Rana temporaria, Linnaeus, 1758

Simakov, Iuriy, Nikiforov-Nikishin, Alexey, Nikiforov-Nikishin, Dmitry & Beketov, Sergey, 2021, Amphibian and fish eye lens used as biomarker of remote and chronic environmental contamination, Ecologica Montenegrina 45, pp. 72-82 : 75-76

Experimental procedures Rana temporaria

The study area was selected based on the presence of grass frogs in the reservoir and an increased anthropogenic load in this area of Moscow. The eyes of all animals were examined by biomicroscopy using an SL-980 slitlamp (Carl Zeiss, Germany), while changes were noted in the region of the posterior pole and posterior suture of the lens. The slit lamp allows you to detect minor changes in the lens of the eye, which, when receiving histological preparations, remain unnoticed. The long-term impact of environmental contamination on individuals taken from nature was studied. Local opacities formed as a result of impaired cytodifferentiation of epithelial cells into the lens fibers under the action of environmental polluting factors are detected using a slitlamp making an optical cut of the lens. For biomicroscopy, the body of the frog was wrapped in wet gauze, leaving its head open and brought to a slitlamp microscope to view the optical section of the lens.

Optical local abnormities were revealed at the seams of the lens and in the fiber part of the lens in male and female grass frogs.