 69–72 View FIGURES 69–74 ); mesosoma dark brown to black, uniformly colored ( Figs. 25–27 View FIGURES 20–25 View FIGURES 26–29 , 74–76 View FIGURES 69–74 View FIGURES 75–79 )............................................................................ 7

- Head rusty brown frontally and posteriorly ( Figs. 101–103 View FIGURES 101–105 ); mesosoma paler, usually bicolored or light brown to yellowishbrown ( Figs. 118–121 View FIGURES 113–118 View FIGURES 119–122 , 157–158 View FIGURES 157–160 )......................................................................... 9

7. Gena strongly broadened behind eye in frontal view ( Fig. 69 View FIGURES 69–74 ); mesosoma dark brown; mesoscutellar fovea finely rugose, not delimited ventrally from disc of mesoscutellum, gradually continuing into disc, not separated by central carina ( Fig. 77 View FIGURES 75–79 ), mesoscutellar disc finely rugose; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium slightly longer than broad in ventral view ( Fig. 79 View FIGURES 75–79 )................................................................................. ignotum , comb. nov.

- Gena not or slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view ( Fig. 20 View FIGURES 20–25 ); mesosoma dark brown to black; mesoscutellar fovea smooth, glabrous, well delimited from disc of mesoscutellum, separated by central carina ( Fig. 28 View FIGURES 26–29 ), mesoscutellar disc coriaceous; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 3.5–4.0× as long as broad in ventral view ( Fig. 30 View FIGURES 30–32 )............... 8

8. Inner margins of eyes converging ventrally; notauli complete and well-delimited, impressed along all their length; mesoscutellar foveae divided by a strong carina..................................................... fullawayi , comb. nov.

- Inner margins of eyes parallel; notauli incomplete, indistinct from sculpture on anterior half; mesoscutellar foveae divided by an alutaceous elevated triangle......................................................... gregori sp. nov. (part)

9. Third tergum reticulate, subsequent terga with micropunctures ( Fig. 110–111 View FIGURES 110–112 ).................................... 10

- Third and subsequent terga smooth or with micropunctures ( Fig. 123 View FIGURES 123–124 )........................................... 11

10. Pale yellow specimens; head transversally ovate ( Fig. 101 View FIGURES 101–105 ); flagellomeres of similar thickness ( Fig. 104 View FIGURES 101–105 ); sides of mesoscutum only slightly darker ( Fig. 107 View FIGURES 106–109 ); second metasomal tergum smooth or sometimes reticulated in the posterior part ( Fig. 111 View FIGURES 110–112 )................................................................................ linaria , stat. rev., comb. rev.

- Brown specimens; head trapezoid ( Fig. 177 View FIGURES 177–182 ); with the distal flagellomeres thicker than rest of antenna ( Fig. 181 View FIGURES 177–182 ); sides of mesoscutum conspicuously darker ( Fig. 184 View FIGURES 183–186 ); second metasomal tergum usually with weak striae distally or dorso-apically, rarely smooth ( Figs. 188–189 View FIGURES 187–189 )......................................... quercuslanigerum comb. nov. var. striatum n. var.

11. Notaulus incomplete, extending to 1/2–2/3 of mesoscutum length ( Fig. 132 View FIGURES 131–134 ); mesoscutellar foveae in a form of transverse semilunar impression, without central carina or carina incomplete and weakly elevated, foveae always fused ( Fig. 133 View FIGURES 131–134 )....................................................................................... protagion , comb. rev.

- Notaulus complete or extending at least 4/5 length of mesoscutum ( Fig. 120 View FIGURES 119–122 ); mesoscutellar foveae transverse, divided by narrow rugose elevated triangular central carina ( Fig. 121 View FIGURES 119–122 )...................................................... 12

12. Short median mesoscutal line present ( Figs. 146 View FIGURES 145–148 , 158 View FIGURES 157–160 ); central area of mesoscutellar disk glabrous and coarsely reticulated ( Figs. 147 View FIGURES 145–148 , 159 View FIGURES 157–160 )...................................................................................... 13

- Median mesoscutal line, inconspicuous or in a form of impressed central narrow stripe ( Figs. 171 View FIGURES 170–173 , 217 View FIGURES 216–219 ); mesoscutellar disc uniformly pubescent and rugate ( Figs. 121 View FIGURES 119–122 , 195 View FIGURES 194–196 )............................................................ 14

13. Body brown, head transverse, gena distinctly broadened through entire lateral margin of eye in frontal view; mesoscutellum 1.2× as long as broad, with subparallel sides ( Fig. 147 View FIGURES 145–148 ); speculum uniformly striate ( Fig. 145 View FIGURES 145–148 ).... quercusflocci , comb. nov.

- Body yellow, head trapezoid, gena only slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, broader in lower half of eye; mesoscutellum rounded or slightly elongated ( Fig. 159 View FIGURES 157–160 ); speculum smooth ( Fig. 157 View FIGURES 157–160 )................................................................................................... quercuslanigerum , comb nov. var. quercuslanigerum

14. Ocelli elevated in frontal view ( Fig. 164 View FIGURES 164–169 ); last flagellomeres broader distally ( Fig. 168 View FIGURES 164–169 ); prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.0× as long as broad in ventral view.......................................................... 15

- Ocelli not elevated in frontal view; last flagellomeres not or only slightly broader distally ( Figs. 190 View FIGURES 190–193 , 199 View FIGURES 199–202 ); prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium at least 2.5× as long as broad in ventral view....................................... 16

15. Head trapezoid ( Fig. 164 View FIGURES 164–169 ); eye black; genae laterally broadened behind the eyes; fore wing venation dark brown ( Fig. 174 View FIGURES 174–176 )............................................................ D. quercuslanigerum comb. nov. var. fuscum n. var.

- Head transversally ovate; eye grey; genae not broadened behind the eyes ( Fig. 57 View FIGURES 57–61 ); fore wing venation pale brown, sometimes inconspicuous ( Fig. 66 View FIGURES 66–68 )................................................................... hansoni , sp. nov.

16. Head trapezoid, transverse in frontal view ( Fig. 113 View FIGURES 113–118 ); LOL 1.4× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus ( Fig. 114 View FIGURES 113–118 ); mesoscutum, pronotum laterally, mesopleuron with long, numerous setae ( Figs. 118–121 View FIGURES 113–118 View FIGURES 119–122 ); speculum sculptured ( Fig. 119 View FIGURES 119–122 ); metasoma with dense micropunctures ( Fig. 123 View FIGURES 123–124 ).......................................................... pattoni , comb. nov.

- ead rounded in frontal view ( Fig. 190 View FIGURES 190–193 ); LOL equal or slightly longer than diameter of ocellus ( Fig. 191 View FIGURES 190–193 ); mesoscutum, pronotum laterally, mesopleuron glabrous, with scarce pubescence; speculum smooth or weakly carinate ( Fig. 194 View FIGURES 194–196 ); metasoma without micropunctures ( Fig. 198 View FIGURES 197–198 )............................................................................. 17

17. Mesoscutum uniformly reddish-brown; Rs vein curved, radial cell of fore wing less than 3.5× as long as broad prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 3.5× as long as broad in ventral view ( Fig. 220 View FIGURES 220–221 ).................... rusticum , comb. rev.

- Mesoscutum black, with variable paler area around notaulus in posterior end and sometimes extending to the total length of the notauli; Rs vein straight, radial cell of fore wing 4.5× as long as broad prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 4.5× as long as broad in ventral view ( Fig. 198 View FIGURES 197–198 ).................................................... receptum , comb. rev.

Below we provide descriptions of new species and redescriptions of species transferred from Andricus View in CoL , according to current morphological criteria and terminology. Descriptions of galls, data on biology and distribution are also provided.

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Hymenoptera

Family

Cynipidae

GBIF Dataset (for parent article) Darwin Core Archive (for parent article) View in SIBiLS Plain XML RDF