Chamaecrista ser. Setosae (H. S. Irwin & Barneby, 1978)
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.11646/phytotaxa.490.2.1 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DC5D8782-FFC5-505B-FF4E-61B7FE65EB50 |
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treatment provided by |
Marcus |
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scientific name |
Chamaecrista ser. Setosae |
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Chamaecrista ser. Setosae series taxon morphology a) Habit: The species of Chamaecrista ser. Setosae are subshrub, shrub or small tree with stems little or very branched, sometimes pending and fissured.The subshrubs vary from 12 to 120 cm tall, in Ch. scabra , Ch. obtecta , Ch. ochrosperma whose are erect, poorly or unbranched ( Figs. 1D–E View FIGURE 1 ), or decumbent (e.g. Ch. campicola , Fig. 1F View FIGURE 1 ). Among the shrubs are Ch. auriszerdae , Ch. coradinii , Ch. orenocensis , and Ch. setosa , which grow erect with single stems up to 5 m tall ( Fig. 1A View FIGURE 1 ), or in clumps, with branches pending. Small trees are represented only by individuals of Ch. multiseta and Ch. orenocensis , which can reach up to 5.5 m tall and with a stem distally pending and supported on the vegetation. In general, in these species the stem is cylindrical, brown, or sometimes purplish or vinaceous-green or yellowish with conspicuously viscous and setose young portions.
b) Indument: All species of Setosae series present secretory trichomes, setose or setulose, whose bases are enlarged, and tectors in at least one part of the plant, a character that determines the name of the series according to Irwin & Barneby (1982); the secretory have usually light or whitish colors, while the tectors can be golden (e.g. Ch. campicola ), reddish, vinaceous, ferruginous (e.g. Ch. scabra ) or blackened (e.g. Ch. multiseta ). Both types are present in the reproductive (external surface of the sepals, ovary, and fruits) and vegetatives organs, including young branches, and can be sparse (e.g. Ch. coradinii and Ch. ochrosperma ) or densely distributed (e.g. Ch. setosa , Ch. auriszerdae , Ch campicola and Ch. obtecta ). Setulose trichomes have a prolongation up to 3 times greater than the base ( Fig. 2A View FIGURE 2 ), whereas in setose the prolongations can be up to 12 times greater than the base ( Fig. 2B View FIGURE 2 ). Among the setulose there are still the scabrous-setulose where the extensions are perpendicular to the insertion surface ( Fig. 2D View FIGURE 2 ), and among the setose the stellate-setose, whose bases are equipped with tiny tector rays ( Fig. 2C View FIGURE 2 ). Tector trichomes can be pubescent, puberulent, villous and villosule ( Fig. 2E View FIGURE 2 ) and, in general, occur interspersed with secretors ( Fig. 2B View FIGURE 2 ). When viewed in SEM the surfaces of the trichomes are smooth (e.g. Ch. auriszerdae , Fig. 3A View FIGURE 3 ), striated or papillate (e.g. Ch. setosae ( Fig. 3D and E View FIGURE 3 ) and its bases can be multi or single-celled. In the series studied, the presence and density of the trichomes helps in the determination of some species.
c) Stipules: The stipules vary from 1 to 7 mm long, the smallest being found in Ch. multiseta and the largest present in Ch. scabra . Regarding the shapes, the stipules are predominantly lanceolate with an acute apex and a truncated base, they can be persistent (e.g. Ch. ochrosperma ) or caduceus (e.g. Ch. coradinii and Ch. scabra ).
d) Leaves: The leaves are paripinnate, alternate and spiral, sessile or petiolate, distributed along the branches in an orthotropic or ascending aspect and have 1 or 2, sometimes 3, pairs of leaflets. Sessile leaves were recorded only in Ch. auriszerdae ( Fig. 4B View FIGURE 4 ), while the others showed petioles up to 3 cm long (e.g. Ch. coradinii [ Figs. 4A, C and D View FIGURE 4 ], Ch. multiseta , Ch. obtecta , Ch. ochrosperma Ch. scabra ) or up to 7 cm long (e.g. Ch. setosa ). The petioles, are cylindrical in cross section and canaliculated above. The pulvinus and pulvinules of these leaves are transversely rugose or smooth with trichomes similar to those of the petiole. Plagiotropic leaves, that is, angled at 90° in relation to the stem occur in most species ( Fig. 4A, B, C and D View FIGURE 4 ), while ascending, and in this case, at an angle equal to or less than 45°, were found in Ch. scabra and in individuals of Ch. setosa . The leaflets are predominantly coriaceous (e.g. Ch. setosa and Ch. scabra ) or sometimes papyraceous or carthaceous (e.g. Ch. multiseta and Ch. orenocensis ), have surfaces conspicuously differentiated dorsoventrally, the adaxial surface dark green and the abaxial usually opaque-green. The apexes of these leaflets are acute, obtuse, retuse or sometimes emarginated, with or without a short mucron, while its bases are always asymmetrical. The leaflets have venation pattern brochidodromous or camptodromous-brochidodromous, with midrib impressed and sulcated on the adaxial surface and prominent on the abaxial surface, secondary veins prominent on the abaxial surface, as well as tertiary and quaternary veins prominent and in a pattern aveolate on this same surface (e.g. Ch. auriszerdae , Ch. setosa ); the secondary ones are ascending in relation to the midrib (most of species) or perpendicular and anastomosing in a submarginal vein (e.g. Ch. coradinii ). Leaf characteristics are among the most useful tools for identifying the studied species, especially in relation to the numbers, size and shapes of the leaflets. Regarding the numbers of the leaflets, most species have two pairs of leaflets that can be isomorphic (e.g. Ch setosa , Ch. auriszerdae , Ch. multiseta , Ch. ochrosperma , Ch. campicola , Fig. 4A and D View FIGURE 4 ) or heteromorphic (e.g. Ch. obtecta ), where the proximal pair is reniform and two or three times smaller than the distal pair, which is suborbicular, ( Fig. 4C View FIGURE 4 ). Chamaecrista scabra and Ch. auriszerdae have leaves with only one pair of leaflets ( Fig. 4B View FIGURE 4 ), while C. coradinii has 2 or 3 pairs. As for the shapes of the leaflets are oblong-elliptical, elliptical (e.g. Ch. campicola , Ch. setosa ), suborbicular (e.g. Ch. auriszerdae and Ch. setosa ) or oblong-lanceolate (e.g. C. orenocensis ), or combinations thereof, in some cases in a single individual.
e) Inflorescences: The inflorescences are racemose or panicle, axillary or terminal. The panicle has two or more developed lateral branches (e.g. C. setosa , Fig. 5A View FIGURE 5 ) and spaced from each other, or an “thyrsoid” aspect where the main axis has active buds that originate short and racemose branches (e.g. Ch auriszerdae and Ch. obtecta , Fig. 5B View FIGURE 5 ). The racemes are usually solitary with flowers regularly distributed (e.g. Ch. ochrosperma , Ch. scabra and Ch. campicola , Fig. 5C View FIGURE 5 ), or in cluster up to 4, and in this case, in a paniculiform aspect, as also found in Ch. scabra . The inflorescences can be lax or congested ( Ch. auriszerdae ), erect (e.g. Ch. auriszerdae , Fig. 5E View FIGURE 5 ) or pendant (e.g. Ch. setosa , Ch. coradinii and Ch. multiseta , Fig. 5A and D View FIGURE 5 ) and vary from 3.8 to 75 cm long, the smallest sizes (3.8–14 cm) being found in Ch. auriszerdae and Ch. orenocensis and the largest (75 cm) in Ch. setosa . They have tectors (e.g. Ch. coradinii ), glandular (e.g. Ch. ochrosperma , Ch. campicola , Ch. obtecta ) or mixed trichomes ( Ch. auriszerdae , Ch. scabra , Ch. orenocensis ) with green colors ( Fig. 5B, E View FIGURE 5 ) or vinaceous such as in Ch. setosa and Ch. campicola , Fig. 5A, C, D View FIGURE 5 ).
f) Bracts and bracteoles: Bracts are solitary at the base of the pedicel while the bracteoles are alternate or opposite and occur in pairs from half to the upper third of them. Both are persistent linear or lanceolate, membranaceous, setulose, puberulent or pubescent externally. Bracts vary from 1 to 8 mm long and bracteoles from 0.9 to 4 mm long. Bracts are lanceolate, linear, deltoid, subulate or rarely triangular, have apex obtuse or acute, entire margin, and are green-yellowish or yellowish, caduceus or persistent while bracteoles are lanceolate, deltoid, oval, subulate or ovallanceolate, acute or obtuse at apex, entire margin, light green or yellowish, rare ciliate, caduceus or persistent, yellow or green with vinaceous pigmentation and obtuse apex.
g) Buds and Flowers: The buds can be globose, ovoid, ellipsoid, orbicular with an acute apex, obtuse or acuminate, yellow (e.g. Ch. obtecta and Ch. coradinii , Fig. 6A and C View FIGURE 6 ) or externally vinaceous or reddish (e.g. Ch. setosa , Fig. 6B View FIGURE 6 ). The flowers are 5-merous, bisexual, dichlamydeous, heterochlamydeous, asymmetrical, dialissepalous and dialipetalous. The sepals are membranaceous, equal in size, yellow, light green or vinaceous, glabrous internally and setulose, puberulent, stellate-setulose, puberulent or glabrous externally with oblong, oval-lanceolate, oval-elliptical shapes, truncate base and apex acute or acuminate (e.g. Ch. coradinii , Fig. 6C View FIGURE 6 ). The corolla is yellow, light or dark, delicately membranous, nerved and have the following composition: one adaxial petal, two upper-lateral and two lower-lateral, one of the latter asymmetrical and generally involving the reproductive system ( Fig. 6D View FIGURE 6 ) except in Ch. auriszerdae whose all petals are equal ( Fig. 6E View FIGURE 6 ). The petals are predominantly oboval or largely oboval, with the exception of one of the lower-lateral which is asymmetrical and falcate. The androecium is actinomorphic, composed of 10 free isomorphic stamens, with erect, basifixed anthers, laterally pubescent in the sutures, larger than the filaments, with two apical pores and mucronulate at apex. The ovary is superior, oblongoid, setulose, pubescent or puberulent with style glabrous or indumented, cylindrical and distally curved.
h) Fruits and seeds: The fruits are flat compressed, slightly elevated in the region of the seeds, elastically dehiscent and oblong. They have colors light green ( Fig. 6H View FIGURE 6 ) with reddish spots, and reddish-brown ( Fig. 6G View FIGURE 6 ) or ferruginous when mature, and are recovered by trichomes pubescent ( Fig. 6G View FIGURE 6 ), hispid-setose ( Fig. 6F View FIGURE 6 ) or puberulent ( Fig. 6H View FIGURE 6 ). The seeds are oblong, orbicular or rhombic, with a smooth or slightly faveolated surface, possess colors light brown or dark and measure 3–7 mm long.
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.